The Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques of Toulouse: Oldest Dental Site still in Activity?

The Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques of Toulouse (in Southwest France) is an ancient hospital officially existing since the 16th century and initially dedicated to the treatment of the poor and the destitute. In the 18th century, it became a hospital in the "modern" sense of the word, by maintaining health and trying to cure diseases. The first official traces of professional dental care in the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques by a dental surgeon date from 1780. From this period, the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques had a dentist to treat "paupers" in the early years. The first "officially" recorded dentist was named Pierre Delga, known for having treated the French Queen Marie-Antoinette for a difficult extraction. Delga also provided dental care to the famous French writer and philosopher Voltaire. The aim of this article is to relate the history of this hospital along with French dentistry, and to advance the hypothesis that the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques, now a hospital site of the Toulouse University Hospital, is probably the oldest building in Europe still in activity and still hosting a dentistry department.

Los hospitales docentes en la España contemporánea: El caso de los hospitales clínicos universitarios / Teaching hospitals in contemporary Spain: The case of university clinical hospitals

Desde el siglo XVIII se produjo un avance significativo en la función docente del hospital en Europa y en América del norte. La unificación entre la medicina y la cirugía y la integración de prácticas clínicas en los planes de estudio médicos generaron la necesidad de vincular las facultades de medicina a uno o varios hospitales. España se incorporó a este proceso progresiva y tardíamente con sus propias particularidades. El objetivo del artículo es presentar una primera aproximación a la historia de los hospitales clínicos universitarios, haciendo especial hincapié en la etapa en la que fueron gestionados por el Ministerio de Educación. Desde un punto de vista político se podrá observar cómo se establecen y desarrollan las relaciones entre las instituciones locales y el Estado central a la hora de gestionar la estructura hospitalaria en el país, y, en concreto, los hospitales docentes (AU)

The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

A historical overview of paediatric surgery at Wits University: From embryo to adult.

History provides wonderful insights into how society develops, providing innumerable lessons that can be used as individuals and institutions move into the future. The history of medicine provides particular value, yet it is so often overlooked by the present, society taking for granted what has often been a tremendous struggle to achieve. This overview of the history of paediatric surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand provides amazing insights into what has been achieved in a period spanning three centuries.

Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB): A Legacy of Innovation, Education, and Contributions.

Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) represents a transformative enterprise whose origins lie in local practice and education in a Southern state with a challenging history, transformed by the visions of a few to become a dominant force in the historical fabric of regional, national, and international cardiothoracic surgery. Throughout its history, numerous individuals have participated in important innovations, education, and contributions to a consistent theme of surgical excellence. This review will recapitulate a sample of relevant historical events and the impact of the leaders of cardiothoracic surgery at UAB.

Necessity is the mother of invention: William Stewart Halsted's addiction and its influence on the development of residency training in North America

Summary: William Stewart Halsted developed a novel residency training program at Johns Hopkins Hospital that, with some modifications, became the model for surgical and medical residency training in North America. While performing anesthesia research early in his career, Halsted became addicted to cocaine and morphine. This paper dissects how his innovative multi-tier residency program helped him hide his addiction while simultaneously providing outstanding patient care and academic training.

Past, present and future of university hospitals.

Objectives: Health care systems worldwide are changing and taking new forms. The old, more hierarchically oriented, model with individual institutional and bilateral interactions between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary care is being replaced by an integrated and dynamic network model. We aim to look at what role university hospitals will play in this future organization of health care.Method: In this paper, we look at the relevant literature on the history of academic medicine and university hospitals. Subsequently, we look at the challenges university hospitals are facing according to contemporary literature on the topic.Results: Our current model of academic medicine with its university hospitals finds its origin in the institutionalization of the academic mission in the late 18th century. Currently, the sustainability of the model is under immense pressure. University hospitals are facing economic challenges, teaching challenges and research challenges. However, there is reason to believe that they can continue to play a role of importance in tomorrow's medicine. The organization of health care is undergoing two important changes. The first is the evolution towards a more dynamic and integrated network model. University hospitals can become an important hub within this network. The second change is an evolution towards evidence based medicine and translational research.Conclusion: Due to their unique tripartite mission, we argue that university hospitals can continue to play an important and critical role in promoting evidence-based medicine and speedy translation of new evidence.

Neuropathology in Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital: Past, present and prospect.

Pitié and La Salpêtrière, both founded in the17th century, were for long two distinct hospitals until they merged in 1964. The name La Salpêtrière is inherited from the initial purpose of the buildings designed to produce saltpeter for gun powder. But the place was soon transformed into an asylum to shelter the poor and the insane. From the care of this underprivileged population, alienists such as Pinel have paved the way for modern medicine for the mentally ill at the time of the French Revolution. In the second half of the 19th century, Jean-Martin Charcot and his students laid the foundations of modern neurology from the observation of the large population hosted in La Salpêtrière, mostly women with severe chronic diseases. Charcot led clinicopathological studies in almost all the fields of nervous system disorders. His successors (including Raymond, Dejerine, Pierre Marie) maintained the same close relationship between clinical neurology and neuropathology. In parallel with the development of neurosurgery at Pitié hospital, neuropathology first spread through small laboratories attached to clinical departments. The merger of the two hospitals in the early '60s coincided with the creation of a large university hospital in which the care and study of diseases of the nervous system were preponderant. An independent laboratory of neuropathology was created, led by Raymond Escourolle. This period was on the eve of important developments in neuroscience around the world. Today, the Pitié-Salpêtrière neuropathology laboratory still plays a central role between neurology and neurosurgery clinics and major research institutes such as the Brain Institute, callled Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM), and the Institute of Myology.

[A decade's review for the foundation, establishment and development of the Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery in Peking University Cancer Hospital].

Department of minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery in Peking University Cancer Hospital (also named as Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV) was established on April 7, 2009. Up to now, ten years have passed since its foundation. As the first department built in specialized cancer hospital, which mainly focuses on laparoscopic surgery, its foundation and development has a very important historical and practical significance in the development of surgical oncology in China. Reviewing the rapid growth of the Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery over the past decade, on the one hand, it has benefited from the opportunities of the times and the support of leaders in Peking University Cancer Hospital at that time. More importantly, the progress owes to the pioneering Professor Su Xiangqian, who is brave and innovative, with indomitable spirit and advanced management philosophy. With rigorous training, the ability of the team has been steadily enhanced, the competitiveness has been gradually improved, and the development direction which focuses on laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery and laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has been established. Now, the Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery has become a well-known domestic gastrointestinal tumor center. In the past ten years, under the leadership of Professor Su Xiangqian, the growth of this team is innovative and comprehensive: (1) Introduce the internationally advanced Baldrige medical service management framework, and propose the "management by principle" concept to improve the core competitiveness of the department; (2) Establish an academic brand by laparoscopic standardized surgery training courses for gastrointestinal tumors, promote cooperation and exchange at home and abroad, and participate in international multi-center clinical research projects; (3) Adhere to the "formation of a research-oriented department, conducting clinical and basic research simultaneously" as the development direction; (4) Stick to the core development concept of team building and cultivate professional talents. Looking forward to the future, our team will not forget the beginning of the heart, and move forward! In the next ten years, we will break through ourselves and continue to pursue the higher level!

How a Vision Was Made to Come True.

A kidney transplant program was started at Innsbruck University Hospital in 1974. This was followed by the first liver transplant in 1977 and the first combined pancreas-kidney transplant in 1979. Because these 3 programs were quite successful, the idea was born to try to establish a unit that could provide temporary and permanent replacement for the loss of all kinds of organ function. In 1993, a special unit for transplant was opened. Dialysis was incorporated as part of available treatment right from the beginning. The new ward made it possible to routinely treat patients in need of bioartificial livers, to provide ventricular assist devices and later total artificial hearts, and to provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The first heart transplant was performed in 1983, the first heart-lung in 1985, the first double-lung in 1987, followed by the first multivisceral transplant in 1989, the first isolated bowel in 1994, and finally the first double-hand transplant was performed in 2000. Thus, our vision of such a unit has become true.

Great Hospitals in North America: The Medical College of Wisconsin Neurological Surgery.

The Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Neurosurgery delivers subspecialty adult and pediatric neurosurgical care that is patient-centered, evidence-informed, and value-based. Medical College of Wisconsin research advances the science of neurological disease with the goal of a positive translational effect on clinical care. The department supports an environment of education and scholarship for trainees, faculty, and staff alike. The journey to become a neurosurgical center of excellence was accomplished with the leadership and foresight of the men and women who turned their dreams into reality. The establishment and rise of the department as a national force for neurosurgery and spine is an elegant example of the combination of individual leadership and foresight with synergistic institutional support.

Group of pregnant women and / or pregnant couples: a collective construction process (1996-2016) / Grupo de gestantes y / o casos embarazados: un procedimiento de construcción colectiva (1996-2016) / Grupo de gestantes e/ou casais grávidos: um processo de construção coletiva (1996-2016)

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand how the process of construction of the Group of Pregnant Women and/or Pregnant Couples of the Federal University of Santa Catarina from 1996 to 2016 was established. Method: Qualitative research of a social historical nature, involving nine health professionals who participated in the group of pregnant women and/or pregnant couples in this period. The date of collection took place between February and May 2017. Data analysis was guided by Orem's Self-Care Theory and Bardin's content analysis technique. Results: The process of construction of the group of pregnant women had strong influence from the public health policies of the University Hospital Maternity and its assistance of the time. Likewise, it was created based on the need for guidance to pregnant women and their companions to deal with the pregnancy-puerperal process with the perspective of a multidisciplinary and integral work, stimulating self-knowledge and self-care. Conclusion: The group emerged as an extension project and strengthened by public health policies, its scientific evidences and by the assistance philosophy of a maternity school. The group building process involved a set of actions, planning and execution of activities, building an educational space, free of charge, with an exchange of mutual experience and open to the community.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender cómo se instituyó el proceso de construcción del Grupo de Gestantes y/ o Parejas embarazadas de la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina en el período de 1996 a 2016. Método: Investigación cualitativa de naturaleza histórica social, involucrando a nueve profesionales de salud que participaron del grupo de gestantes y/o parejas embarazadas en este período. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre febrero y mayo de 2017. El análisis de datos fue guiado por la Teoría del Autocuidado de Orem y por la técnica de análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: El proceso de construcción del grupo de gestantes tuvo fuerte influencia de las políticas públicas de salud de la época y de la maternidad del Hospital Universitario y su filosofía asistencial. Igualmente, fue creado a partir de la necesidad de orientación a las gestantes y sus acompañantes para lidiar con el proceso gravídico-puerperal con la perspectiva de un trabajo multidisciplinario e integral, estimulando el autoconocimiento y el auto-cuidado. Conclusión: El grupo surgió como un proyecto de extensión fortalecido por políticas públicas de salud, sus evidencias científicas y por la filosofía asistencial de una maternidad-escuela. El proceso de construcción del grupo involucró un conjunto de acciones, planificación y ejecución de actividades construyendo un espacio educativo, gratuito, con intercambio de experiencia mutua y abierta a la comunidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender como se instituiu o processo de construção do Grupo de Gestantes e/ou Casais Grávidos na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, no período de 1996 a 2016. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa de natureza histórico-social, envolvendo nove profissionais de saúde que participaram do grupo de gestantes e/ou casais grávidos neste período. A coleta de dados aconteceu entre fevereiro e maio de 2017. A análise de dados foi guiada pela Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem e pela técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: O processo de construção do grupo de gestantes teve forte influência das políticas públicas de saúde da época, da maternidade do Hospital Universitário e sua filosofia assistencial. Igualmente, foi criado a partir da necessidade de orientação às gestantes e seus acompanhantes para lidar com o processo gravídico-puerperal, na perspectiva de um trabalho multidisciplinar e integral estimulando o autoconhecimento e o autocuidado. Conclusão: O grupo surgiu como projeto de extensão fortalecido por políticas públicas de saúde, suas evidências científicas e pela filosofia assistencial de uma maternidade-escola. O processo de construção do grupo envolveu um conjunto de ações, planejamento e execução de atividades construindo um espaço educativo, gratuito, com troca de experiência mútua e aberto a comunidade.