Risk factors of early infectious complications after ureterorenoscopy for stone disease: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the rate and associated risk factors of early infectious complications after ureterorenoscopy for urolithiasis. METHODS: After ethical committee approval, 400 therapeutic retrograde ureterorenoscopy procedures between August 3, 2020 and November 24, 2021 were included for analysis in a single-center study. Postoperative infection was defined as an afebrile urinary tract infection, fever (≥ 38 °C) with pyuria (≥ 300 WBC/µL) or proven urinary pathogen, and urosepsis. The primary outcome was the rate of infectious complications after ureterorenoscopy. Secondary outcomes were the perioperative factors that increased the risk of infectious complications within 30 days of surgery using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of four hundred (7.3%) patients developed an infectious complication within 30 days after ureterorenoscopy. Ten (2.5%) patients developed an afebrile urinary tract infection, eight (2.0%) developed fever with pyuria, five (1.3%) febrile urinary tract infection, and six (1.5%) urosepsis. On univariate analysis, preoperative stent-type JFil® pigtail suture stent was significantly associated with the dependent variable (p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age (OR 1.035; 95% CI 1.006-1.070; p = 0.02) was found to be significantly associated with developing a postoperative infectious complication. CONCLUSIONS: A 7.3% rate of postoperative infectious complications and 1.5% urosepsis rate were observed after therapeutic ureterorenoscopy, without the need of intensive care admission. The only significant risk factors were preoperative stent type (JFil® pigtail suture stent) on univariate analysis, and older age on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Further multicentric prospective observational data are needed in this field.

Factors associated with symptomatic urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord lesions who perform clean intermittent catheterization with single-use catheters.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors associated with symptomatic urinary tract infection (sUTI) in persons with chronic spinal cord lesion (SCL) who were using single-use catheters for intermittent self-catheterization (ISC). METHODS: Among respondents to an internet survey on the burden of illness on persons with SCL who were considered to be able to perform ISC, 111 persons using single-use catheters were included to examine factors associated with self-reported sUTI by univariate as well as multivariable analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of sUTI was significantly higher in males than in females (56.9% vs. 31.6%, p = .011), persons with stocks of antibiotics than those without it (82.9% vs. 28.6%, p < .011), and persons with more frequent bleeding during catheterization than those with less frequent bleeding (100% vs. 46.5%, p = .036). The incidence did not significantly differ between respective groups when various variables were evaluated by other characteristics of the participants, adherence to ISC procedures, and complications. On multivariable analysis, male gender and stocks of antibiotics were significant independent factors for sUTI. CONCLUSIONS: Male gender and stocks of antibiotics were associated with sUTI in persons with SCL who were performing ISC with single-use catheters.

Disposable grasper-integrated flexible cystoscope for ureteral stent removal in transplanted patients; focus on feasibility, safety, and patient experience. Results and micro-cost analysis from a tertiary referral center.

INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES: To evaluate ureteral stent removal (SR) using a grasper-integrated disposable flexible cystoscope (giFC-Isiris ®, Coloplast ®) after kidney transplantation (KT), with a focus on feasibility, safety, patient experience, and costs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All consecutive KT undergoing SR through giFC were prospectively enrolled from January 2020 to June 2023. Patient characteristics, KT and SR details, urine culture results, antimicrobial prescriptions, and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) within 1 month were recorded. A micro-cost analysis was conducted, making a comparison with the costs of SR with a reusable FC and grasper. RESULTS: A total of 136 KT patients were enrolled, including both single and double KT, with 148 stents removed in total. The median indwelling time was 34 days [26, 47]. SR was successfully performed in all cases. The median preparation and procedure times were 4 min [3,5]. and 45 s[30, 60], respectively. The median Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was 3 [1, 5], and 98.2% of patients expressed willingness to undergo the procedure again. Only one episode of UTI involving the graft (0.7%) was recorded. Overall, the estimated cost per SR procedure with Isiris ® and the reusable FC was 289.2€ and 151,4€, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective series evaluated the use of Isiris ® for SR in a cohort of KT patients, demonstrating feasibility and high tolerance. The UTI incidence was 0.7% within 1 month. Based on the micro-cost analysis, estimated cost per procedure favored the reusable FC.

Utility of the modified 5-item frailty index as a predictor of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection in patients who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the effect of the modified 5-item frailty index on perioperative complications and surgical outcomes in patients who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stones. METHODS: Patients who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stones between 2019 and 2022 were reviewed retrospectively. Assessment was performed using the modified 5-item frailty index based on medical history (hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and functional status. Patients were categorized into the high (≥ 2) and low (≤ 1) modified 5-item frailty index groups based on the frailty score. We compared the perioperative complications and surgical outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: Seventy-one (15.8%) and 393 (84.1%) of the 467 patients were classified into the high and low modified 5-item frailty index groups, respectively. The high modified 5-item frailty index group exhibited a significant association with increased febrile urinary tract infections compared to the low modified 5-item frailty index group [≥ 37.8 °C: 15 (20.3%) vs 13 (3.3%), p < 0.001; ≥ 38 °C: 9 (12.2%) vs 7 (1.8%), p < 0.001]. Surgical outcomes, including operative time and stone-free rate, did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The modified 5-item frailty index is valuable for predicting postoperative complications, particularly febrile urinary tract infections, after ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stones. This index allows for practical preoperative risk assessment in patients who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy.

Bacteriological profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and factors associated with urinary tract infection in pregnant women.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial complication in pregnancy. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial etiology of UTI during pregnancy and determine the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in treating UTIs. METHODOLOGY: Urine specimens and clinical data were collected from pregnant women who attended primary health centers in Erbil, Iraq. All specimens were cultured on appropriate media and identified by standard microbiological methods. The pregnant women were grouped into symptomatic UTI group, asymptomatic bacteriuria group, and the control group. The agar dilution method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: Among the 5,042 pregnant women included in this study, significant bacteriuria was found in 625 (12.40%) of the cases, and 198 (31.68%) had symptomatic UTI, of which 43.59% were diagnosed during the third trimester. Out of the 643 bacteria isolated, 33.28% were symptomatic UTI, of which 43.59% developed during the third trimester. There was a significant difference in the bacterial etiology between symptomatic UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria (p = 0.002), as well as between cystitis and pyelonephritis (p = 0.017). The most common bacterial species isolated was Escherichia coli, which was susceptible to fosfomycin (100%), meropenem (99.45%), and nitrofurantoin (97.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women are more likely to develop UTI in the third trimester. Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen. The study suggests the use of fosfomycin, meropenem, and nitrofurantoin for the treatment of UTI. No Gram-positive isolates were resistant to daptomycin.

Ureteroscopy for urolithiasis in bedridden patients: it is feasible and acceptable.

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety of transurethral ureteroscopy (URS) for urolithiasis in bedridden patients and to identify bedridden patient-specific risk factors for postoperative complications. METHODS: The patients who underwent URS for urolithiasis were divided into bedridden patients and good performance status (PS) patients, and the groups were compared regarding their clinical characteristics and postoperative complications. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent predictors of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI). RESULTS: A total of 1626 patients were included, 276 in the bedridden patient group, and 1350 in the good PS patient group. The bedridden patient group had a significantly higher age and higher proportion of females and had multiple comorbidities. In 77 patients (27.9%), 88 postoperative complications developed for the bedridden patient group. Clavien-Dindo grade III or IV complications were observed in only 8 patients. No grade V complications were observed. The most common complication was fUTI. The frequency of fUTI with grade III or IV for the bedridden patient group (2.2%) was higher compared with the good PS patient group (0.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). Bedridden patient-specific risk factors for fUTI included female sex, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular comorbidities, lower extremity contracture, and prolonged operative time. CONCLUSION: URS for urolithiasis is a feasible and acceptable procedure in bedridden patients, despite the moderate rate of postoperative complications. The identified risk factors provide a framework for risk stratification and individualized care in this unique patient population.

[Experience with the use of bacteriophages in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, complicated by recurrent lower urinary tract infection].

Clinical cases of three patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, complicated by chronic urinary tract infection are presented in the article. All patients underwent clean intermittent catheterization and, in order to prevent symptomatic lower urinary tract infections, received bacteriophage therapy with a clinically proven positive effect. During 3 months follow-up, there were no episodes of urinary tract infection. A change in the concentration of uropathogens and restoration of sensitivity to a number of antimicrobial drugs were observed. Although phage therapy in urology requires further clinical research, it provides an additional strategy to treat urinary tract infections considering an increase in antibiotic resistance.

Healthcare-associated infections after neurosurgical procedures in Ukraine: a multicentre study (2020-2022).

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To investigate the epidemiology, microbiology, and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) after a neurosurgical procedure in Ukraine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: Prospective multicentre surveillance was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022 in 10 regional hospitals of Ukraine. Definitions of HAIs were adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network. RESULTS: Results: Of 8,623 neurosurgical patients, 1,579 (18.3%) HAIs were observed. The most frequently of HAI types were pneumonia (38.4%), surgical site infection (34.2%), urinary tract infection (18.1%) and bloodstream infection (9.3%). Death during hospitalization was reported in 11.3% of HAI cases. There was an association between HAIs after neurosurgical procedures and patients with diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis, and leukaemia. The strongest independent associations were observed for intubation, urinary catheters, and vascular catheters. Klebsiella pneumoniae were most commonly reported, accounting for 25.1% of all organisms, followed by Escherichia coli (17.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (8.5%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (6.8%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.5%). In total, 76.3% isolates from neurosurgical patients were MDROs. Antimicrobial resistance in Ukraine varies greatly by bacterial species, antimicrobial group, and region. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Healthcare-associated infections are a cause for mortality and morbidity among neurosurgical patients. This is due to increase emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Routinely collected surveillance data are of great value as a basis for studying the consequences of HAIs.

Urinary tract infection after flexible ureterorenoscopy for urolithiasis in patients with positive treated preoperative urinalysis.

Prevalence of kidney stones is increasing worldwide, flexible ureterorenoscopy (f-URS) is the most common surgical treatment. Postoperative urinary tract infection (PUTI) is the primary complication. Some risk factors are classically associated with PUTI, especially preoperative positive urinalysis (POPU). We aimed to identify risk factors for PUTI after f-URS for urolithiasis in patients with treated POPU, and to identify the different pre and postoperative pathogens. Retrospective, single-center study of all f-URS for urolithiasis between January 2004 and December 2020. Procedures with treated POPU were categorized as PUTI or no PUTI (NPUTI). We examined demographics, preoperative, perioperative and postoperative characteristics in each group. Among 1934 procedures analyzed, 401 (20.7%) had POPU; these were categorized into NPUTI (n = 352, 87.8%) and PUTI (n = 49, 12.2%). By univariate analysis, only preoperative stenting duration (76.3 in NPUTI group vs 107.7 days in PUTI group, p = 0.001) was significantly associated with a higher risk of PUTI in univariate analysis. Germ distribution was similar in both groups. We compared pre- and postoperative microbiological data for interventions with PUTI, and found that only 8.7% of pathogens were identical between pre and postoperative urinalysis. Our study shows that the rate of PUTI is higher for patients with a POPU and that preoperative stent duration is the sole risk factor in patients with POPU. The low concordance rate (8.7%) between POPU and post-operative pathogens highlights the need for further research on obtaining sterile preoperative urinalysis, or performing intraoperative culture (urines, stent or stone), to treat PUTI early with an adapted antibiotic therapy.

Preoperative urine culture with contaminants is not associated with increased risk for urinary tract infection after ureteroscopic stone treatment.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess whether the presence of contaminants in the pre-operative urine culture (preop-UC) predicts postoperative urinary tract infection (postop-UTI) in patients undergoing elective ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed from 01/2019 to 12/2021 examining patients with unilateral stone burden ≤ 2 cm who underwent ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and had a preop-UC within 3 months. Positive, negative, contaminated, and polymicrobial definitions for UCs were established in accordance with current guidelines. Patients with positive and polymicrobial cultures were excluded. Postop-UTI was defined as the presence of urinary symptoms and a positive UC within 30 days of the procedure. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate risk factors for contamination in the preop-UC and the risk of postop-UTI. RESULTS: A total of 201 patients met the inclusion-exclusion criteria. Preop-UC was negative in 153 patients and contaminated in 48 patients. Significant contaminant-related factors included female gender and increased BMI. Postop-UTI was diagnosed in 3.2% of patients with negative preop-UCs and 4.2% of patients with contaminants, with no difference between groups (p = 0.67). The regression model determined that the presence of contaminants in preop-UC failed to predict postop-UTI (OR 0.69, p = 0.64). CONCLUSION: The presence of contaminants in preop-UCs is not associated with an increased risk of postop-UTIs after ureteroscopy. Our study supports that contaminants in the preop-UC can be interpreted as a negative UC in terms of postop-UTI risk stratification. Preoperative antibiotics should not be prescribed for patients undergoing uncomplicated ureteroscopy for stone surgery in the setting of a contaminated preop-UC.

Effect of increasing age and ureteral stent implantation on urinary tract infections after kidney transplantation - update of recent literature.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to present the recent literature regarding effects of aging and ureteral stent implantation (UrS) on the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. RECENT FINDINGS: UTIs in kidney transplant recipients remain a clinical challenge and represent a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization rates, and mortality. Higher age was described as a significant risk factor for UTIs in several studies including a recent Brazilian analysis, indicating a 3.6%/years of age increase in UTI risk. Subsequently, a large meta-analysis, published in 2023, confirmed the correlation between older age and elevated UTI risk. The Swiss Transplant Cohort Study in 2022, largest of its kind, similarly confirmed a link between advanced age and heightened risk of recurrent UTIs in KTX. A recent prospective study highlighted UrS placement as a modifiable risk factor, emphasizing the need for careful consideration and antibiotic prophylaxis. Additionally, the type of stents played a crucial role, with external stents associated with a 1.69 times higher UTI risk. The challenge of determining optimal UrS removal timing further complicates posttransplant care, with insufficient evidence to guide practices. SUMMARY: The aging population of KTX recipients requires a personalized approach to effectively reduce and manage UTIs as one of the most important complications following KTX. Prophylactic stent implantation is successful in lowering ureteral complications, however, is associated with an increased incidence of UTIs. To reduce the increased risk of UTIs, the length of stent insertion requires strict supervision and maintenance.

The Role of Metabolomics and Microbiology in Urinary Tract Infection.

One of the common illnesses that affect women's physical and mental health is urinary tract infection (UTI). The disappointing results of empirical anti-infective treatment and the lengthy time required for urine bacterial culture are two issues. Antibiotic misuse is common, especially in females who experience recurrent UTI (rUTI). This leads to a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the microorganisms that cause the infection. Antibiotic therapy will face major challenges in the future, prompting clinicians to update their practices. New testing techniques are making the potential association between the urogenital microbiota and UTIs increasingly apparent. Monitoring changes in female urinary tract (UT) microbiota, as well as metabolites, may be useful in exploring newer preventive treatments for UTIs. This review focuses on advances in urogenital microbiology and organismal metabolites relevant to the identification and handling of UTIs in an attempt to provide novel methods for the identification and management of infections of the UT. Particular attention is paid to the microbiota and metabolites in the patient's urine in relation to their role in supporting host health.

Optimizing practices to prevent urinary tract infection after cystoscopy and urodynamics in women: A quality improvement study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in women undergoing outpatient cystoscopy and/or urodynamic studies (UDS) at our centre by identifying and then altering modifiable risk factors through an analysis of incidence variability among physicians. METHODS: This was a quality improvement study involving adult women undergoing outpatient cystoscopy and/or UDS at an academic tertiary urogynecology practice. Prophylactic practices for cystoscopy/UDS were surveyed and division and physician-specific UTI rates following cystoscopy/UDS were established. In consultation with key stakeholders, this delineated change concepts based on associations between prophylactic practices and UTI incidence, which were then implemented while monitoring counterbalance measures. RESULTS: Two "Plan-Do-Study-Act-Cycles" were conducted whereby 212 and 210 women were recruited, respectively. Change concepts developed and implemented were: (1) to perform routine urine cultures at the time of these outpatient procedures, and (2) to withhold routine prophylactic antibiotics for outpatient cystoscopy/UDS, except in patients with signs of cystitis. There was no change in the incidence of early presenting UTI (9.0% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.680), but there were significantly fewer antibiotic-related adverse events reported (8.5% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.001). There was no significant change in the total incidence of UTI rates between cycles (7.8% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.649). CONCLUSIONS: No specific strategies to decrease the incidence of UTI following outpatient cystoscopy/UDS were identified, however, risk factor-specific antibiotic prophylaxis, as opposed to universal antibiotic prophylaxis, did not increase UTI incidence.

The rationale for bladder washouts in children with neurogenic bladder.

Children with a neurogenic bladder are at risk of developing recurrent urinary tract infections and long-term kidney failure. Due to an altered lower urinary tract, children may be overtreated for simple bacteriuria or undertreated for a potentially severe urinary tract infection. This group of patients represent high users of healthcare, and are at risk of colonization and development of antibiotic resistance. Bladder washouts with non-antibiotic electrochemically activated solutions are a potential new prophylactic option for patients with bladder dysfunction when clean intermittent catheterization has resulted in chronic bacteriuria.

Vacuum-assisted mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy is associated with lower rates of infectious complications compared to vacuum-cleaner procedure in patients at high risk for infections: a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of vacuum-assisted mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (vamPCNL) vs. vacuum-cleaner mPCNL (vcmPCNL) on the rate of postoperative infectious complications in a cohort of patients with high risk factors for infections. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from 145 patients who underwent mPCNL between 01/2016 and 12/2022. Patient's demographics, stones characteristics and operative data were collected. vamPCNL and vcmPCNL were performed based on the surgeon's preference. High-risk patients were defied as having ≥ 2 predisposing factors for infections such as a history of previous urinary tract infections, positive urine culture before surgery, stone diameter ≥ 3 cm, diabetes mellitus and hydronephrosis. Complications were graded according to modified Clavien classification. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with postoperative infectious complications. RESULTS: vamPCNL and vcmPCNL were performed in 94 (64.8%) and 51 (35.2%) cases, respectively. After surgery, infectious complications occurred in 43 (29.7%) participants. Patients who developed infectious complications had larger stone volume (p = 0.02) and higher rate of multiple stones (p = 0.01) than those who did not. Infectious complications occurred more frequently after vcmPCNL than vamPCNL (55.9% vs. 44.1%. p = 0.01) in high-risk patients. Longer operative time (p < 0.01) and length of stay (p < 0.01) were observed in cases with infectious complications. At multivariable logistic regression analysis, longer operative time (OR 1.1, p = 0.02) and vcmPCNL (OR 3.1, p = 0.03) procedures were independently associated with the risk of infectious complications post mPCNL, after accounting for stone volume. CONCLUSION: One out of three high-risk patients showed infectious complications after mPCNL. vamPCL and shorter operative time were independent protective factors for infections after surgery.

Bacteriuria in patients with stented ureters: predictors of infection in patients presenting to the hospital and when not to treat.

PURPOSE: Patients with ureteric stents have symptoms that overlap with infection symptoms. Thus, clinicians unnecessarily give antibiotics to stented patients with bacteriuria despite guidelines. In stented patients, little is known about risk factors for developing bacteriuria or urosepsis. The objectives were to identify the frequency and risk factors for developing bacteriuria and urosepsis in patients with stents. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed patients with ureteric stents placed or exchanged over 1 year. We examined associations between bacteriuria or urosepsis and host risk factors. Univariable and multivariable logistic analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 286 patients (mean age: 57.2 years), 167 (58.4%) were male. The main stent indications were stone, stricture, cancer and extrinsic compression. The median stented period was 61 days. The frequency of bacteriuria was 59/286 (21%). ASA status 3 and 4 had 5 times the odds of having bacteriuria relative to ASA status 1. Stent duration > 2 months had 5.5 times the odds relative to ≤ 2 months. Urosepsis was infrequent, 13/286 (4.5%). Five patients had bacteraemia. A stent duration over 2 months had nearly 6 times the odds of urosepsis. CONCLUSION: ASA status higher than 2 and stent time greater than 2 months raise the odds of developing bacteriuria. A stent duration longer than 2 months was the only predictor of urosepsis. Though 21% of patients had bacteriuria, 4.5% had urosepsis. Hence, bacteriuria without sepsis should not be treated with antibiotics, thus aiding antimicrobial stewardship.

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections after liver transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and risk factors.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) are an increasing healthcare problem worldwide. This study analyzes the incidence, burden, and risk factors associated with MDRB infections after liver transplant(ation) (LT). METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included adult patients who underwent LT between January 2017 and January 2020. Risk factors related to pre-LT disease, surgical procedure, and postoperative stay were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of MDRB infections within the first 90 days after LT. RESULTS: We included 1,045 LT procedures (960 patients) performed at nine centers across Spain. The mean age of our cohort was 56.8 ± 9.3 years; 75.4% (n = 782) were male. Alcohol-related liver disease was the most prevalent underlying etiology (43.2.%, n = 451). Bacterial infections occurred in 432 patients (41.3%) who presented with a total of 679 episodes of infection (respiratory infections, 19.3%; urinary tract infections, 18.5%; bacteremia, 13.2% and cholangitis 11%, among others). MDRB were isolated in 227 LT cases (21.7%) (348 episodes). Enterococcus faecium (22.1%), Escherichia coli (18.4%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.2%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. In multivariate analysis, previous intensive care unit admission (0-3 months before LT), previous MDRB infections (0-3 months before LT), and an increasing number of packed red blood cell units transfused during surgery were identified as independent predictors of MDRB infections. Mortality at 30, 90, 180, and 365 days was significantly higher in patients with MDRB isolates. CONCLUSION: MDRB infections are highly prevalent after LT and have a significant impact on prognosis. Enterococcus faecium is the most frequently isolated multi-resistant microorganism. New pharmacological and surveillance strategies aimed at preventing MDRB infections after LT should be considered for patients with risk factors. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have a deep impact on morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. Strategies aimed at improving prophylaxis, early identification, and empirical treatment are paramount. Our study unveiled the prevalence and main risk factors associated with these infections, and demonstrated that gram-positive bacteria, particularly Enterococcus faecium, are frequent in this clinical scenario. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of prophylactic and empirical antibiotic treatment protocols after liver transplantation.

Antibiotics prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords "antibiotics" AND "prostatectomy" AND "urinary catheter." RESULTS: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio-OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval-95%CI 0.27-0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12-1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). CONCLUSIONS: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy.

Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A 10-Year Study.

OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections are the main infectious complications among kidney transplant recipients and are considered as a potential risk factor for poor graft outcomes. However, the risk factors of urinary tract infections are controversial. The purpose of our study was to estimate the incidence and predisposing factors of urinary tract infections in patients undergoing kidney transplant in our teaching hospital of Sahloul, Tunisia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 141 consecutive adult kidney transplants that were performed at the Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Sahloul, Tunisia, between January 2007 and April 2016. RESULTS: Of 141 patients, 72 (51.1%) had urinary tract infections after kidney transplant. Mean age was 32.54 ± 12.1 years; 47.6% were male patients, and 52.4% were female patients. The average time between transplant and early urinary tract infections was 11 days (range, 1-30 days). Among our patient group, 87.8% of urinary tract infections occurred within the first 6 months posttransplant. We collected 205 episodes of urinary tract infections: 66.3% were asymptomatic bacteriuria, 10.2% acute cystitis, and 23.4% pyelonephritis. The estimated risk factors for urinary tract infection included only female sex (P < .05); older age (P = .32), longer duration of catheter (P = .34), and high body mass index (P = .46) were not correlated with urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: Despite preventive measures, urinary tract infections remain an important cause of morbidity among kidney transplant recipients. In fact, more than half of kidney transplant recipients had at least 1 urinary tract infection after surgery. Female sex was statistically associated with higher risk of urinary tract infection.