Ruptura de aguja dental con migración al espacio pterigomaxilar. Resolución mediante abordaje intrabucal laterofaríngeo / Rupture of dental needle with migration to the pterygomaxillary space. Resolution by intraoral lateropharyngeal approach

Introducción: La ruptura de una aguja dental es una complicación infrecuente y sucede generalmente por el movimiento repentino y/o cierre bucal inesperado del paciente, por doblar la aguja en forma inadecuada, por insertarla completamente o moverla dentro del tejido blando, por elegir agujas de calibre y longitud inadecuados y al realizar técnicas anestésicas inapropiadas. Cuando la aguja no puede ser recuperada al instante, debe establecerse su ubicación imagenológica tridimensional y decidir el manejo. Ante tal situación, su eliminación quirúrgica es la propuesta más recomendable por la posibilidad de que migre y lesione estructuras anatómicas importantes. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de la literatura y presentar un caso clínico de ruptura de aguja dental localizada en el espacio pterigomaxilar, resuelto con un abordaje intrabucal laterofaríngeo. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 8 años de edad, que acude a consulta por presentar ruptura de una aguja dental. Para obtener su ubicación se utilizó una tomografía computarizada de haz cónico con reconstrucción tridimensional a boca cerrada y abierta. Esta prueba ofreció mayor precisión y correspondencia anatómica, considerando que la eliminación quirúrgica podría realizarse mediante un abordaje intrabucal. Así fue hecho y durante la intervención quirúrgica se advirtió que la aguja había migrado a una ubicación superior y posterior, al espacio pterigomaxilar. Ante tal situación, resultó de mayor complejidad su recuperación, que ya presentaba riesgos por el procedimiento complejo al que se sometió. Conclusiones: La anestesia local intrabucal no está exenta de complicaciones propias como la ruptura de la aguja dental. Cuando este evento se presenta, el resultado puede ser de muy difícil manejo(AU)

Introduction: The rupture of a dental needle is an uncommon complication and usually happens due to the sudden movement and / or unexpected oral closure of the patient, by bending the needle improperly, by inserting it completely or moving it into the soft tissue, by choosing needles of inadequate caliber and length and by performing inappropriate anesthetic techniques. When the needle cannot be recovered instantly, its three-dimensional imaging location must be established and handling decided. In such a situation, its surgical elimination is the most recommended proposal due to the possibility of migrating and injuring important anatomical structures. Objective: Conduct a literature review and present a clinical case of dental needle rupture located in the pterygomaxillary space, resolved with a lateropharyngeal intraoral approach. Case presentation: An 8-year-old male patient, who comes to the consultation for a ruptured dental needle. To obtain its location, a cone-beam computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction was used at closed and open mouth. This test offered greater precision and anatomical correspondence, considering that surgical removal could be performed by an intraoral approach. This was done and during the surgical intervention it was noticed that the needle had migrated to an upper and posterior location, to the pterygomaxillary space. Faced with this situation, his recovery was more complex, in addition to the one that this procedure represents by itself. Conclusions: Intraoral local anesthesia is not exempt from its own complications such as the rupture of the dental needle. When this event occurs, the result can be very difficult to manage(AU)

Robot-assisted stereotactic multiple brain abscesses' puncture: technical case report.

We report a case of multiple brain abscesses' puncture, employing the ROSA™ Brain surgical robot (Zimmer Biomet) and the O-arm® O2 Imaging System (Medtronic). A 51-year-old man was diagnosed with multiple supratentorial ring enhancing cystic lesions consistent with brain abscesses. A neurological deterioration occurred despite broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, due to mass effect of the abscesses. Stereotactic aspiration was performed using the described technique, allowing a single stage puncture of the cerebral lesions. In this case, the robot-assisted and image-guided procedure permitted an accurate, quick, and efficient targeting of the multiple abscesses for drainage.

Intra-procedural three-dimensional rotational angiography in cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Cryoballoon (CB) is an established technology for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and is usually performed using solely fluoroscopy. We aimed to study the feasibility of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) as intra-procedural imaging in CB ablation. Analyzed data were retrospectively collected from patients that underwent second generation CB ablation from February 2015 to August 2017. We studied 68 consecutive patients that received 3DRA (3DRA group). Sixty-six patients who received conventional X-ray imaging served as a control group. 3DRA was performed via an introducer placed in the left atrium. Angiographic images were segmented and fused with live fluoroscopy to guide the ablation. We have analyzed 134 CB patients (73.8% male, 56.9 ± 11.4 years). Paroxysmal AF was present in 77.6% of patients. 3DRA was successfully performed in all 3DRA group patients. The mean procedure time was significantly shorter in the control group (82.4 ± 26.3 min) than in the 3DRA group (121.1 ± 21.4 min) (p < 0.0001). Total radiation dose (419.3 ± 317.9 vs 998.3 ± 673 mGy, p < 0.0001) and contrast administration (83.2 ± 22.3 mL vs 191.6 ± 33.4 mL, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in control group. There was no significant difference in 2-year success rate, 35.2% of patients had AF recurrence in the 3DRA group and 30.3% in the control group (p = 0.584). Major complications occurred in 2.9% and 1.5% of patients in 3DRA group and control group, respectively (p = 1.000). 3DRA is a feasible method of intra-procedural imaging to guide CB ablation. However, it prolongs procedure time, increases radiation dose and contrast administration with no significant effect on procedure outcomes and complication rates.

Spontaneous conception outcome in infertile women after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography.

BACKGROUND: Four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) is the preferred way for evaluating fallopian tubal patency and it associated with higher rate of spontaneous conception. However, Few studies have evaluated the influencing factors of spontaneous conception in 4D-HyCoSy and suggested ways to choose treatment options after 4D-HyCoSy. The study was to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous conception outcome and the patients' clinical characteristics as well as tubal patency in infertile women to provide reference on ways to manage the patient after 4D-HyCoSy. METHODS: This was a retrospective study and analysis of two hundred and eighty three (283) infertile patients who underwent a 4D-HyCoSy between December 2014 and October 2017 in our center. Eligible patients were those whose partners semen parameters were normal when based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and had spontaneous conception without clinical interventions after 4D-HyCoSy. RESULT(S): One hundred and sixteen patients (40.9%) conceived spontaneously and the mean conception time was (8.8 ± 0.3) months. Within a year after 4D-HyCoSy, the spontaneous conception rate was highest in type VI(62.5%), followed by type IV (46.2%), type III (44.4%), type V (39.4%), type II (33.9%) and type I (14.8%). With Cox regression analysis, two factors associated with spontaneous conception outcome appeared to increase spontaneous conception rate: patients with type IV or type VI tubes and duration of infertility less than 2 years. The age, type of infertility, multiparas, history of pelvic surgery, history of uterine cavity operation, uterine fibromyomata and polycystic ovary were unrelated to spontaneous conception outcome after 4D-HyCoSy. CONCLUSION(S): This study showed that some infertile women could succeed in spontaneous conception after 4D-HyCoSy. Hence, We recommend the usage of 4D-HyCoSy as first line for tubal patency test and infertile patients should be advised to accept 4D-HyCoSy examination as soon as possible. Expectant treatment of about 8-9 months is reported to be feasible for infertile women whose 4D-HyCoSy findings showed one tube patency or poor patency. Alternatively, an immediate clinical intervention is recommended for those with bilateral obstructed tubes .

Patients' and Physicians' Knowledge of Radiation Exposure Related to Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. OBJECTIVE: Examine patients' and physicians' estimates of radiation exposure related to spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Patients are commonly exposed to radiation when undergoing spine surgery. Previous studies suggest that patients and physicians have limited knowledge about radiation exposure in the outpatient setting. This has not been assessed for intraoperative imaging. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed to assess awareness/knowledge of radiation exposure in outpatient and intraoperative spine care settings. Patients and surgeons estimated chest radiograph (CXR) equivalent radiation from: cervical and lumbar radiographs (anterior-posterior [AP] and lateral), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intraoperative fluoroscopy, and intraoperative CT (O-arm). Results were compared to literature-reported radiation doses. RESULTS: Overall, 100 patients and 26 providers completed the survey. Only 31% of patients were informed about outpatient radiation exposure, and only 23% of those who had undergone spine surgery had been informed about intraoperative radiation exposure. For lumbar radiographs, patients and surgeons underestimated CXR-equivalent radiation exposures: AP by five-fold (P < 0.0001) and seven-fold (P < 0.0001), respectively, and lateral by three-fold (P < 0.0001) and four-fold (P = 0.0002), respectively. For cervical CT imaging, patients and surgeons underestimated radiation exposure by 18-fold (P < 0.0001) and two-fold (P = 0.0339), respectively. For lumbar CT imaging, patients and surgeons underestimated radiation exposure by 31-fold (P < 0.0001) and three-fold (P = 0.0001), respectively. For intraoperative specific cervical and lumbar imaging, patients underestimated radiation exposure for O-arm by 11-fold (P < 0.0001) and 22-fold (P = 0.0002), respectively. Surgeons underestimated radiation exposure of lumbar O-arm by three-fold (P = 0.0227). CONCLUSION: This study evaluated patient and physician knowledge of radiation exposure related to spine procedures. Underestimation of radiation exposure in the outpatient setting was consistent with prior study findings. The significant underestimation of intraoperative cross-sectional imaging (O-arm) is notable and needs attention in the era of increased use of such technology for imaging, navigation, and robotic spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

A Review of Techniques, Time Demand, Radiation Exposure, and Outcomes of Skin-anchored Intraoperative 3D Navigation in Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spinal Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: To describe our technique for and evaluate the time demand, radiation exposure and outcomes of skin-anchored intraoperative three-dimensional navigation (ION) in minimally invasive (MIS) lumbar surgery, and to compare these parameters to 2D fluoroscopy for MI-TLIF. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Limited visualization of anatomic landmarks and narrow access corridor in MIS procedures result in greater reliance on image guidance. Although two-dimensional fluoroscopy has historically been used, ION is gaining traction. METHODS: Patients who underwent MIS lumbar microdiscectomy, laminectomy, or MI-TLIF using skin-anchored ION and MI-TLIF by the same surgeon using 2D fluoroscopy were selected. Operative variables, radiation exposure, and short-term outcomes of all procedures were summarized. Time-demand and radiation exposure of fluoroscopy and ION for MI-TLIF were compared. RESULTS: Of the 326 patients included, 232 were in the ION cohort (92 microdiscectomies, 65 laminectomies, and 75 MI-TLIFs) and 94 in the MI-TLIF using 2D fluoroscopy cohort. Time for ION setup and image acquisition was a median of 22 to 24 minutes. Total fluoroscopy time was a median of 10 seconds for microdiscectomy, 9 for laminectomy, and 26 for MI-TLIF. Radiation dose was a median of 15.2 mGy for microdiscectomy, 16.6 for laminectomy, and 44.6 for MI-TLIF, of this, 93%, 95%, and 37% for microdiscectomy, laminectomy, and MI-TLIF, respectively were for ION image acquisition, with the rest attributable to the procedure. There were no wrong-level surgeries. Compared with fluoroscopy, ION for MI-TLIF resulted in lower operative times (92 vs. 108 min, P < 0.0001), fluoroscopy time (26 vs. 144 s, P < 0.0001), and radiation dose (44.6 vs. 63.1 mGy, P = 0.002), with equivalent time-demand and length of stay. ION lowered the radiation dose by 29% for patients and 55% for operating room personnel. CONCLUSION: Skin-anchored ION does not increase time-demand compared with fluoroscopy, is feasible, safe and accurate, and results in low radiation exposure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Validation of a New Method for 2D Fusion Imaging Registration in a System Prepared Only for 3D.

Purpose: To validate a new 2D-3D registration method of fusion imaging during aortic repair in a system prepared only for 3D-3D registration and to compare radiation doses and accuracy. Materials and Methods: The study involved 189 patients, including 94 patients (median age 70 years; 85 men) who underwent abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with 2D-3D fusion on an Artis zee imaging system and 95 EVAR patients (median age 70 years; 81 men) from a prior study who had 3D-3D registration done using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). For the 2D-3D registration, an offline CBCT of the empty operating table was imported into the intraoperative dataset and superimposed on the preoperative computed tomography angiogram (CTA). Then 2 intraoperative single-frame 2D images of the skeleton were aligned with the patient's skeleton on the preoperative CTA to complete the registration process. A digital subtraction angiogram was done to correct any misalignment of the aortic CTA volume. Values are given as the median [interquartile range (IQR) Q1, Q3]. Results: The 2D-3D registration had an accuracy of 4.0 mm (IQR 3.0, 5.0) after bone matching compared with the final correction with DSA (78% within 5 mm). By applying the 2D-3D protocol the radiation exposure (dose area product) from the registration of the fusion image was significantly reduced compared with the 3D-3D registration [1.12 Gy∙cm2 (IQR 0.41, 2.14) vs 43.4 Gy∙cm2 (IQR 37.1, 49.0), respectively; p<0.001). Conclusion: The new 2D-3D registration protocol based on 2 single-frame images avoids an intraoperative CBCT and can be used for fusion imaging registration in a system originally designed for 3D-3D only. This 2D-3D registration protocol is accurate and leads to a significant reduction in radiation exposure.

CT Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeling Maintains Fluoroscopy Time and Contrast Volume to a Minimum in the Endovascular Treatment of Great Vessel Injury from Iatrogenic Trauma.

CT angiography with multislice detector has become the preferred method for assessment of hemodynamically stable patients suspected of great vessel injury from iatrogenic and blunt trauma. The CT images obtained can be transformed into a three-dimensional (3D) model using the software within minutes. This allows the clinician to evaluate the injury and the injury's proximity to other vital structures for operative planning. The 3D modeling provides geometric calibration of the c-arm or image intensifier in regard to optimal cranial/caudal and oblique angles to evaluate and treat the vessel injury. We describe a case of a 28-year-old female undergoing a cesarian section and hysterectomy for placenta percreta, who sustained a right subclavian artery injury (presumed wire injury) from inadvertent right common carotid artery cannulation during placement of a right internal jugular 8 French resuscitative central line. A 3D model was created from the CT angiography to locate the small pseudoaneurysm of the right subclavian artery. The optimal projection was obtained using the 3D reconstructive software to visualize the injury and its relation to the right vertebral artery ostium for endovascular planning. This preoperative maneuver allowed for limited radiation exposure and contrast volume used to treat the injury.

X-ray exposure in odontoid screwing for Anderson type II fracture: comparison between O-arm and C-arm-assisted procedures.

BACKGROUND: Since the odontoid fractures become increasingly common in the aging population, technical improvements are even more needed. The odontoid screwing has been progressively preferred by many surgeons in type II fractures according to the Anderson-D'Alonzo classification system. However, X-ray exposure remains an issue for surgeons and OR staff members. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using the O-Arm for odontoid screwing comparing the radiation exposure to the standard C-Arm. METHODS: Patients consequently referred to our center for odontoid type II fractures, from January 2018 to April 2019, eligible for odontoid screwing were enrolled in the present study. They were operated on using either C-Arm or O-Arm-assisted procedures. The surgical duration, number of acquisitions, global X-ray exposure for the OR staff and patients, and screw placement accuracy were evaluated. RESULTS: No differences in terms of patients' demographical characteristics and surgical duration were reported. The number of acquisitions, intraoperative and global X-ray dose, for the OR staff and patients, was lower in O-Arm-assisted procedures (p < 0.05). The screws were all well positioned. CONCLUSIONS: Since the surgical outcomes seem to be similar using the O-Arm for odontoid screwing, the lower X-ray exposure and the possibility for checking the instrumentation positioning with 3D reconstructions before leaving the OR should be considered.

Three-dimensional image integration guidance for cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation procedures.

BACKGROUND: We present a new, easily applicable approach for the guidance of cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures that use the combination of a 3D-mapping system image integration module and computed tomographic (CT)-derived anatomy. The aim of this retrospective, nonrandomized study was to investigate: (a) an alternative use for an established radiofrequency image integration module for cryo procedures; (b) a guidance technology for cryo PVI based on integrated CT anatomy; and (c) its clinical impact. METHODS AND RESULTS: CT left atrium-angiography was performed in 50 consecutive patients before a CB PVI procedure, and a 3D reconstruction of the cardiac anatomy was segmented. A total of 25 patients were treated using conventional fluoroscopy; 25 patients were treated using the 3D image integration technique. In the image integration group, the CARTO3 UNIVU (Biosense Webster) module was used for image integration of 3D anatomy and fluoroscopic imaging. Transseptal puncture and cryo PVI were guided by 3D-overlay imaging. Procedures were feasible without complications in all patients and cryo PVI procedures were successfully guided using the image integration technique. The intraprocedural time needed to perform image integration was 37 ± 10 seconds. Fluoroscopy time was 31.7 ± 11.7 minutes in the conventional group and 20.1 ± 7.9 minutes in the image integration group (P < .001), procedure time was 116.3 ± 29.0 minutes in the conventional group vs 101.2 ± 20.9 minutes in the 3D group (P = .04). CONCLUSION: 3D-overlay guidance of CB PVI is feasible, safe, and applicable in real time with minimal effort. It may significantly reduce radiation exposure by introducing 3D information, known from electroanatomic mapping systems, into cryo PVI procedures.

Three-dimensional rotational angiography in congenital heart disease: Present status and evolving future.

Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) enables volumetric imaging through rotation of the C-arm of an angiographic system and real-time 3D reconstruction during cardiac catheterization procedures. In the field of congenital heart disease (CHD), 3D-RA has gained considerable traction, owing to its capability for enhanced visualization of spatial relationships in complex cardiac morphologies and real time image guidance in an intricate interventional environment. This review provides an overview of the current applications, strengths, and limitations of 3D-RA acquisition in the management of CHD and potential future directions. In addition, issues of dosimetry, radiation exposure, and optimization strategies will be reviewed. Further implementation of 3D-RA will be driven by patient benefits relative to existing 3D imaging capabilities and fusion techniques balanced against radiation exposure.

Computed tomography for managing periprosthetic femoral fractures. A retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic fractures (PPF) present a common cause for revision surgery after arthroplasty. The choice of performing either an osteosynthesis or revision arthroplasty depends on the orthopedic implant anchored and loosening. Standard diagnostics include x-ray imaging. CT is usually performed to confirm implant loosening in case of ambiguous diagnosis on standard x-ray imaging. This study aimed to examine the role of CT as a diagnostic modality and its implications for treatment planning and outcome. METHODS: Patients treated for PPF from January 2010 to February 2018 were included. X-ray and CT reports were analyzed to assess implant loosening. The planning for surgery and the final surgical treatment were evaluated. In addition, patient characteristics were analyzed and compared between patients with and without additional CT as a preoperative diagnostic procedure. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients were eligible for the study. X-ray imaging was performed in 90.7% of cases. CT was performed in 60% of the cases as part of the preoperative diagnostic. A clear statement on implant stability or loosening could not be made in 69.1% after X-ray imaging and in 84.4% following CT imaging. Revision arthroplasty for loosened femoral prosthesis components was necessary in 40% of cases. No difference could be determined comparing patients with X-ray imaging to those with X-ray and additional CT. In both groups, operative treatment did not deviate from the preoperative planning. DISCUSSION: In two thirds of the conventional radiographic findings, no reliable evaluation of implant loosening was possible in femoral PPFs. Intriguingly, additional CT did not improve the evaluation of implant loosening. Nonetheless, CT scans are often performed if loosening assessment is unclear on regular radiographs. This fact can explain the bias CT results in comparison to regular radiography. However, software-supported CT diagnosis could help to adequately answer the question of loosened implants in PPF in the near future. Since the diagnosis of fracture and their morphology assessment is currently adequately performed using X-rays, CT shall not be considered as the gold standard.

3D presentation in surgery: a review of technology and adverse effects.

A systematic review was undertaken to assess the technology used to create stereovision for human perception. Adverse effects associated with artificial stereoscopic technology were reviewed with an emphasis on the impact of surgical performance in the operating room. MEDLINE/PubMed library databases were used to identify literature published up to Aug 2017. In the past 60 years, four major types of technologies have been used for reconstructing stereo images: anaglyph, polarization, active shutter, and autostereoscopy. As none of them can perfectly duplicate our natural stereoperception, user exposure to this artificial environment for a period of time can lead to a series of psychophysiological responses including nausea, dizziness, and others. The exact mechanism underlying these symptoms is not clear. Neurophysiologic evidences suggest that the visuo-vestibular pathway plays a vital role in coupling unnatural visual inputs to autonomic neural responses. When stereoscopic technology was used in surgical environments, controversial results were reported. Although recent advances in stereoscopy are promising, no definitive evidence has yet been presented to support that stereoscopes can enhance surgical performance in image-guided surgery. Stereoscopic technology has been rapidly introduced to healthcare. Adverse effects to human operators caused by immature technology seem inevitable. The impact on surgeons working with this visualization system needs to be explored and its safety and feasibility need to be addressed.

Three-dimensional image fusion is associated with lower radiation exposure and shorter time to carotid cannulation during carotid artery stenting.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3D) image fusion is associated with lower radiation exposure, contrast agent dose, and operative time during endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of this technology on carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: We identified consecutive CAS procedures from 2009 to 2017 and compared those performed with and without 3D image fusion. For image fusion, we created a 3D reconstruction of the aortic arch anatomy based on preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography that we merged with two-dimensional fluoroscopy, allowing 3D image overlay. We compared radiation exposure, fluoroscopy time, contrast agent dose, time to common carotid artery (CCA) cannulation, time from CCA cannulation to completion angiography, and total procedure time in procedures with and without image fusion. We also assessed rates of 30-day stroke/death, in-hospital and 30-day stroke, and acute kidney injury. We used multivariable linear regression to adjust for patient and procedural characteristics and used these models to compute the marginal effects of image fusion compared with no image fusion. RESULTS: There were 46 patients who underwent CAS with a 3D image fusion system and 70 patients without. Patients undergoing CAS with image fusion experienced 31% lower radiation exposure compared with the control group (207 ± 23 mGy vs 300 ± 26 mGy, respectively; P < .01), shorter fluoroscopy time (21 ± 6 minutes vs 24 ± 8 minutes; P = .02), shorter time to carotid cannulation (21 ± 9 minutes vs 31 ± 8 minutes; P < .001), and shorter total procedure time (47 ± 13 minutes vs 54 ± 18 minutes; P = .03). There was no difference in contrast material volume, time from CCA cannulation to completion angiography, or total in-room time. After multivariable adjustment, 3D image fusion remained associated with lower radiation dose, shorter fluoroscopy time, and shorter time to carotid cannulation (all P < .05). The rate of 30-day stroke/death was 2.7% (three strokes and no deaths at 30 days), and the rate of acute kidney injury was 1.8%. CONCLUSIONS: CAS with 3D image fusion was associated with lower radiation exposure and shorter time to CCA cannulation. These results represent the potential technical advantage gained with image fusion and add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating its impact on radiation exposure and operative times during complex endovascular procedures.

Image fusion using the two-dimensional-three-dimensional registration method helps reduce contrast medium volume, fluoroscopy time, and procedure time in hybrid thoracic endovascular aortic repairs.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of image fusion (IF) technology in thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) on reducing radiation exposure (dose and time), amount of injected iodinated contrast medium needed, and procedure time. METHODS: We performed a review of our institutional endovascular aortic database of patients who had undergone TEVAR between 2008 and 2016 before and after the installation of a three-dimensional (3D) IF computed tomography system in our hybrid operating room. All patients were operated on using the same radiologic equipment with or without IF. RESULTS: The 146 patients who had undergone elective or emergent TEVAR with preoperative computed tomography angiography done in 1-mm-thick slices were divided into two groups: the IF group (98 patients), in which TEVAR was performed using intraoperative IF with the two-dimensional-3D registration method; and 48 controls without the use of IF. The IF group received a significantly reduced dose of contrast material, with a median of 70 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 50-101 mL) compared with controls receiving 104 mL (IQR, 69-168 mL; P < .001).Patients who underwent hybrid TEVAR had a significantly reduced procedure time under IF guidance (n = 25) compared with controls (n = 11; median, 162 minutes [IQR, 139-199 minutes] vs 213 minutes [IQR, 189-298 minutes]; P = .015). In addition, the intraoperative fluoroscopy time was reduced to 9 minutes (IQR, 6-13 minutes) vs 23 minutes (IQR, 12-45 minutes; P < .005). However, the radiation dose (dose-area product) was similar for the two groups (P = .37).In patients who underwent plain TEVAR (n = 74) without a carotid-subclavian bypass, the IF group needed significantly less contrast material (median, 64 mL [IQR, 43-81 mL]) compared with the control group (median, 98 mL [IQR, 60-180 mL]; P = .003), whereas intraoperative radiation exposition, procedure time, and fluoroscopy time did not statistically significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The IF technology using the two-dimensional-3D registration method was associated with reduced intraoperative contrast material volume in performing TEVAR. IF seemed to shorten the operation and radiation times in the more complicated (hybrid) TEVAR cases. However, a prospective study is needed to look at the dose-area product, fluoroscopy time, and procedure time in a larger cohort of patients.

A study of the visual symptoms in two-dimensional versus three-dimensional laparoscopy.

AIM: There are reports of visual strains and associated symptoms when operating in a 3D laparoscopic environment. We aimed to study the extent of visual symptoms seen in 3D versus conventional 2D imaging in volunteers performing laparoscopic tasks and study the effect of eye exercises on 3D laparoscopy. METHODS: Twenty four consented laparoscopic novices were required to undergo a visual acuity test (Snellen chart) and eye deviation test (Maddox Wing). A battery of specific isolated laparoscopic tasks lasting 30 min was developed to test their ability to detect changes in 2D and 3D environments separately. Before and after the 2D and 3D laparoscopic tasks, subjects were asked to complete a standardised questionnaire designed to scale (from 0 to 10) their visual symptoms (blurred vision, difficulty in refocusing from one distance to another, irritated or burning eyes, dry eyes, eyestrain, headache and dizziness). Participants who underwent 3D laparoscopic tasks were randomized into two groups, those who received two minutes eye exercises before performing the tasks and those who didn't. Independent t-test was used for the statistical analysis of this study. RESULTS: Visual symptoms and eye strain were significant in 2D (p < 0.01) and difficulty in refocusing from one distance to another was significant in 3D laparoscopic imaging (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of the simple eye exercises on relieving the visual symptoms in the 3D group. CONCLUSION: Visual symptoms were present in both 2D and 3D imaging laparoscopy. Eye strain was prominent in 2D imaging, while difficulty in refocusing from one distance to another was prominent in 3D. Eye exercises for 3D visual symptoms did not bring any significant improvement.

Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional laparoscopic right colectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) vision technology has recently been validated for the improvement of surgical skills in a simulated setting. Clinical studies on specific operations have been published in the field of general, urologic, and gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. We hypothesized that 3D vision laparoscopic right colectomy has better intra and short-term postoperative outcomes than two-dimensional (2D) vision. AIM: The outcomes of this review and meta-analysis were to compare the 3D vision and the 2D vision laparoscopic right colectomy. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was performed on Pubmed, WOS, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases (Prospero reg. nr. 42016047704) for comparative studies between 2D and 3D laparoscopic right colectomy. Primary endpoints were safety issues and secondarily patients' related and surgeons' comfort outcomes. Meta-analyses, when possible, were conducted with a random-effects model. RESULTS: Two retrospective comparative studies (for a total of 56 patients in the 2D arm and 52 patients for the 3D arm) were selected out of 680 screened records. Methodological quality was fair. Three-dimensional laparoscopic right colectomy has similar safety and secondary outcomes when compared to 2D, with not statistically significant shorter operating times (mean difference 11.81 min). The results are comparable also for anastomosis leakage. The results for other outcomes were not aggregated for heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: 3D laparoscopic right colectomy shows equivalent patients' outcomes compared to 2D operation, but the scarce clinical data and the potential amelioration of surgeons' skills, especially on difficult intracorporeal tasks like suturing, suggest the publication of further trials.

Image Fusion and 3-Dimensional Roadmapping in Endovascular Surgery.

Practitioners of endovascular surgery have historically used 2-dimensional (2D) intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging, with intravascular contrast opacification, to treat complex 3-dimensional (3D) pathology. Recently, major technical developments in intraoperative imaging have made image fusion techniques possible, the creation of a 3D patient-specific vascular roadmap based on preoperative imaging which aligns with intraoperative fluoroscopy, with many potential benefits. First, a 3D model is segmented from preoperative imaging, typically a computed tomography scan. The model is then used to plan for the procedure, with placement of specific markers and storing of C-arm angles that will be used for intraoperative guidance. At the time of the procedure, an intraoperative cone beam computed tomography is performed, and the 3D model is registered to the patient's on-table anatomy. Finally, the system is used for live guidance in which the 3D model is codisplayed with overlying fluoroscopic images. There are many applications for image fusion in endovascular surgery. We have found it to be particularly useful for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), complex EVAR, thoracic EVAR, carotid stenting, and for type 2 endoleaks. Image fusion has been shown in various settings to lead to decreased radiation dose, less iodinated contrast use, and shorter procedure times. In the future, fusion models may be able to account for vessel deformation caused by the introduction of stiff wires and devices, and the user-dependent steps may become more automated. In its current form, image fusion has already proven itself to be an essential component in the planning and success of complex endovascular procedures.