RESUMO
For thousands of years, anatomical models have served as essential tools in medical instruction. While human dissections have been the regular source of information for medical students for the last few centuries, the scarcity of bodies and the religious and social taboos of previous times made the process of acquiring human cadavers a challenge. The dissection process was dependent on the availability of fresh cadavers and thus was met with a major time constraint; with poor preservation techniques, decomposition turned the process of employing bodies for instruction into a race against time. However, the advent of anatomical models has countered this issue by supplying accurate anatomical detail in a physical, three-dimensional form superior to that of the two-dimensional illustrations previously used as the primary adjunct to dissection. Artists worked with physicians and anatomists to prepare these models, creating an interdisciplinary interaction that advanced anatomical instruction at a tremendous rate. These models have taken the form of metal, wood, ivory, wax, papier-mâché, plaster, and plastic and have ultimately evolved into computerized and digital representations currently. We provide a brief historical overview of the evolution of anatomical models from a unique neuroanatomical perspective.
Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional/história , Modelos Anatômicos , Impressão Tridimensional/história , Escultura/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , HumanosRESUMO
The field of bioprinting is rapidly evolving as researchers innovate and drive the field forward. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of bioprinting from the first described printer system in the early 2000s to present-day relatively inexpensive commercially available units and considers the current state of the field and emerging trends, including selected applications and techniques.
Assuntos
Bioimpressão , Impressão Tridimensional , Animais , Órgãos Artificiais , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Bioimpressão/história , Bioimpressão/métodos , Bioimpressão/tendências , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Japão , Microvasos , Poloxâmero , Impressão Tridimensional/história , Impressão Tridimensional/tendências , Robótica/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Engenharia Tecidual/história , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Engenharia Tecidual/tendências , Alicerces Teciduais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
IMPACT STATEMENT: In this Perspective, we discuss the impact of the past 25 years of tissue engineering on the development of clinical therapies. Based on their success and other significant research accomplishments, platforms of innovation were identified. Their discoveries will enable tissue engineering inspired therapies to meet the requirements necessary for large-scale manufacturing and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for a diverse range of indications.