Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare disease burden attributable to six gastrointestinal pathogens (norovirus, rotavirus, Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) in Australia, 2010. METHODS: We estimated the number of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases and deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and DALY/case for each pathogen. We included AGE cases that did not require medical care. Sequelae were included for Campylobacter (Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis (ReA), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)) and Salmonella (ReA, IBS). RESULTS: We estimated 16626069 AGE cases in Australia in 2010 (population 22 million). Of the pathogens studied, most AGE cases were attributed to norovirus (2180145), Campylobacter (774003), and Giardia (614740). Salmonella caused the fewest AGE cases (71255) but the most AGE deaths (90). The DALY burden was greatest for Campylobacter (18222 DALYs) and Salmonella (3856 DALYs), followed by the viral and protozoal pathogens. The average DALY/case was greatest for Salmonella (54.1 DALY/1000 cases), followed by Campylobacter (23.5 DALY/1000 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The pathogen causing the greatest disease burden varied according to the metric used, however DALYs are considered most useful given the incorporation of morbidity, mortality, and sequelae. These results can be used to prioritize public health interventions toward Salmonella and Campylobacter infections and to measure the impact of these interventions.

Evaluación de la prevalencia de infección por ratavirus en niños de un servicio de Salud Pública / Evaluation of the prevalence of infection in children ratavirus a Public Health Service

Dentro de los agentes etioilógicos causantes de las infecciones gastrointestinales, El Rotavirus es una de las principales causas de diarrea en el mundo. El objetivo general de este trabajo es evaluar la población de niños con infecciones gastrointestinales que concurrena consulta al HPNJ. MATERIAL Y METODO: se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional de una población de niños de 2 meses a 5 años de edad, de ambos sexos que concurren a los consultorios externos de diarrea aguda del HPNJ. Se evaluaron condiciones clínicas como vómitos y fiebre, presencia de infección de ratavirus por ELISA: Se tipificó por RT-PCR anidada los distintos serotipos de pacientes infectados por Rotavirus. RESULTADOS: este estudio mostró un aprevalencia promedio del 40 por ciento de infección por Rotavirus "A" en pacientes con diarrea aguda, particularmente en el sexo masculino y menores de 4 años de edad. dentro de los serotipos identificados el de mayor prevalencia fue el G9P (6 por ciento). El tipo de deposición se mostró correlacionado con esl serotipo encontrado, presentando sólo de tipo líquido los sertipos G4P (15 por ciento) y el G2P (6 por ciento).

Evaluación de la prevalencia de infección por ratavirus en niños de un servicio de Salud Pública / Evaluation of the prevalence of infection in children ratavirus a Public Health Service

Dentro de los agentes etioilógicos causantes de las infecciones gastrointestinales, El Rotavirus es una de las principales causas de diarrea en el mundo. El objetivo general de este trabajo es evaluar la población de niños con infecciones gastrointestinales que concurrena consulta al HPNJ. MATERIAL Y METODO: se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional de una población de niños de 2 meses a 5 años de edad, de ambos sexos que concurren a los consultorios externos de diarrea aguda del HPNJ. Se evaluaron condiciones clínicas como vómitos y fiebre, presencia de infección de ratavirus por ELISA: Se tipificó por RT-PCR anidada los distintos serotipos de pacientes infectados por Rotavirus. RESULTADOS: este estudio mostró un aprevalencia promedio del 40 por ciento de infección por Rotavirus "A" en pacientes con diarrea aguda, particularmente en el sexo masculino y menores de 4 años de edad. dentro de los serotipos identificados el de mayor prevalencia fue el G9P (6 por ciento). El tipo de deposición se mostró correlacionado con esl serotipo encontrado, presentando sólo de tipo líquido los sertipos G4P (15 por ciento) y el G2P (6 por ciento).(AU)

Estudio de la diarrea infecciosa en Castellón (EDICS): incidencia poblacional de casos esporádicos en 2004 y comparación con el año 2000 / Infectious diarrhea study in Castellón, Spain (EDICS): population incidence of sporadic cases in 2004 and comparison with the year 2000

Fundamento y objetivo: Las infecciones intestinales son procesos muy frecuentes y la mayor parte de ellas son casos esporádicos. Se pretende estimar su incidencia poblacional en un área de Castellón durante el año 2004 y compararla con la del año 2000. Material y método: A partir de los coprocultivos habituales se calcularon las tasas por edades para los microorganismos más frecuentes, prestando especial atención a los niños menores de 5 años de edad. Se presentan los resultados de 2004 y su comparación con el año 2000. Resultados: Campylobacter presentó las tasas globales más altas (1,01 ƒ 103), seguido de Salmonella (0,75), sin diferencias significativas con el año 2000. Rotavirus, con una tasa de 0,65, disminuyó respecto a 2000 y adenovirus presentó un año atípico. En menores de 3 años las tasas fueron, respectivamente, de 26,54, 10,23 y 11,75. La distribución por edades en menores de 5 años fue muy diferente en cada microorganismo, con forma de U invertida para Campylobacter y perfil decreciente continuo desde el máximo en menores de 6 meses de edad para rotavirus. En hospitalizados destacan las elevadas tasas de Rotavirus, ya desde los menores de 6 meses de edad, y los escasos ingresos por campilobacteriosis. Conclusiones: Los rasgos epidemiológicos que reflejan las distribuciones por edad desde los menores de 6 meses hasta los niños de 5 años son peculiares para cada germen, como lo son las proporciones de hospitalización. Las tasas de Campylobacter y Salmonella fueron estables, pero rotavirus experimentó una disminución de incidencia

Background and objective: Infectious intestinal diseases are highly prevalent, and among them sporadic cases are the most common processes. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of sporadic cases diagnosed in a healthcare district of Castellón (Spain) in the year 2004, and to compare them with those of the year 2000. Material and method: Based on routine coprocultures and individual demographic data of each patient, we calculated the population rates by age for the more frequent microorganisms, especially detailed for children up to 5 years of age. We report the results of the year 2004, and compare these with the previous study of the year 2000. Results: Campylobacter showed the highest rate (1.01 ƒ 103), followed by Salmonella (0.75), each without significant differences regarding the year 2000. The rate of rotavirus cases (0.65) was smaller than in 2000; and for adenovirus 2004 was an atypical seasonal year. In children younger than 3 years, rates were 26.54; 10.23 and 11.75. As in the previous study, the age-distribution in children < 5 years was very particular. An U inverted shape was seen for Campylobacer, and the rates for rotavirus decreased after the peak observed in the youngest group (< 6 months). Among hospitalized patients rotavirus was the most common and Campylobacter the less common. Conclusions: The epidemiological traits of the rates by age until the age of five are characteristic for each microorganism, as are the proportions of hospitalization. Rates of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the year 2004 were similar to the year 2000, but a decrease in the rotavirus rates was observed

Characterization of rotavirus P genotypes circulating among paediatric inpatients in northern Brazil

De novembro de 1992 a agosto de 1993, 28 amostras fecais positivas para rotavirus, obtidas de pacientes pediatricos hospitalizados em Belem, Brasil, com idades inferiores a 4 anos, foram testadas por RT-PCR visando a determinacao dos genotipos P. Com excecao de 7 criancas nao diarreicas, todos os pacientes apresentavam diarreia a admissao ou a desenvolviam enquanto internados no hospital. Cepas de rotavirus com especifidades antigenicas P correspondentes aos genotipos P1B[4] e P1A[8]...

Three major alleles of rotavirus NSP4 proteins identified by sequence analysis.

Comparison of nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 gene sequences from 22 rotavirus strains originating from six host species and of 14 different combinations of G and P types revealed the presence of three distinct NSP4 alleles, represented by strains Wa, KUN and AU-1. Genetic distances between any of these alleles (18.0%) were significantly greater than those within each allele (5.5%) and phylogenetic analysis suggested that divergence into three distinct alleles had occurred at about the same time during evolution. While amino acid variation among strains was minimal in the amino-terminal two-thirds of the protein (aa 1-130), variability increased toward the carboxy terminus of the enterotoxic peptide region (aa 114-135) and was greatest between residues 135 and 141. Comparison of the amino acid sequences corresponding to the enterotoxic peptide region between strains isolated from asymptomatic neonates and those from children with diarrhoea failed to identify any conserved changes that correlated with the capacity of the virus to cause disease. Amino acids were relatively conserved in the domains important for viral morphogenesis.

[Mixed coli-rotavirus and Cryptosporidium infection in newborn piglets]. / Smesena koli-rotavirusna infektsiia i kriptosporidiina invaziia pri novorodeni praseta.

Complex morphologic, parasitologic, virologic, and bacteriologic studies on pigs and fecal samples from pigs were carried out on a farm where an enteritis infection in newborn pigs was recorded. A mixed coli-rotavirus and cryptosporidium infection was established in 10--20-day-old pigs of the Camborough hybrid with a clinically manifested enteritis syndrome. Morphologically, the cryptosporidium component of the infection substantiated atrophic and dystrophic changes in the intestinal epithelium. Developmental forms of the parasite were also found in the border wall of the enterocytes.

Rotavirus infection among children in hospital in Nigeria.

Faecal samples of 139 Nigerian infants and young children admitted to hospital for gastro-enteritis and of 169 admitted for various other illnesses were tested for rotaviruses by an ELISA technique. Rotaviruses were detected significantly more often in those with gastro-enteritis (20.1%) than in those with other illnesses (3.6%). By contrast, in a representative sample of the population from which the patients had been derived no difference was observed between two similar groups in either isolation or detection rates of recognised enteric bacterial pathogens or intestinal parasites. Hence, as elsewhere, rotaviruses are the most significant enteric pathogens associated with gastro-enteritis among infants and young children in this locality.