Not All Arms of IgM Are Equal: Following Hinge-Directed Cleavage by Online Native SEC-Orbitrap-Based CDMS.

Immunoglobulins M (IgM) are key natural antibodies produced initially in humoral immune response. Due to their large molecular weights and extensive glycosylation loads, IgMs represent a challenging target for conventional mass analysis. Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) may provide a unique approach to tackle heterogeneous IgM assemblies, although this technique can be quite laborious and technically challenging. Here, we describe the use of online size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to automate buffer exchange and sample introduction, and demonstrate its adaptability with Orbitrap-based CDMS. We discuss optimal experimental parameters for online SEC-CDMS experiments, including ion activation, choice of column, and resolution. Using this approach, CDMS histograms containing hundreds of individual ion signals can be obtained in as little as 5 min from single injections of <1 µg of sample. To demonstrate the unique utility of online SEC-CDMS, we performed real-time kinetic monitoring of pentameric IgM digestion by the protease IgMBRAZOR, which cleaves specifically in the hinge region of IgM. Several digestion intermediates corresponding to processive losses of F(ab')2 subunits could be mass-resolved and identified by SEC-CDMS. Interestingly, we find that for the J-chain linked IgM pentamer, cleavage of one of the F(ab')2 subunits is much slower than the other four F(ab')2 subunits, which we attribute to the symmetry-breaking interactions of the J-chain within the pentameric IgM structure. The online SEC-CDMS methodologies described here open new avenues into the higher throughput automated analysis of heterogeneous, high-mass protein assemblies by CDMS.

Evaluation of Four Commercial IgG- and IgM-specific Enzyme Immunoassays for Detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antibody: Comparison with Particle Agglutination Assay

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is important due to its variable clinical manifestations and absence of response to beta-lactams. Introduction of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for serologic diagnosis of M. pneumoniae has made it possible to separate the analyses of specific IgG and IgM antibodies. We compared four different commercial EIAs, ImmunoWELL IgG, IgM (GenBio), Medac IgG, IgA, IgM (Medac), Platelia IgG, IgM (Sanofi Pasteur), and Ridascreen IgG, IgA, IgM (r-Biopharm) with indirect particle agglutination assay (PA), Serodia-MycoII (Fujirebio). We tested 91 specimens from 73 pediatric patients (2-17 yr) hospitalized at a tertiary-care hospital between December 2005 and January 2006. The measurements of IgM EIAs were correlated with PA titers (Spearman's correlation coefficient, from 0.89 to 0.92) with high concordance rates, ranging from 82.4% to 92.3%. However, some negative IgM-EIA results in PA-positive specimens indicated that serial samplings with convalescent sera would be necessary to confirm M. pneumoniae infection.

Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies in Kawasaki Disease

The prevalent ages at onset for Kawasaki Disease (KD) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are known to be similar in Korea and Japan. We evaluated the correlation between EBV infection and KD. The antibodies to EBV such as anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG and IgM, anti-diffuse and restricted early antigen IgG (anti-EADR IgG), and the anti-EBV determined nuclear antigen IgG (anti-EBNA IgG) were examined in 29KD patients at five separate times sequentially during a period of one year, and also in 14 other children with a past history of KD. The results of each group were compared with those of age-matched controls. The positive rates of anti-VCA IgG and IgM at presentation in the KD patients were 41.4% (12/29) and 0% (0/29), respectively. Only one patient was found to be anti-VCA IgM-positive within two months. There were no cases of anti-VCA IgG except one, anti-EADR IgG and anti-EBNA IgG positive to negative seroconversion during the year. The children with a past history of KD showed higher anti-EBNA IgG-positive rates than the controls (p=0.04). There was no difference in the seropositive rates of the antibodies to EBV, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and herpes zoster virus. In conclusion, children with KD were noted to have normal immune responses to EBV infection. Children with a past history of KD seemed to be infected with EBV at a later age than children with no history of KD.

B Cells in Murine Cervical Lymph Nodes are Conventional B-2 Cells

We investigated the characteristic features of cervical lymph node B cells to determine whether their behavior differs from that of B cells located elsewhere, because cervical lymph nodes may be exposed to continual antigenic stimulation from the naso- and/or oropharynx. B cells were isolated from cervical lymph nodes, spleen and peritoneal fluid of mice, cultured in medium, and exposed to various stimuli. The expression of various surface molecules characteristic of lymphoid B cells was assayed by flow cytometry, and immunoglobulin secreted into the culture supernatants was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B220+ cells were cultured in medium alone or with lipopolysaccharide, and their entrance into S phase in response to stimuli was measured by proliferative assays. Phenotypic characteristics of cervical lymph node B cells included CD5low, CD23high, CD43low, B7.1low, B7.2low, and Syndecan-1low. Unstimulated lymphoid B cells did not secrete immunoglobulin, but, upon stimulation, secretion of IgM was increased more than secretion of IgA and IgG. B cells actively entered S phase after 48 hr stimulation. These results show that B cells in cervical lymph nodes are conventional B2 cells, like splenic B cells.

Soroprevalencia para hanseniase em areas endemicas do estado do Para / Soroprevalence for leprosy in endemic areas of the state of Para

Analisou-se a prevalencia de anticoepos IgM utilizando teste sorologico e antigeno especifico Glicolipidio Fenolico I (PGL-I) do Mycobacterium leprae, por meio do teste rapido ML Dipstick em 1611 individuos sadios categorizados em contatos de pacientes hansenicos intradomiciliares e comunitarios, residentes em cinco municipios endemicos para hanseniase. Realizou-se estudo tranversal pela analise do banco de dados do laboratorio de hanseniase, Instituto Evandro Chagas. O estudo estendeu-se de março a dezembro de 1998, com reavaliaçoes anuais ate dezembro de 2002, no qual, os municipios selecionados-Curinopolis, Eldorado do Carajas, Xinguara, Rondon do Para e Dom Eliseu - apresentaram taxas de prevalencia em hanseniase maiores que 20 em cada 10.000 hab. e detecçao de casos novos maiores que quatro em cada 10.000 hab. A idade variou de 2 a 90 anos, devido ao fato de que a doença em areas de alta endemicidade possibilita o diagnostico de crianças. Estudou-se 957 mulheres (957/1611-59.4 por cento), 654 homens (654/1611-40.6 por cento) e observou-se predominancia de soropositividade entre as mulheres na faixa etaria entre 21 e 50 anos, 62.81 por cento contra 53.97 por cento nos homens. A analise foi realizada nos bancos de dados D-BASE, EPI-INFO 6.4 e 2002, BIOESTAT 3.0 e SINAM, existentes no Instituto Evandro Chagas e Secretaria Estadual de Saude do Para...

Estudo imunohistoquímico da gengivite-HIV / Immunohistochemical study of HIV-gingivitis

A infecçäo pelo vírus HIV induz profundas alteraçöes no sistema imune do hospedeiro, incluindo perda dos linfócitos T CD4+, supressäo das respostas a antígenos T-dependentes e ativaçäo anormal dos linfócitos B. Diversas entidades patológicas säo observadas durante o curso da infecçäo por este vírus, sendo que algumas destas, como a doença periodontal inflamatória (DPI), apresentam alto grau de morbidade. Alguns estudos clínicos e microbiológicos demonstram importantes diferenças entre a gengivite-HIV e a gengivite inespecífica (pacientes HIV-negativos), embora a nível histopatológico näo exista nenhum estudo comparativo entre elas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente o número de linfócitos T, linfócitos T "auxiliares", linfócitos B, macrófagos, células de Langerhans, neutrófilos, plasmócitos secretores de IgG, IgM, IgE e IgA na gengivite-HIV comparado com a gengivite inespecífica. Esta avaliaçäo foi baseada na identificaçäo imunohistoquímica pela Técnica da Streptavidina-Biotina dos seguintes antígenos: CD3 (linfócitos T), OPD4 (linfócitos T "auxiliares"), CD20 (linfócitos B), CD68 (macrófagos), S-100 (células de Langerhans), elastase (neutrófilos), IgG, IgM, IgE e IgA (plasmócitos secretores de IgG, IgM, IgE e IgA, respectivamente). Os resultados mostraram maior percentual de linfócitos T, linfócitos T "auxiliares" e macrófagos na gengivite inespecífica. O número de células intraepiteliais S-100 positivas ( células de Langerhans) por campo foi maior também na gengivite inespecífica comparado com a gengivite-HIV. A gengivite-HIV apresentou percentuais maiores de plasmócitos IgG positivos e neutrófilos em relaçäo à gengivite inespecífica. Estes resultados indicam que a severidade da DPI em pacientes HIV-positivos deve estar relacionada com a própria imunodepressäo celular presente na doença e enfatizam a importância dos linfócitos T na defesa do periodonto. Os dados encontrados sugerem também que a predominância de plasmócitos e neutrófilos no infiltrado inflamatório periodontal constitui um quadro mais compatível com lesäo destrutiva