[From the history of domestic dentistry: Moscow Dental School of the Privat-docent of Moscow University, MD Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga]. / Iz istorii otechestvennoi stomatologii: Moskovskaya zubovrachebnaya shkola privat-dotsenta Moskovskogo universiteta doktora meditsiny Gilyariya Ivanovicha Vil'ga.

Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.

Robert Lindsay, August 1926, and the American experience - Part 1: the first International Orthodontic Congress.

In August 1926, two important dental meetings took place in America: the first International Orthodontic Congress (16-20 August in New York) and the seventh International Dental Congress (23-27 August in Philadelphia). Robert Lindsay, British Dental Association (BDA) dental secretary and husband of fellow dentist and BDA librarian, Lilian Lindsay, documented his trip attending these two events. His handwritten diary and letters not only describe the dental meetings and the dentists that went there, but also chronicle the epoch of the great luxury passenger liners and a time in America where business was booming and money was seemingly no object. This article focuses on the journey to America and the orthodontic meeting - the first time a dental speciality had held an international gathering.

The Changing Scene of Practicing Dentistry: A Survey of the Past 200 Years.

If one could be a patient repeatedly, every twenty-five years, starting in 1825, the evolution and comparison of dental care and dental practice would be historically meaningful. Such a time travel, as a perpetual patient through 200 years, is the purpose of this paper. The changes that occurred over 200 years provide a sense of the progress in treating patients and the transformation of a painful and dreaded experience to a highly sophisticated painless profession.

A Model for Teaching History of Dentistry and Medicine to Dental Students - The NYU Experience.

Teaching History of Dentistry and Medicine in dental curricula has declined over the past half century. The cause of this decline is a lack of expertise, time in a crowded curriculum and a decline in interest in the humanities among dental students. The current paper describes a model of teaching History of Dentistry and Medicine at New York University College of Dentistry, a model that could be replicated at other schools.

María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez, primera mujer dentista en Lajas, Cienfuegos / María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez, first woman dentist in Lajas, Cienfuegos

Introducción: Numerosas mujeres han contribuido al desarrollo de la estomatología en Cuba y en Cienfuegos. Sin embargo, en este sentido, existen escasas fuentes locales que aborden el accionar de las féminas. Objetivo: Profundizar en la vida y obra de la Dra. María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez, de manera que se puedan rescatar elementos de la evolución histórica de la estomatología cienfueguera. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de tipo histórico-biográfica en el período de octubre del 2016 a diciembre del 2020. Como forma de reseñar la historia se emplearon las memorias. Los métodos utilizados fueron analítico-sintético y deductivo-inductivo; y los submétodos empleados fueron el cronológico, la numismática, la diplomática y la iconografía. Para recolectar datos se emplearon técnicas de la investigación histórica: la revisión documental y las entrevistas. Como fuentes primarias de la investigación se consultaron documentos histórico-legales en el Registro del Estado Civil (2), y en la Universidad de La Habana (1), así como entrevistas orales a profundidad (13), con testimonios de informantes clave. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, con cuatro referencias de artículos y libros. Resultados: María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez fue la primera mujer lajera dentista -negra además-, graduada en 1944, de clase media. Tuvo un accionar revolucionario notorio, posterior a 1959. Se destaca la donación de todos sus instrumentos al policlínico "Manuel Piti Fajardo" de Cruces, del cual fue dentista fundadora. Conclusiones: La vocación de la primera dentista lajera por la pedagogía y su compromiso con la causa revolucionaria fueron elementos de vital importancia en el desarrollo de la estomatología crucense(AU)

Introduction: Numerous women have contributed to the development of stomatology in Cuba and in Cienfuegos. However, in this sense, few local sources broach the lives of these women. Objective: To deepen in the life and work of Dr. María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez, so that elements of the historical evolution of Cienfuegos stomatology can be rescued. Methods: A historical-biographical research was carried out from October 2016 to December 2020. Memoirs were used as a way of reviewing the history. The methods used were analytical-synthetic and deductive-inductive; and the sub-methods employed were chronological, numismatic, diplomatic and iconographic. Historical research techniques were used to collect data: documentary review and interviews. As primary sources of the research, historical-legal documents were consulted at the Civil Status Registry (2), and at the University of Havana (1), as well as oral interviews (13), with testimonies of key informants. A bibliographic search was carried out, with four references of articles and books. Results: María Narcisa Isacia Agramonte Jiménez was the first middle class female dentist from Lajas -also black-, graduated in 1944. She had an active revolutionary presence, after 1959. The donation of all her dental equipment to the "Manuel Piti Fajardo" polyclinic in Cruces, of which she was the founding dentist, stands out. Conclusions: The vocation of the first dentist from La Paz for pedagogy and her commitment to the revolutionary cause were elements of vital importance in the development of stomatology in Cruces(AU)

Cincuenta años de desarrollo de la ortodoncia en Santiago de Cuba / Fifty years of development of orthodontics in Santiago de Cuba: en

En el presente trabajo se resaltan las facetas y los aportes sustanciales de personalidades que contribuyeron con sus esfuerzos al inicio del proceso de enseñanza de la ortodoncia y a la formación de nuevos especialistas. Se enfatizan los principales aportes a la bibliografía científica, docente e investigativa, tanto en el país como en el extranjero. Finalmente, se pretende resumir el desarrollo creciente de la ortodoncia en los 50 años de iniciada la formación académica en Santiago de Cuba, la cual se nutrió de nuevos profesionales capaces de conservar los principios y valores éticos propiciados por sus antecesores, con evidentes resultados científico-técnicos y calidad en el desempeño profesional.

This article highlights the facets and substantial contributions of personalities that added with their efforts to the beginning of orthodontics teaching process and the training of new specialists. The main contributions to scientific, educational and investigative literature, either in the country or abroad are emphasized. Finally, it is sought to summarize the growing development of orthodontics in the 50 years of academic training in Santiago de Cuba, with new professionals able to conserve the principles and ethical values promoted by their predecessors, with evident scientific-technical results and quality in professional performance.

[RAS Academician V.K. Leontiev]. / Akademik RAN V.K. Leont'ev.

Valery K. Leontiev was born in Baku in the family of a serviceman. In 1962, he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Dentistry of M.I. Kalinin Omsk State Medical Institute, where he began his professional and scientific career and remained for more than 30 years. In 1964, Valery Konstantinovich finished a clinical residency in therapeutic dentistry. From 1964 to 1969, he worked as an assistant in the department of biochemistry. In 1970 he was appointed the head of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory (CSRL) of Omsk State Medical Institute and worked in this position until 1980. From 1980 to 1986, he was the head of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry.

The History of Dentistry in Kuwait.

There is scant documentation of the origins of dentistry in countries of the Middle East. This paper aims to identify and detail the development of dentistry in one of the smaller countries in the Middle East, Kuwait that has played a pivotal role in a wide range of political and socio-economic developments in the past fifty years.

Teaching History of Dentistry in Dental Curricula A survey of 393 dental schools in 100 countries.

Teaching history of dentistry and/or medicine in dental schools is not a priority today. A half a century ago it was part of a significant number of dental school curricula. As advances in science occurred and more demand on the curriculum were made, history of medicine and dentistry (HMD) was largely cast aside. In a recent survey of 393 dental programs in 100 countries on five continents, only 18.8% have a stand-alone course in HMD. Nearly half of the programs though have at least 1-2 hours of curriculum time devoted to HMD. When we consider a subset of the above survey, only 5% of dental schools in the US and Canada have a stand-alone course. The exclusion of HMD from current dental curricula is shortsighted. Teaching only current and state-of-the art aspects of dentistry is like showing a still image from the end of a movie without watching the rest.

Variaciones histórico-culturales de la estética dental / Historical and cultural variations of teeth aesthetics

Resumen La estética dentaria es un tema de amplia relevancia en la odontología actual, tanto en el ambiente universitario como en la práctica privada. Cuando las personas expresan que desean una sonrisa más hermosa, dentistas y pacientes piensan automáticamente en aclarar el color de los dientes como un componente importante de este proceso. ¿Cuál es la razón de esta concordancia tácita? Algunos podrían argüir que una sonrisa saludable es naturalmente más blanca, pero sabemos que la funcionalidad fisiológica no necesariamente está asociada a una estética socialmente determinada. Es más, muchas veces los procedimientos estéticos implican modificaciones corporales que no necesariamente son naturales, ni saludables. El objetivo de esta revisión, es brindar elementos de discusión acerca de aspectos históricos y culturales relacionados con el posicionamiento del color dentario como parte importante de un ideal estético. Se pretende argumentar, que el deseo de tener dientes más blancos reside eminentemente en influencias culturales. Asimismo, se invita a la reflexión de que, si los "dientes blancos" debiesen ser equiparados a "dientes saludables", con las consecuentes ramificaciones que implicaría esta suposición, en nuestro mundo profesional.

Abstract Dental aesthetics is a topic of wide relevance in current dentistry, both in dental education and in private practice. When people express that they want a beautiful smile, both dentists and patients think of whitening tooth color. What is the reason for this tacit agreement? Some might argue that a healthy smile is naturally whiter, but we know that physiological functionality is not always associated with socially determined aesthetics. Furthermore, some aesthetics procedures might involve body modifications that are not necessarily natural nor healthy. The aim of this review is to to provide elements of discussion about historical and cultural aspects related to the positioning of tooth color as an important part of an aesthetic ideal. To argue that the desire for whiter teeth resides in cultural influences. To invite reflection if "white teeth" should be equated with "healthy teeth", with the consequences this assumption would imply in our professional field.

A odontologia legal no contexto de ensino da FORP-USP: um levantamento histórico / Forensic Dentistry in the teaching context of the School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto ­ University of São Paulo: a historical survey

A Odontologia Legal (OL) é uma especialidade da Odontologia que teve seu surgimento associado a anseios sociais relacionados à identificação humana. Logo se percebeu a contribuição que poderia fornecer no atuar profissional, especialmente se inserida no currículo acadêmico. Esse artigo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento histórico dos componentes curriculares da área de OL da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FORP-USP) e analisar o desenvolvimento de suas ementas disciplinares. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental com abordagem descritiva e qualitativa dos dados da estrutura curricular do curso de graduação da referida instituição entre os anos de 1962 e 2019. Assim, a coleta das informações deu-se utilizando livros e sítios eletrônicos que continham as ementas disciplinares. A disciplina de OL esteve presente no ensino da FORP-USP desde que se tem registro (1962), quando era denominada "Odontologia Legal, Legislação e Ética Profissional". A área manteve-se vigente, apesar das modificações que culminaram na criação e extinção de determinadas disciplinas. A Odontologia Legal é fundamental na orientação das condutas éticas e legais da profissão e, dessa forma, esteve presente no curso de graduação da FORP-USP desde os primórdios da instituição, e vem sendo trabalhada e desenvolvida com o passar dos anos. Conclui-se que foi possível determinar a trajetória, cronologia e arranjo das alterações das disciplinas relacionadas com a área de Odontologia Legal da FORP-USP a partir de 1962, o que permitiu observar a evolução da área, sobretudo no que diz respeito às metodologias e conteúdos, bem como a diversificação de material bibliográfico utilizado no ensino.

Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges, su legado en la formación de los estomatólogos de Sancti Spíritus / Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges, his legacy in the training of stomatologists in Sancti Spíritus

RESUMEN Fundamento: Marcelino Weiss fue un reconocido estomatólogo que luchó para que el dentista fuera un médico especializado. Objetivo: Describir la vida personal y profesional de Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges y su legado a la estomatología de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio relacionado con la historia en ciencias de la salud, sobre la vida de Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges desde su nacimiento en Sancti Spíritus 1877 hasta su fallecimiento en La Habana en 1927, para lo cual se confeccionó una estrategia de búsqueda de la información, se consultaron bases de datos disponibles en el portal de Infomed. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y métodos empíricos. Conclusiones: La vida y obra del Dr. Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges constituye un paradigma a seguir para las actuales y futuras generaciones de profesionales de la estomatología espirituana. Por sus valores, destacada labor patriótica, notable trayectoria asistencial, docente e investigativa, logró el reconocimiento y la admiración de todos.

ABSTRACT Background: Marcelino Weiss was a renowned stomatologist who fought for the dentist to be a specialized physician. Objective: To describe the personal and professional life of Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges and his legacy to stomatology in Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: A study related to the history of health sciences was conducted on Marcelino´s Weiss y Gramatges life from his birth in Sancti Spíritus in 1877 to his death in Havana in 1927, for that, an information search strategy was prepared, some databases available on the Infomed site were consulted. Theoretical and empirical methods were used. Conclusions: The life and work of Dr. Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges is a paradigm to be followed by current and future generations from Sancti Spíritus dental professionals. For his values, outstanding patriotic work, and remarkable care, teaching and research career, he achieved total recognition and admiration.

A Brief History of Equine Dental Practice.

Equine dentistry has been practiced for almost 3000 years, making it one of the oldest areas of equine health care. Progress has been slow and mirrored changes seen in human medical care. Many horsemen practiced equine dentistry during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Most of what was known then concentrated on sharp enamel points and abnormal dental occlusal wear. This changed slowly in the late twentieth century as research in equine dentistry increased. Today, veterinarians performing equine dentistry focus on detailed oral examination and base treatment for proper diagnosis of orthodontic, endodontic, periodontal, or other forms of dental disease.

James Meyrick Croker: A Model for Professional Behavior.

The rationale that underpins volunteering has long fascinated behavioral scientists. James Meyrick Croker's personal life, professional career and community engagement conform to the classic twentieth century model for professional behavior. Accordingly, the authors use historical methods of investigation to evaluate the influences on and the legacies from a remarkable contribution to the professions and the community. The narrative demonstrates elements of altruism, collaboration, conviction, compassion, drive, entrepreneurialism, familial and grammar school influence, leadership, pragmatism and vision. Croker's professional and community service was multi-organizational. Concurrent demands on his time warranted discipline, energy and expertise. For the behavioral scientist, achievement, affiliation, nature and nurture appear relevant to the outcome. Available archives provide no evidence of ego-driven motivation. Leadership style was transformational not transactional. Major legacies to the national and state Australian Dental Associations are ADAQ Christensen House (1972-1980), the eventual financial stability for the Australian Dental Association Queensland Branch, formal dental assistant training, policies of the Australian and Queensland Councils of Professions, a notable Goddard Oration and the successful 24th Australian Dental Congress.

Dentistry Stereoviews Revisited: Part II Education, Advertising, and Non-satirical Cards.

In Part I we showed comical/satirical stereoviews of the 19th and early 20th centuries, dealing exclusively with ghastly, but comical images of tooth extractions. Humorous stereoviews were not the only dentistry related stereo cards. Stereoviews were used in advertising, education, and as keepsake souvenirs. This report offers pictures and descriptions of such cards.