Anti-psoriasis molecular targets and active components discovery of Optimized Yinxieling Formula via affinity-purified strategy.

Psoriasis, a prevalent inherited skin condition, involves an inflammatory response as a key pathogenic mechanism. The Optimized Yinxieling Formula (OYF), rooted in traditional Chinese medicine, is extensively utilized in clinical settings to treat psoriasis. Although previous studies have demonstrated OYF's significant anti-inflammatory effects in psoriasis, its potential molecular targets and active components remain unexplored. This study aimed to unveil the anti-psoriasis molecular targets and active components of OYF. Our findings indicated that OYF extract markedly reduced the production of several inflammatory mediators, including IL-23, nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1ß, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. We synthesized OYF extract-crosslinked beads to isolate pharmacological targets from RAW264.7 lysates using an affinity purification strategy, known as Target Fishing. The enriched target proteins were subsequently identified via LC-MS/MS, followed by bioinformatics analysis to map the psoriasis-associated pathway-gene network. We identified a total of 76 potential target proteins, which were highly associated with mRNA transcription mechanisms. In particular, pathway-gene network analysis revealed that the IL-23 inflammatory pathway was involved in the anti-psoriasis effect of OYF extract. We further utilized a target protein-based affinity capture strategy, combined with LC-MS and SPR analysis, to globally screen OYF's active components, focusing on the mRNA transcription regulator, fused in sarcoma (FUS). This process led to the identification of umbelliferone, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, and echinacoside as key compounds targeting FUS to inhibit IL-23 expression. Additionally, we formulated a compound cocktail (CpdC), which significantly reduced psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores and the expressions of IL-23 and Ki67 in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model. Collectively, our study elucidates the primary molecular targets and active components of OYF, offering novel insights for psoriasis treatment.

IL-6 Up-Regulates Expression of LIM-Domain Only Protein 4 in Psoriatic Keratinocytes through Activation of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB Pathway.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the activation of keratinocytes and the infiltration of immune cells. Overexpression of the transcription factor LIM-domain only protein 4 (LMO4) promoted by IL-23 has critical roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes. IL-6, an autocrine cytokine in psoriatic epidermis, is a key mediator of IL-23/T helper 17-driven cutaneous inflammation. However, little is known about how IL-6 regulates the up-regulation of LMO4 expression in psoriatic lesions. In this study, human immortalized keratinocyte cells, clinical biopsy specimens, and an animal model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod cream were used to investigate the role of IL-6 in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Psoriatic epidermis showed abnormal expression of IL-6 and LMO4. IL-6 up-regulated the expression of LMO4 and promoted keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that IL-6 up-regulates LMO4 expression by activating the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that IL-6 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, up-regulate the expression of LMO4, lead to abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, and promote the occurrence and development of psoriasis.

Targeting IL-23 for the interception of obesity-associated colorectal cancer.

Inflammation and obesity are two major factors that promote Colorectal cancer (CRC). Our recent data suggests that interleukin (IL)-23, is significantly elevated in CRC tumors and correlates with patient obesity, tumor grade and survival. Thus, we hypothesize that obesity and CRC may be linked via inflammation and IL-23 may be a potential target for intervention in high-risk patients. TCGA dataset and patient sera were evaluated for IL-23A levels. IL-23A [IL-23 p19-/-] knockout (KO) mice were crossed to Apcmin/+ mice and progeny were fed low-fat or high-fat diets. At termination intestines were evaluated for tumorigenesis. Tumors, serum, and fecal contents were analyzed for protein biomarkers, cytokines, and microbiome profile respectively. IL-23A levels are elevated in the sera of patients with obesity and colon tumors. Genetic ablation of IL-23A significantly suppressed colonic tumor multiplicity (76-96 %) and incidence (72-95 %) in male and female mice. Similarly, small-intestinal tumor multiplicity and size were also significantly reduced in IL-23A KO mice. IL-23A knockdown in Apcmin/+ mice fed high-fat diet, also resulted in significant suppression of colonic (50-58 %) and SI (41-48 %) tumor multiplicity. Cytokine profiling showed reduction in several circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including loss of IL-23A. Biomarker analysis suggested reduced tumor cell proliferation and immune modulation with an increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the IL-23A KO mice compared to controls. Fecal microbiome analysis revealed potentially beneficial changes in the bacterial population profile. In summary, our data indicates a tumor promoting role for IL-23 in CRC including diet-induced obesity. With several IL-23 targeted therapies in clinical trials, there is a great potential for targeting this cytokine for CRC prevention and therapy.

Adalimumab-Induced Paradoxical Psoriasis Treated with Biologics Targeting the IL-17/IL-23 Axis in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Paradoxical psoriasis (PP) has been mainly described in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis vulgaris, while such data in the context of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are scarce. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the course of PP and the underlying HS upon switching from adalimumab to a biologic agent targeting the interleukin (IL)-17/IL-23 axis. METHODS: The electronic medical database of the outpatient department for HS of a tertiary hospital for skin diseases was searched to identify patients with moderate-to-severe HS under treatment with adalimumab, who developed PP and were switched to biological therapy with an IL-17 or IL-23 inhibitor between February 2016 and January 2022. Disease assessment scores were evaluated at baseline, at time of PP development, as well as six and 12 months thereafter. RESULTS: Among the 83 patients who received adalimumab for the treatment of HS between February 2016 and January 2022, 10 patients (12%) developed paradoxical psoriasiform skin reactions after a median time of seven (range, 2-48) months. There were four females (40%) and six males (60%) with a median age of 42.5 (range, 33-56) years. Five patients presented with plaque psoriasis and five with palmoplantar pustulosis, while four had intertriginous and three nail involvement. In most of the patients, HS responded well to adalimumab at onset of PP. Eight patients were changed to secukinumab, one to ustekinumab, and one to risankizumab. HS further improved in all but 2 patients, one receiving secukinumab and one receiving risankizumab. In addition, all patients achieved improvement of PP. CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of patients, this study provides support that patients with adalimumab-induced PP may benefit from biologics targeting the IL-17/IL-23 axis. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal therapeutic strategy of the anti-TNFα-induced PP in the context of HS.

Acertannin Prevented Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis by Inhibiting the Colonic Expression of IL-23 and TNF-α in C57BL/6J Mice.

The present study investigates the effects of acertannin on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and changes in the colonic levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).We examine the following: inflammatory colitis was induced in mice by 2% DSS drinking water given ad libitum for 7 days. Red blood cell, platelets, and leukocyte counts and hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), and colonic cytokine and chemokine levels were measured. The disease activity index (DAI) was lower in DSS-treated mice orally administered acertannin (30 and 100 mg/kg) than in DSS-treated mice. Acertannin (100 mg/kg) inhibited reductions in the red blood cell count and Hb and Ht levels in DSS-treated mice. Acertannin prevented DDS-induced mucosal membrane ulceration of the colon and significantly inhibited the increased colonic levels of IL-23 and TNF-α. Our findings suggest that acertannin has potential as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Novel anti-arthritic mechanisms of trans-cinnamaldehyde against complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice: involvement of NF-кB/TNF-α and IL-6/IL-23/ IL-17 pathways in the immuno-inflammatory responses.

Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA), a natural cinnamaldehyde derivative of cinnamon oil, is known for anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities. However, no study has examined the protective mechanisms of TCA on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Chronic arthritis was induced in mice by triple dose injection of 0.1 ml CFA in the first two days, then a treatment with TCA (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and the anti-arthritic drug; methotrexate (MTX, 0.75 mg/kg, i.p., 3 times/week) started from day 10 after CFA and continued till day 35.TCA ameliorated the CFA-induced arthritis features, indicated by the decrease in serum rheumatoid factor, paw swelling, arthritis index and the arthritis changes in limb histology. Additionally, TCA treatment showed anti-inflammatory actions through downregulation of TNF-α, NF-κB and COX-2 expressions and marked reduction in IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-23 and IL-17 levels in inflamed paw tissues.Consequently, TCA can decrease arthritis progression and inhibit the immune/inflammatory responses initiated by TNF-α/IL-1ß/IL-6/IL-23/IL-17 signals, via NF-κB modulation, almost to the same extent accomplished by MTX. Therefore, TCA could be a promising anti-arthritic drug.

Cdk2 suppresses IL-23 expression and the onset of severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. Although interleukin-23 (IL-23) is associated with the severity of acute pancreatitis, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, its regulatory mechanisms were explored in this study. METHODS: RNA-sequencing analysis selected the differently expressed genes in cerulean-induced acute pancreatitis mice. Polymerase chain reaction analysis determined IL-23 expression in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-pretreated or DDB1-cullin-4-associated factor-2 (DCAF2)-overexpressed RAW264.7 cells or CDKs inhibitor AT7519/cullin ring-finger ubiquitin ligase inhibitor MLN4924-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages in the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Pancreatic damages were evaluated in AT7519-treated pancreatitis mice. RESULTS: Pancreatitis mice displayed an increased expression on IL-23 and a decreased expression of Cdk2. Inhibiting Cdk2 by shRNA or AT7519 significantly induced IL-23 expression in LPS-treated RAW cells. Moreover, AT7519 treatment significantly aggravated the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice. Furthermore, AT7519 remarkably increased DCAF2 expression, which was also induced by MLN4924 no matter with or without AT7519 in vitro. On the contrary, overexpressing DCAF2 blocked the stimulatory effect of AT7519 on IL-23 expression. CONCLUSION: Cdk2 negatively regulates IL-23 expression by inhibiting DCAF2 in acute pancreatitis, indicating that Cdk2 might serve as a promising therapeutic target for acute pancreatitis.

IL-23 Inhibits Trophoblast Proliferation, Migration, and EMT via Activating p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway to Promote Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.

As a vital problem in reproductive health, recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) affects about 1% of women. We performed this study with an aim to explore the molecular mechanism of interleukin-23 (IL-23) and find optimal or effective methods to improve RSA. First, ELISA was applied to evaluate the expressions of IL-23 and its receptor in HTR-8/SVneo cells after IL-23 treatment. CCK-8, TUNEL, wound healing and transwell assays were employed to assess the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells, respectively. Additionally, the expressions of apoptosis-, migration-, epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) and p38 MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins were measured by western blotting. To further investigate the relationship between IL-23 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway, HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated for 1 h with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063, followed by a series of cellular experiments on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, as aforementioned. The results showed that IL-23 and its receptors were greatly elevated in IL-23-treated HTR-8/SVneo cells. Additionally, IL-23 demonstrated suppressive effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT of IL-23-treated HTR-8/SVneo cells. More importantly, the molecular mechanism of IL-23 was revealed in this study; that is to say, IL-23 inhibited the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT of IL-23-treated HTR-8/SVneo cells via activating p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, IL-23 inhibits trophoblast proliferation, migration, and EMT via activating p38 MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that IL-23 might be a novel target for the improvement of RSA.

IFN-γ+ cytotoxic CD4+ T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of colitis induced by IL-23 and the food colorant Red 40.

The food colorant Red 40 is an environmental risk factor for colitis development in mice with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-23. This immune response is mediated by CD4+ T cells, but mechanistic insights into how these CD4+ T cells trigger and perpetuate colitis have remained elusive. Here, using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we found that several CD4+ T-cell subsets are present in the intestines of colitic mice, including an interferon (IFN)-γ-producing subset. In vivo challenge of primed mice with Red 40 promoted rapid activation of CD4+ T cells and caused marked intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis that was attenuated by depletion of CD4+ cells and blockade of IFN-γ. Ex vivo experiments showed that intestinal CD4+ T cells from colitic mice directly promoted apoptosis of IECs and intestinal enteroids. CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was contact-dependent and required FasL, which promoted caspase-dependent cell death in target IECs. Genetic ablation of IFN-γ constrained IL-23- and Red 40-induced colitis development, and blockade of IFN-γ inhibited epithelial cell death in vivo. These results advance the understanding of the mechanisms regulating colitis development caused by IL-23 and food colorants and identify IFN-γ+ cytotoxic CD4+ T cells as a new potential therapeutic target for colitis.

Cardiovascular Safety of Biologics Targeting Interleukin (IL)-12 and/or IL-23: What Does the Evidence Say?

There is substantial evidence regarding the association between psoriasis and the elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Many patients with psoriasis may also be concerned that their treatments may be associated with a further increase in the risk of CV disease. In this article, we summarize the data regarding the biological role of interleukin (IL)-12/23 in atherogenesis. We performed a literature search for currently known CV safety data from trials and observational studies of treatments targeting IL-12/23 in psoriasis, i.e. the p40 inhibitors ustekinumab and briakinumab, and the p19 inhibitors guselkumab, risankizumab, and tildrakizumab. On balance, extensive evidence supports the CV safety of ustekinumab, with over 14 years of follow-up data in multiple cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One self-controlled study concluded ustekinumab may precipitate short-term raised CV risk, but the study had limitations hindering interpretation. The safety evidence from RCTs on the p19 inhibitors are reassuring thus far, but these studies may not detect rare CV events in real-world patients. We concluded that the overall evidence does not show that ustekinumab is associated with an increase in the risk of CV disease in patients with psoriasis, but further data are awaited to assess the CV safety of p19 inhibitors for the treatment of psoriasis.

Silencing SOCS3 Markedly Deteriorates Spondyloarthritis in Mice Induced by Minicircle DNA Expressing IL23.

Objective: Despite extensive studies, the precise mechanism underlying spondyloarthritis, especially ankylosing spondylitis, remains elusive. This study aimed to develop an ideal animal model for an insight into mechanism of spondyloarthritis and functional relevance of SOCS3 in spondyloarthritis. Methods: Since SOCS3 is a major regulator of IL23-STAT3 signaling, we generated SOCS3 knockdown transgenic (TG) mice for development of an animal model of spondyloarthritis. A hydrodynamic delivery method was employed to deliver minicircle DNA expressing IL23 (mc-IL23) into wild-type (WT) and the TG mice. Knockdown/overexpression systems mediated by lentivirus and retrovirus were used to determine whether SOCS3 regulated osteoblast differentiation. Results: Forced expression of IL23 induced severe joint destruction and extensive bone loss in SOCS3 knockdown TG mice, while this treatment only caused moderate symptoms in WT mice. Furthermore, severe spondyloarthritis was found in IL23-injected TG mice as compared to mild disease observed in WT controls under same condition. Moreover, our studies showed that IL23 promoted osteoblast differentiation via activation of STAT3 pathway and disruption of SOCS3 expression greatly increased phosphorylation of STAT3. In addition, silencing SOCS3 resulted in enhanced osteoblast differentiation through activation of Smad1/5/9 signaling, as evidenced by elevated phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/9. Experiments further demonstrated that SOCS3 interacted with Smad1 and thus suppressed the BMP2-Smad signaling. Conclusions: The results reveal that SOCS3 is involved in IL23-induced spondyloarthritis and acts as a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation, and suggest that SOCS3 knockdown TG mice may be an ideal animal model for further studies of spondyloarthritis.

Development and Translational Application of a Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for a Monoclonal Antibody against Interleukin 23 (IL-23) in IL-23-Induced Psoriasis-Like Mice.

The interleukin (IL)-23/Th17/IL-17 immune pathway has been identified to play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Many therapeutic proteins targeting IL-23 or IL-17 are currently under development for the treatment of psoriasis. In the present study, a mechanistic pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) study was conducted to assess the target-binding and disposition kinetics of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), CNTO 3723, and its soluble target, mouse IL-23, in an IL-23-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. A minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with target-mediated drug disposition features was developed to quantitatively assess the kinetics and interrelationship between CNTO 3723 and exogenously administered, recombinant mouse IL-23 in both serum and lesional skin site. Furthermore, translational applications of the developed model were evaluated with incorporation of human PK for ustekinumab, an anti-human IL-23/IL-12 mAb developed for treatment of psoriasis, and human disease pathophysiology information in psoriatic patients. The results agreed well with the observed clinical data for ustekinumab. Our work provides an example on how mechanism-based PK/PD modeling can be applied during early drug discovery and how preclinical data can be used for human efficacious dose projection and guide decision making during early clinical development of therapeutic proteins.

[Effects of exogenous interleukin-2, interleukin-23 on differentiation of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells toward Th1 and Th17 and comparison of the pathogenicity of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells].

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effects of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-23 on differentiation of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells originated from C57BL/6 mouse with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and to investigate the difference in pathogenicity. METHODS: Experimental study. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with 200 µl emulsion containing 200 µg interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) 1-20 and 0.8 mg mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund's adjuvant, distributed over six spots at the tail base and on the flank. On postimmunization Day 13, spleens and draining lymph nodes were removed from mice, and a part of spleens, as the control group, was reserved for examining the expression of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-17 mRNA by RT-PCR. T cells were isolated from the rest of spleens and lymph nodes by passage through a nylon wool column, and then T cells were stimulated for 48 hours with IRBP 1-20 in the presence of antigen-presenting cell and mouse recombinant cytokine IL-2 or IL-23. The IRBP 1-20-specific T cells were separated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, the expressions of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-17 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR, and IFN-γ and IL-17 in T cells supernatant were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. The T cells were cultured for another 48 hours, and then the proportions of IL-17(+)γδ(+)T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. EAU models were built in 30 C57BL/6 mice, T cells from which were randomly divided into two groups according to the methods mentioned above: IL-2 group and IL-23 group. Transfer EAU models were built in other 6 mice and divided into two groups, IL-2 group and IL-23 group, by intraperitoneal injection of 3.5×10(6) IRBP-special-T cells from IL-2 group or IL-23 group respectively. Clinical changes were observed by indirect ophthalmoscopy on postimmunization day 3, 7, 14. For histopathological evaluation, whole eyes were collected on postimmunization day 21. Rank sum test, one-way ANOVA and paired t test were used to analyze the results. A comparison of pathogenicity was made between Th1 and Th17 through clinical observation and histopathological evaluation of B6 mouse. RESULTS: Rosette formation was found among T cells on poststimulation day 2. There was a statistical difference in the expression of IFN-γ mRNA between the IL-2 group and normal group or IL-23 group (0.26 ± 0.02 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05 or 0.10 ± 0.00) (F = 80.51, P = 0.003); however, the expression of IFN-γ in the IL-2 group [(13 124.67 ± 107.73) µg/L] was higher than that of the IL-23 group [(3953.67 ± 117.34) µg/L] (t = 169.61, P = 0.000); and the expression of IL-17 mRNA in the IL-2 group [(588.67 ± 77.43) µg/L] was lower than that of the IL-23 group [(5038.33 ± 88.00) µg/L] (t = -361.71, P = 0.000). Flow cytometer showed that the concentration of IL-17 in the IL-2 group [(3.23 ± 0.28)%] was significantly lower than that in the IL-23 group [(9.93 ± 0.55)%] (t = -33.18, P = 0.001). There was a significant difference in the proportion of IL-17(+)γδ(+)T cells between the IL-23 group and IL-2 group (9.93 ± 0.55 vs. 3.23 ± 0.28) (t = -33.18, P = 0.001). Inflammatory response could not be detected in either group three days after injection of IRBP 1-20-specific T cells. Both groups of mice had the most severe inflammatory response on the 14 th day, of which that of the IL-23 group was significantly more severe. CONCLUSIONS: IL-23 facilitates IRBP 1-20-specific T cells to differentiate into Th17, whereas IL-2 inhibits this process and induces these cells to differentiate towards Th1. Further studies showed that the pathogenicity of Th17 cells was significantly higher than that of Th1 cells.

IL-23 induces atopic dermatitis-like inflammation instead of psoriasis-like inflammation in CCR2-deficient mice.

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of leukocytes into the dermis and epidermis. IL-23 is expressed in psoriatic skin, and IL-23 injected into the skin of mice produces IL-22-dependent dermal inflammation and acanthosis. The chemokine receptor CCR2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis. CCR2-positive cells and the CCR2 ligand, CCL2 are abundant in psoriatic lesions. To examine the requirement of CCR2 in the development of IL-23-induced cutaneous inflammation, we injected the ears of wild-type (WT) and CCR2-deficient (CCR2(-/-)) mice with IL-23. CCR2(-/-) mice had increased ear swelling and epidermal thickening, which was correlated with increased cutaneous IL-4 levels and increased numbers of eosinophils within the skin. In addition, TSLP, a cytokine known to promote and amplify T helper cell type 2 (Th2) immune responses, was also increased within the inflamed skin of CCR2(-/-) mice. Our data suggest that increased levels of TSLP in CCR2(-/-) mice may contribute to the propensity of these mice to develop increased Th2-type immune responses.

A Toll-like receptor 7, 8, and 9 antagonist inhibits Th1 and Th17 responses and inflammasome activation in a model of IL-23-induced psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that involves the induction of T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 17 (Th17) cell responses and the aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß. Copious evidence suggests that abnormal activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contributes to the initiation and maintenance of psoriasis. We have evaluated an antagonist of TLR7, 8, and 9 as a therapeutic agent in an IL-23-induced psoriasis model in mice. Psoriasis-like skin lesions were induced in C57BL/6 mice by intradermal injection of IL-23 in the ear or dorsum. IL-23-induced increase in ear thickness was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with antagonist. Histological examination of ear and dorsal skin tissues demonstrated a reduction in epidermal hyperplasia in mice treated with the antagonist. Treatment with antagonist also reduced the induction of Th1 and Th17 cytokines in skin and/or serum, as well as dermal expression of inflammasome components, NLRP3 and AIM2, and antimicrobial peptides. These results indicate that targeting TLR7, 8, and 9 may provide a way to neutralize multiple inflammatory pathways that are involved in the development of psoriasis. The antagonist has the potential for the treatment of psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases.

Loss of extracellular superoxide dismutase induces severe IL-23-mediated skin inflammation in mice.

Psoriasis is a common chronic and complex autoimmune inflammatory skin disorder. The histological characteristics of psoriasis are epidermal hyperplasia, mononuclear leukocyte infiltration into the dermis, and increased angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis remain unclear. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) has antichemotactic activities. Because immune cell infiltration is seen in psoriatic lesions and psoriasis patients express low levels of EC-SOD, we hypothesized that the lack of EC-SOD induces more severe IL-23-mediated psoriasis-like skin inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether the loss of EC-SOD causes more severe IL-23-induced skin inflammation. Ear skin after IL-23 administration was thicker in EC-SOD knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type mice. In addition, infiltration of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) into IL-23 injection sites was more elevated in EC-SOD KO mice. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was also more elevated in EC-SOD KO mice, and EC-SOD KO DCs expressed a higher level of MHCII. Finally, EC-SOD transgenic mice showed much less severe IL-23-induced skin inflammation. Therefore, EC-SOD may inhibit IL-23-induced psoriasis-like inflammation through the inhibition of immune cell infiltration and immune responses. These results suggest that EC-SOD could be a possible candidate for management of psoriasis.

CCR6 is required for epidermal trafficking of γδ-T cells in an IL-23-induced model of psoriasiform dermatitis.

A subset of CC chemokine receptor-6(+) (CCR6(+)), γδ-low (GDL) T cells that express Th17 cytokines in mouse skin participates in IL-23-induced psoriasiform dermatitis. We use CCR6-deficient (knockout, KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to analyze skin trafficking patterns of GDL T cells and function-blocking mAbs to determine the role of CCR6 in IL-23-mediated dermatitis. Herein, CCL20 was highly upregulated in IL-23-injected WT mouse ear skin as early as 24 hours after initial treatment, and large numbers of CCR6(+) cells were observed in the epidermis of IL-23-injected WT mice. Anti-CCL20 mAbs reduced psoriasiform dermatitis and blocked recruitment of GDL T cells to the epidermis. In CCR6 KO mice, GDL T cells failed to accumulate in the epidermis after IL-23 treatment, but the total numbers of GDL T cells in the dermis of WT and CCR6 KO mice were equivalent. There was an ∼70% reduction in the proportion of IL-22(+) GDL T cells in the dermis of CCR6 KO mice (vs WT mice), suggesting that effector function and epidermal recruitment of GDL T cells are impaired in CCR6-deficient mice. Thus, these data show that CCR6 regulates epidermal trafficking of γδ-T-cell subsets in the skin and suggest the potential of CCR6 as a therapeutic target for psoriasis.