Drivers of variation in 90-day episode payments after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Although mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke from a large vessel occlusion is now the standard of care, little is known about cost variations in stroke patients following thrombectomy and factors that influence these variations. METHODS: We evaluated claims data for 2016 to 2018 for thrombectomy-performing hospitals within Michigan through a registry that includes detailed episode payment information for both Medicare and privately insured patients. We aimed to analyze price-standardized and risk-adjusted 90-day episode payments in patients who underwent thrombectomy. Hospitals were grouped into three payment terciles for comparison. Statistical analysis was carried out using unpaired t-test, Chi-square, and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: 1076 thrombectomy cases treated at 16 centers were analyzed. The average 90-day episode payment by hospital ranged from $53 046 to $81,767, with a mean of $65 357. A $20 467 difference (35.1%) existed between the high and low payment hospital terciles (P<0.0001), highlighting a significant payment variation across hospital terciles. The primary drivers of payment variation were related to post-discharge care which accounted for 38% of the payment variation (P=0.0058, inter-tercile range $11,977-$19,703) and readmissions accounting for 26% (P=0.016, inter-tercile range $3,315-$7,992). This was followed by professional payments representing 20% of the variation (P<0.0001, inter-tercile range $7525-$9,922), while index hospitalization payment was responsible for only 16% of the 90-day episode payment variation (P=0.10, inter-tercile range $35,432-$41,099). CONCLUSIONS: There is a wide variation in 90-day episode payments for patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy across centers. The main drivers of payment variation are related to differences in post-discharge care and readmissions.

Public health and cost consequences of time delays to thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine public health and cost consequences of time delays to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for patients, health care systems, and society, we estimated quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of EVT-treated patients and associated costs based on times to treatment. METHODS: The Markov model analysis was performed from US health care and societal perspectives over a lifetime horizon. Contemporary data from 7 trials within the Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke Trials (HERMES) collaboration served as data source. Aside from cumulative lifetime costs, we calculated the net monetary benefit (NMB) to determine the economic value of care. We used a contemporary willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY for NMB calculations. RESULTS: Every 10 minutes of earlier treatment resulted in an average gain of 39 days (95% prediction interval 23-53 days) of disability-free life. Overall, the cumulative lifetime costs for patients with earlier or later treatment were similar. Patients with later treatment had higher morbidity-related costs but over a shorter time span due to their shorter life expectancy, resulting in similar lifetime costs as in patients with early treatment. Regarding the economic value of care, every 10 minutes of earlier treatment increased the NMB by $10,593 (95% prediction interval $5,549-$14,847) and by $10,915 (95% prediction interval $5,928-$15,356) taking health care and societal perspectives, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Any time delay to EVT reduces QALYs and decreases the economic value of care provided by this intervention. Health care policies to implement efficient prehospital triage and to accelerate in-hospital workflow are urgently needed.

Implications of achieving TICI 2b vs TICI 3 reperfusion in patients with ischemic stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) depends on the degree of recanalization achieved. We aimed to determine the health outcomes and cost implications of achieving TICI 2b vs TICI 3 reperfusion in acute stroke patients with LVO. METHODS: A decision-analytic study was performed with Markov modeling to estimate the lifetime quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of EVT-treated patients, and costs based on the degree of reperfusion achieved. The study was performed with a societal perspective in the United States' setting. The base case calculations were performed in three age groups: 55-, 65-, and 75-year-old patients. RESULTS: Within 90 days, achieving TICI 3 resulted in a cost saving of $3676 per patient and health benefit of 11 days in perfect health as compared with TICI 2b. In the long term, for the three age groups, achieving TICI 3 resulted in cost savings of $46,498, $25,832, and $15 719 respectively, and health benefits of 2.14 QALYs, 1.71 QALYs, and 1.23 QALYs. Every 1% increase in TICI 3 in 55-year-old patients nationwide resulted in a cost saving of $3.4 million and a health benefit of 156 QALYs. Among 65-year-old patients, the corresponding cost savings and health benefit were $1.9 million and 125 QALYs. CONCLUSION: There are substantial cost and health implications in achieving complete vs incomplete reperfusion after EVT. Our study provides a framework to assess the cost-benefit analysis of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that might improve patient selection, and increase the chances of achieving complete reperfusion.

Inverse National Trends in Decompressive Craniectomy versus Endovascular Thrombectomy for Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular thrombectomy (ET) for acute large vessel occlusion reduces infarct size, and it should hypothetically decrease the incidence of major ischemic strokes requiring decompressive craniectomy (DC). The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to determine trends in the utilization of ET versus DC for stroke in the United States over a 10-year span. METHODS: We extracted data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample using International Classification of Diseases-9/10 codes from 2006-2016. Patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke were included. Baseline demographics, outcomes, and hospital charges were analyzed. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 14,578,654 patients diagnosed with stroke. During the study period, DC and ET were performed in 124,718 and 62,637 patients, respectively. The number of stroke patients who underwent either ET or DC increased by 266% from 2006 to 2016. During that time period, the ET utilization rate increased (0.19% in 2006 to 14.07% in 2016, P < 0.0004), whereas the DC utilization rate decreased (7.07% in 2006 to 6.43% in 2016, P < 0.0001). In 2015, the utilization rate of ET (9.73%) exceeded that of DC (9.67%). ET-treated patients had shorter hospitalization durations (mean 8.8 vs. 16.8 days, P < 0.0001), lower mortality (16.2% vs. 19.3%), higher likelihood of discharge home (27.1% vs. 24.1%, P < 0.0001), and reduced hospital charges (mean $189,724 vs. $261,314, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified an inverse relationship between national trends in rising ET and diminishing DC utilization for stroke treatment over a recent decade. Although direct causation cannot be inferred, our findings suggest that ET curtails the necessity for DC.

Race and Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Incidence in the Northern Manhattan Study.

Background and Purpose- An excess incidence of strokes among blacks versus whites has been shown, but data on disparities related to Hispanic ethnicity remain limited. This study examines race/ethnic differences in stroke incidence in the multiethnic, largely Caribbean Hispanic, NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study), and whether disparities vary by age. Methods- The study population included participants in the prospective population-based NOMAS, followed for a mean of 14±7 years. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to estimate the association between race/ethnicity and incident stroke of any subtype and ischemic stroke, stratified by age. Results- Among 3298 participants (mean baseline age 69±10 years, 37% men, 24% black, 21% white, 52% Hispanic), 460 incident strokes accrued (400 ischemic, 43 intracerebral hemorrhage, 9 subarachnoid hemorrhage). The most common ischemic subtype was cardioembolic, followed by lacunar infarcts, then cryptogenic. The greatest incidence rate was observed in blacks (13/1000 person-years), followed by Hispanics (10/1000 person-years), and lowest in whites (9/1000 person-years), and this order was observed for crude incidence rates until age 75. By age 85, the greatest incidence rate was in Hispanics. Blacks had an increased risk of stroke versus whites overall in multivariable models that included sociodemographics (hazard ratio, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.13-2.02]), and stratified analyses showed that this disparity was driven by women of age ≥70. The increased rate of stroke among Hispanics (age/sex-adjusted hazard ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.13-1.93]) was largely explained by education and insurance status (a proxy for socieoeconomic status; hazard ratio after further adjusting for these variables, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.85-1.62]) but remained significant for women age ≥70. Conclusions- This study provides novel data regarding the increased stroke risk among Caribbean Hispanics in this elderly population. Results highlight the need to create culturally tailored campaigns to reach black and Hispanic populations to reduce race/ethnic stroke disparities and support the important role of low socioeconomic status in driving an elevated risk among Caribbean Hispanics.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Intervention for Acute Ischemic Stroke in China.

Background and Purpose- Multifaceted quality improvement interventions of stroke care have been shown to improve hospital personnel adherence to evidence-based performance measures and subsequent stroke outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention for stroke care in China, the world's largest low- and middle-income country. Methods- A short-term decision tree model and a long-term Markov model were used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Outcomes, transition probability, and cost data were obtained from a recent clinical trial and the published literature. The benefit of the intervention was assessed by the costs per quality-adjusted life-years gained in the short- and long-term. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the uncertainty of the findings. Results- Compared with usual care, a multifaceted quality improvement intervention for stroke care was found to be cost-effective in the first year and highly cost-effective from the second year onward. In the long-term, the intervention yielded a lifetime gain of 0.246 quality-adjusted life-years at an additional cost of Chinese Yuan Renminbi 1510 (US $230), resulting in a cost of Chinese Yuan Renminbi 6138 (US $940) per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that the intervention was highly cost-effective in 99.9% of the simulation runs at a willingness-to-pay threshold of Chinese Yuan Renminbi 59 700 (1× gross domestic product per capita of China in 2017, US $9200) per quality-adjusted life-year. Conclusions- A multifaceted quality improvement intervention for stroke care was highly cost-effective in China. The results of this study may be used as a reference for delivering such interventions in low- and middle-income countries and in underserved areas of high-income countries.

Outcomes associated with endovascular treatment among patients with acute ischemic stroke in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the trends in clinical and economic outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who receive endovascular therapy (ET) in the real-world setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate characteristics and trends in clinical and economic outcomes among commercially insured patients with AIS undergoing ET between 2011 and 2017. METHODS: Patients with AIS undergoing ET from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2017 were identified from administrative claims contained in the IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases. The Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to examine clinical and economic trends.Between 2011 and 2017, 3411 patients (mean age 62.85±15 years) with a primary diagnosis of AIS underwent ET (coverage: Commercial 59%, n=2008; Medicare Supplemental 41%, n=1403). In the Commercial cohort, discharge to home increased significantly (from 29.54% to 39.18%, p<0.05). Length of stay declined significantly among the overall cohort (from 10.96 to 9.05 days, p<0.01) and the Medicare Supplemental cohort (from 10.03 to 8.43 days, p<0.05). All-cause 365-day readmission decreased significantly among the overall cohort (from 47.5% to 36.7%, p<0.05) and the Commercial cohort (from 51.54% to 36.43%, p<0.05) but remained unchanged in the Medicare Supplemental cohort. While index procedure cost did not change significantly ($93 955 to $87 906, p=0.8806), total cost significantly declined in the overall cohort (from $166 922 to $130 678, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although with some variation across the samples studied, outcomes including discharge to home, length of stay, readmission, and total cost associated with endovascular stroke therapy seemed to have improved between 2011 and 2017. Index admission cost remained unchanged.

Economic challenges of using innovative medical devices in major public health pathologies: Example of acute ischemic stroke management by mechanical thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Activity-based Funding can induce financial imbalances for health institutions if innovative medical devices (MD) used to perform acts are included in Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) tariff. To be reimbursed in addition to the DRG tariff, innovative MD must have received a favorable evaluation by the French National Authority for Health (Haute Autorité de Santé) and be registered on the positive list. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expenses and incomes generated by each scenario (before and after the reimbursement of MD), and the financial reports. This study concerned the management of ischemic stroke by mechanical thrombectomy devices, in high-volume French hospital. METHODS: All patients who have had an acute ischemic stroke and admitted to the interventional neuroradiology unit between January 2016 and December 2017 were included retrospectively in this monocentric study. They were divided into four subgroups based on the severity of the DRG. The cost study was carried out using the French National Cost Study Methodology adjusted for the duration of the stays and by micro-costing on MD. RESULTS: A total of 267 patients were included. Over the study period, the average cost of the hospital stay was €10,492±6364 for a refund of €9838±6749 per patient. The acts performed became profitable once the MD were registered on the positive list (€-1017±3551 vs. €560±2671; P<0.05). Despite this reimbursement, this activity remained in deficit for DRG lowest severity (level 1) patients (€-492±1244). Specific MD used for mechanical thrombectomy represented 37% of the total cost of stay. CONCLUSION: The time required to evaluate MD reimbursement files is too long compared to their development. As a result, practitioners are in difficulty to be able to carry out acts according to the consensual practices of their learned societies, without causing any financial deficit of their institutions.

Alcohol withdrawal is associated with poorer outcome in acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol withdrawal (AW) with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) outcomes. METHODS: All adult AIS admissions in the United States from 2004 to 2014 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample (weighted n = 4,438,968). Multivariable-adjusted models were used to evaluate the association of AW with in-hospital medical complications, mortality, cost, and length of stay in patients with AIS. RESULTS: Of the AA admissions, 10.6% of patients, representing 0.4% of all AIS, developed AW. The prevalence of AA and AW in AIS increased by 45.2% and 40.0%, respectively, over time (p for trend <0.001). Patients with AA were predominantly men (80.2%), white (65.9%), and in the 40- to 59-year (44.6%) and 60- to 79-year (45.6%) age groups. After multivariable adjustment, AIS admissions with AW had >50% increased odds of urinary tract infection, pneumonia, sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, deep venous thrombosis, and acute renal failure compared to those without AW. Patients with AW were also 32% more likely to die during their AIS hospitalization compared to those without AW (odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.58). AW was associated with ≈15-day increase in length of stay and ≈$5,000 increase in hospitalization cost (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: AW is associated with increased cost, longer hospitalizations, and higher odds of medical complications and in-hospital mortality after AIS. Proactive surveillance and management of AW may be important in improving outcomes in these patients.

Exploring the Cost-Effectiveness of Mechanical Thrombectomy Beyond 6 Hours Following Advanced Imaging in the United Kingdom.

Background and Purpose- In the United Kingdom, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke patients assessed beyond 6 hours from symptom onset will be commissioned up to 12 hours provided that advanced imaging (AdvImg) demonstrates salvageable brain tissue. While the accuracy of AdvImg differs across technologies, evidence is limited regarding the proportion of patients who would benefit from late MT. We compared the cost-effectiveness of 2 care pathways: (1) MT within and beyond 6 hours based on AdvImg selection versus (2) MT only within 6 hours based on conventional imaging selection. The impact of varying AdvImg accuracy and prior probability for acute ischemic stroke patients to benefit from late MT was assessed. Methods- A decision tree and a Markov trace were developed. A hypothetical United Kingdom cohort of suspected stroke patients aged 71 years with first event was modeled. Costs, health outcomes, and probabilities were obtained from the literature. Outcomes included costs, life years (LYs), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Various scenarios with prior probabilities of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, for acute ischemic stroke patients to benefit from late MT, and with perfect accuracy, 80% sensitivity, and 70% specificity of AdvImg were studied. Results- Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios resulting from our deterministic analyses varied from $8199 (£6164) to $49 515 (£37 229) per QALY gained. AdvImg accuracy impacted the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio only when its specificity decreased. Over lifetime horizons, all scenarios including late MT improved QALYs and LYs. Depending on the scenario, the probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed probabilities varying between 46% and 93% for the late MT pathway to be cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of $39 900 (£30 000) per QALY. Conclusions- Late MT based on AdvImg selection may be good value for money. However, additional data regarding the implementation of AdvImg and prior probability to benefit from late MT are needed before its cost-effectiveness can be fully assessed.

Costs of hospitalization for stroke from two urban health insurance claims data in Guangzhou City, southern China.

BACKGROUND: Stroke remains a major global health problem. In China, stroke was the leading cause of death and imposed a large impact on the healthcare system. This study aimed to examine the hospitalization costs by five stroke types and the associated factors for inpatient costs of stroke in Guangzhou City, Southern China. METHODS: This was a prevalence-based, cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from urban health insurance claims database of Guangzhou city. Samples including all the reimbursement claims submitted for inpatient care with the primary diagnosis of stroke from 2006 to 2013 were identified using the International Classification of Diseases codes. Descriptive analysis and multivariate regression analysis based on the Extended Estimating Equations model were performed. RESULTS: A total of 114,872 hospitalizations for five stroke types were identified. The average age was 71.7 years old, 54.2% were male and 60.1% received medical treatment in the tertiary hospitals, and 92.3% were covered by the urban employee-based medical insurance. The average length of stay was 26.7 days. Among all the hospitalizations (average cost: Chinese Yuan (CNY) 20,203.1 = $3212.1), the average costs of ischaemic stroke (IS), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and other strokes were CNY 17,730.5, CNY 62,494.2, CNY 38,757.6, CNY 10,365.3 and CNY 18,920.6, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 42.9, 43.0 and 40.4% of the total inpatient costs among patients with IS, ICH and TIA, respectively, whereas for patients with SAH, the biggest proportion of total inpatient costs was from non-medication treatment costs (57.6%). Factors significantly associated with costs were stroke types, insurance types, age, comorbidities, severity of disease, length of stay and hospital levels. SAH was linked with the highest inpatient costs, followed by ICH, IS, other strokes and TIA. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of hospitalization for stroke were high and differed substantially by types of stroke. These findings could provide economic evidence for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of different stroke types as well as useful information for healthcare policy in China.

Exploration of Medical Trajectories of Stroke Patients Based on Group-Based Trajectory Modeling.

A high mortality rate is an issue with acute cerebrovascular disease (ACVD), as it often leads to a high medical expenditure, and in particular to high costs of treatment for emergency medical conditions and critical care. In this study, we used group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to study the characteristics of various groups of patients hospitalized with ACVD. In this research, the patient data were derived from the 1 million sampled cases in the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. Cases who had been admitted to hospitals fewer than four times or more than eight times were excluded. Characteristics of the ACVD patients were collected, including age, mortality rate, medical expenditure, and length of hospital stay for each admission. We then performed GBTM to examine hospitalization patterns in patients who had been hospitalized more than four times and fewer than or equal to eight times. The patients were divided into three groups according to medical expenditure: high, medium, and low groups, split at the 33rd and 66th percentiles. After exclusion of unqualified patients, a total of 27,264 cases (male/female = 15,972/11,392) were included. Analysis of the characteristics of the ACVD patients showed that there were significant differences between the two gender groups in terms of age, mortality rate, medical expenditure, and total length of hospital stay. In addition, the data were compared between two admissions, which included interval, outpatient department (OPD) visit after discharge, OPD visit after hospital discharge, and OPD cost. Finally, the differences in medical expenditure between genders and between patients with different types of stroke-ischemic stroke, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-were examined using GBTM. Overall, this study employed GBTM to examine the trends in medical expenditure for different groups of stroke patients at different admissions, and some important results were obtained. Our results demonstrated that the time interval between subsequent hospitalizations decreased in the ACVD patients, and there were significant differences between genders and between patients with different types of stroke. It is often difficult to decide when the time has been reached at which further treatment will not improve the condition of ACVD patients, and the findings of our study may be used as a reference for assessing outcomes and quality of care for stroke patients. Because of the characteristics of NHIRD, this study had some limitations; for example, the number of cases for some diseases was not sufficient for effective statistical analysis.

Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the incidence of ischemic stroke among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), predictors of post-PCI ischemic stroke, and the impact of post-PCI ischemic stroke on in-hospital morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and cost. BACKGROUND: Data on the incidence and outcomes of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing PCI in the contemporary era are limited. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who underwent PCI between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2016. The incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke was calculated, and its predictors were assessed. In-hospital outcomes of patients with and those without post-PCI stroke were also compared. RESULTS: The adjusted incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke increased during the study period from 0.6% to 0.96% following PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, from 0.5% to 0.6% following PCI for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and from 0.3% to 0.72% following PCI for unstable angina or stable ischemic disease (ptrend <0.001). Carotid disease, cardiogenic shock, atrial fibrillation, and older age were the strongest predictors of post-PCI ischemic stroke. Post-PCI stroke rates were lower at high-volume versus low- to intermediate-volume centers. Thrombolytics, cerebral angiography, and mechanical thrombectomy use increased over time but remained infrequent. After propensity score matching, in-hospital mortality was higher among patients with post-PCI stroke (23.5% vs. 11.0%, 9.5% vs. 2.8%, and 11.5% vs. 2.4% in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina or stable ischemic heart disease cohorts, respectively; p < 0.001). Post-PCI stroke was associated with a >2-fold increase in length of stay, a >3-fold increase in nonhome discharges, and a >60% increase in cost. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke increased significantly over the past decade, partially because of the increasing complexity of patients undergoing PCI over time. Further studies are needed to systematically assess contributors to this worrisome trend and to identify effective strategies for its mitigation.

Interhospital Transfers for Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose- Multiple randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of endovascular therapy (ET) for large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Few centers can provide ET, and significant debate exists about the most efficient and effective ways to provide ET. We sought to assess real-world utilization of ET, the extent to which patients are transferred from one hospital to another for therapy and the implications of transfer status on outcomes. Methods- We used the 2015 to 2016 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Readmissions Database, which contains nationwide data on nearly half of US admissions. We identified index AIS admissions, vascular risk factors, and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis and ET using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, and International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision Clinical Modification codes. Main predictors of outcome were treatment with ET and whether there was an interhospital transfer during the index AIS hospitalization. Among patients with AIS readmitted within 30 days, we examined 3 main outcomes: total charges, length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results- A total of 23 121 AIS admissions were treated with ET and 874 229 without. Over 5% of patients who received ET were transferred during the index admission compared with <2% of those not treated with ET. Length of stay and total charges were significantly higher in patients transferred (12.3 versus 9.6 days and $233 626 versus $182 881, respectively). More patients treated with ET who were not transferred to the index hospital were discharged home (25.3% versus 44.4%), and ≈25% of patients transferred for ET died during the hospitalization compared with 15.5% not transferred. Conclusions- The minority of all patients with AIS receive ET. The majority of patients who receive ET present directly to the center that performs the procedure, and those transferred for ET have higher length of stay, cost, and mortality that those not transferred.

Endovascular Stroke Therapy Trends From 2011 to 2017 Show Significant Improvement in Clinical and Economic Outcomes.

Background and Purpose- The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in length of stay, discharge status, and costs among patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular therapy (ET) between 2011 and 2017. Methods- Using a retrospective observational study design, acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing ET from 2011 to 2017 were identified in the Premier Healthcare Database. The Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to examine clinical and economic outcomes trends. Results- Among the 505 824 acute ischemic stroke patients, 11 811(2.3%) were treated with ET. Patients receiving ET had a significant increase in home discharge and a significant decrease in mortality (17.7% to 29.6%, P<0.01; 21.6% to 12.8%, P<0.01). There was a significant decline in length of stay from 11.7 days to 8.7 days ( P<0.01). Total index admission costs declined ≈17% from 2011 to 2017 ($50 516.5-$42 026.9, P<0.01). Conclusions- Clinical and economic indicators significantly improved for acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing ET from 2011 to 2017.

Heterogeneity in costs and prognosis for acute ischemic stroke treatment by comorbidities.

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidities are prevalent among stroke patients. The current study assesses the variations in cost and stroke prognosis by concurrent comorbidities in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The Charlson comorbidity index was used as the composite comorbidity level (0 none, 1 mild, 2 moderate, and ≥ 3 severe). Outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months and 1-year mortality and stroke recurrence. We utilized a multivariate log-normal model for cost, a proportional Cox hazards model for outcomes, and a decision analytic model for the excess cost per unit change in outcome probability compared with the no-comorbidity group. RESULTS: A total of 3605 consecutive patients were enrolled. At 3 months, the severe comorbidity group was 0.32 times less likely to have mRS ≤ 2, and were 4.86 times more likely to die from stroke than the no-comorbidity group. Within 1 year, the severe comorbidity group showed 10.36 and 3.38 times higher likelihoods of death from stroke and stroke recurrence than the no-comorbidity group. The incremental cost was 4376 in 3 months and 7074 USD in 1 year for the severe comorbidity group, and 985 in 3 months and 1265 USD in 1 year for the mild comorbidity group compared to the no-comorbidity group. CONCLUSION: The excess cost per unit increase of a short-term good prognosis was largest for the severe comorbidity group. Patients with severe comorbidities showed poor prognosis and large health expenditure. Assessing comorbidity level is crucial for better prediction of outcomes and excess cost.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of mechanical thrombectomy plus tissue-type plasminogen activator compared with tissue-type plasminogen activator alone for acute ischemic stroke in France.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies demonstrated the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) plus intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) (MT-IV-tPA) in acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to estimate the cost-utility of MT-IV-tPA compared with IV-tPA alone from the perspective of the French National Health Insurance. METHODS: We developed a decision tree for the first 3 months after stroke onset and a Markov model until 10 years post-stroke. The health states of the Markov model were according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS): independent (mRS=0-2), dependent (mRS=3-5), dead (mRS=6). Recurrent stroke was the fourth health stage of our model. We conducted systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses to estimate the cost and utility of each health state, and the transition probabilities between health states. A microcosting study was conducted to estimate the cost of MT. We estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of MT-IV-tPA and conducted a probabilistic analysis in order to estimate the probability that MT-IV-tPA is cost-effective compared to IV-tPA, the expected value of perfect information (EVPI), and the expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI), given the uncertainty surrounding the value of our model's parameters. RESULTS: The total mean (standard deviation (SD) cost of MT was €6708.9 (2357.0). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the strategy using IV-tPA combined to MT costs was €14,715 per QALY gained as compared to a strategy using IV-tPA alone. The probabilistic analysis showed that the probability of MT-IV-TPA being cost-effective was 85.4% at threshold willingness-to-pay of €30,000 per QALY gained, reaching 98% at €50,000 per QALY gained. CONCLUSION: Although there is no universally accepted willingness-to-pay threshold in France, our analysis suggest that MT combined to IV-tPA can be considered a cost-effective treatment compared with IV-tPA alone.

Evaluation of the Influence of Etiological Factors on the Economic Burden of Ischemic Stroke in Younger Patients in China Using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Classification.

BACKGROUND Worldwide, stroke results in healthcare costs and economic costs, particularly in patients aged <45 years. This study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing the economic burden of ischemic stroke in younger patients in China based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) etiological classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective review of the medical records of 961 patients aged between 18-45 years, diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke, was performed to identify healthcare costs for one year. Stroke severity was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Stroke was categorized according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification as being due to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), cardioembolism (CE), small artery occlusion (SAO), other determined causes (OC), and undetermined etiology (UND). RESULTS Total direct medical costs at one-year follow-up were US$10,954.14, including inpatient cost of US$5,958.44, and outpatient cost of US$3,397.60. Inpatient and total costs at one year were significantly increased in the CE subtype (P<0.001), and were significantly less in the UND subtype (P<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that mRS score, TOAST category, NIHSS score, and the presence of atrial fibrillation were the significant factors influencing cost at one-year follow-up and total cost in younger patients with ischemic stroke. Overall, patient costs in China were less than those in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS In the younger patient population in China, etiological factors influenced the economic burden of ischemic stroke.