Assuntos
Ética Médica , Jornalismo Médico , Medicina , Justiça Social , Humanos , Medicina/normas , Justiça Social/ética , Justiça Social/história , Justiça Social/lesões , Justiça Social/normas , Ética Médica/história , Má Conduta Científica , Ética Profissional/história , Jornalismo Médico/história , Jornalismo Médico/normas , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXIRESUMO
In the 1960s, widespread popular-cultural deference to the authority of science and medicine in the United States began to wane as a generation of journalists and activists reevaluated and criticized researchers and physicians. This article uses the career of feminist journalist Barbara Seaman to show the role that the emerging genre of critical science writing played in this broader cultural shift. First writing from her position as a mother, then as the wife of a physician, and finally as a credentialed science writer, Seaman advanced through distinct categories of journalistic authority throughout the 1960s. An investigation of Seaman's early years in the profession also vividly demonstrates the roles that gender and professional expertise played in both constricting and permitting new forms of critique during this era.
Assuntos
Equidade de Gênero , Jornalismo Médico/história , Escrita Médica/história , Médicos/psicologia , História do Século XX , Competência Profissional , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This essay uses the case of the fin-de-siècle Vienna embryologist Samuel Leopold Schenk to analyze the factors at play in allegations of misconduct. In 1898, Schenk published a book titled Theorie Schenk. Einfluss auf das Geschlechtsverhältnis (Schenk's theory. Influence on the sex ratio). The book argued that, by changing their diet, women trying to conceive could influence egg maturation and consequently select the sex of their offspring. This cross between a scientific monograph and a popular advice book received enormous publicity but also spurred first the Vienna Medical Association and then the Senate of the University of Vienna to accuse Schenk of poor science, self-advertisement, quack medical practice, and wrong publisher choice. Formal proceedings against Schenk ended in 1900 with the unusually harsh punishment of early retirement. Schenk died two years later. I examine the elements of the case, from the science of sex determination and selection, to the growth of print media and advertising within the changing demographic and political landscape of Vienna. I argue that the influence of the public, via the growing media, upon science was the main driver of the case against Schenk, but also that the case would have had a more limited impact were it not for the volatile political moment rife with anti-Semitism, nationalism, and xenophobia. I draw the attention to the importance of setting cases of misconduct in the broader political history and against the key social concerns of the moment.
Assuntos
Embriologia/história , Pré-Seleção do Sexo/história , Áustria-Hungria , Embriologia/ética , Embriologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Judeus/história , Jornalismo Médico/história , Masculino , Política , Preconceito/história , Publicações/ética , Publicações/história , Charlatanismo/história , Charlatanismo/legislação & jurisprudência , Faculdades de Medicina/história , Processos de Determinação Sexual , Pré-Seleção do Sexo/métodosRESUMO
The objective of this text is to analyze how homeopathy was conveyed to the lay public in Brazil during the 1970s, an important period in the process of legitimizing this practice as a medical specialty, which occurred in 1980. The sources analyzed (composed of articles that circulated in the Jornal do Brasil and books intended for the lay public) allow the reader to distinguish different interlocutors with various expectations of homeopathy, revealing a heterogeneous universe of understandings and uses for this medical system. At the same time, the sources establish a universe of representations present in the construction of homeopathy as alternative medicine, which is noticeable in its relationship with the counterculture movements and New Era in forming a "consuming public" for homeopathy.
O artigo analisa como a homeopatia foi veiculada ao público leigo no Brasil da década de 1970, período importante no processo de legitimação desse conhecimento como especialidade médica, o que ocorre em 1980. As fontes analisadas compostas de artigos que circulavam no Jornal do Brasil e de livros destinados ao público leigo permitem distinguir diferentes interlocutores que possuíam expectativas diversas diante da homeopatia, revelando um universo heterogêneo de compreensões e utilizações dessa medicina. Ao mesmo tempo, as fontes estabelecem um universo de representações envolvidas na construção da homeopatia como medicina alternativa, em que é perceptível sua relação com os movimentos de contracultura e Nova Era na formação de um "público consumidor de homeopatia".
Assuntos
Homeopatia/história , Jornalismo Médico/história , Brasil , Terapias Complementares/história , Cultura , História do Século XX , Humanos , Jornais como Assunto/história , Publicações/históriaRESUMO
Resumo O artigo analisa como a homeopatia foi veiculada ao público leigo no Brasil da década de 1970, período importante no processo de legitimação desse conhecimento como especialidade médica, o que ocorre em 1980. As fontes analisadas - compostas de artigos que circulavam no Jornal do Brasil e de livros destinados ao público leigo - permitem distinguir diferentes interlocutores que possuíam expectativas diversas diante da homeopatia, revelando um universo heterogêneo de compreensões e utilizações dessa medicina. Ao mesmo tempo, as fontes estabelecem um universo de representações envolvidas na construção da homeopatia como medicina alternativa, em que é perceptível sua relação com os movimentos de contracultura e Nova Era na formação de um "público consumidor de homeopatia".
Abstract The objective of this text is to analyze how homeopathy was conveyed to the lay public in Brazil during the 1970s, an important period in the process of legitimizing this practice as a medical specialty, which occurred in 1980. The sources analyzed (composed of articles that circulated in the Jornal do Brasil and books intended for the lay public) allow the reader to distinguish different interlocutors with various expectations of homeopathy, revealing a heterogeneous universe of understandings and uses for this medical system. At the same time, the sources establish a universe of representations present in the construction of homeopathy as alternative medicine, which is noticeable in its relationship with the counterculture movements and New Era in forming a "consuming public" for homeopathy.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Jornalismo Médico/história , Homeopatia/história , Publicações/história , Terapias Complementares/história , Brasil , Cultura , Jornais como Assunto/históriaRESUMO
The goal of this article is to document early attitudes to X-rays in scientific culture in the city of Buenos Aires. Using various types of periodical sources, the text explores the different reactions to the novelty among different actors in the literary world. Newspapers and weekly magazines for the general public quickly broadcast the discovery, stressing its marvelous or prodigious nature. Meanwhile, physicians in the city took contrasting positions, ranging from mistrust to enthusiasm. Lastly, spiritualists in the city wrote numerous texts about the innovation, and reinterpreted it in accordance with their strategies for self-legitimation.
El objetivo de este artículo es documentar la recepción temprana de los rayos X en la cultura científica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Haciendo uso de fuentes periódicas de diversa índole, el texto explora las diferentes reacciones despertadas por la novedad en distintos actores del mundo letrado. Los periódicos y semanarios generales difundieron rápidamente el hallazgo y se encargaron de subrayar su naturaleza maravillosa o prodigiosa. Por su parte, los médicos de la ciudad asumieron posiciones contrastantes que iban desde el recelo hasta el entusiasmo. Por último, los espiritistas de la ciudad escribieron numerosos textos sobre la innovación, y la reinterpretaron en función de sus estrategias de auto-legitimación.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Jornalismo Médico/história , Opinião Pública/história , Radiografia/história , Raios X , Argentina , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Médicos/história , Espiritualismo/históriaRESUMO
Se realiza un estudio sobre la introducción de la palabra "psiquiatría" en los diccionarios españoles, lo mismo convencionales que especializados en medicina, para conocer de esta forma el posible origen del término, los cambios de acepción que ha experimentado con los años o su tardía presencia en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. También se rastrea la presencia de este mismo vocablo en la prensa española de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, tanto la de carácter político o cultural como la de medicina y ciencias en general. Llama la atención que, aparentemente, el término "psiquiatría" tarda en incorporarse al léxico profesional y al del público en general, pues, aunque aparece por primera vez en una revista médica en 1861, no será hasta la última década del siglo XIX cuando se haga un hueco en la literatura periodística española. Cabe destacar también la frecuencia con la que aparece el término en los textos que tratan sobre la responsabilidad civil de los enfermos mentales
This paper shows the results of a study carried out on the introduction of the word "psychiatry" in Spanish dictionaries, both in conventional ones and in those specialized in medicine. One of the goals of this work is to know the possible origin of the term, the changes of meaning that has experienced over the years and its late presence in the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy. It also traces the presence of this word in the Spanish press of the second half of the nineteenth century, both in the political or cultural press and in the medical and scientific one. There is evidence that it took a long time for the term "psychiatry" to be incorporated into the professional and general vocabulary. In 1861, the word "psychiatry" appeared for the first time in a medical journal, but it was not until the last decade of the nineteenth century that it was commonly found in the Spanish journalistic literature. We would like to emphasize the frequency with which it shows up in texts about civil responsibilities of people with mental disorders
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , Percepção Social , Psiquiatria/história , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/história , Jornalismo Médico/história , Formação de Conceito , História do Século XX , Responsabilidade Social , Dicionários como Assunto , 50135 , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es documentar la recepción temprana de los rayos X en la cultura científica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Haciendo uso de fuentes periódicas de diversa índole, el texto explora las diferentes reacciones despertadas por la novedad en distintos actores del mundo letrado. Los periódicos y semanarios generales difundieron rápidamente el hallazgo y se encargaron de subrayar su naturaleza maravillosa o prodigiosa. Por su parte, los médicos de la ciudad asumieron posiciones contrastantes que iban desde el recelo hasta el entusiasmo. Por último, los espiritistas de la ciudad escribieron numerosos textos sobre la innovación, y la reinterpretaron en función de sus estrategias de auto-legitimación.
Abstract The goal of this article is to document early attitudes to X-rays in scientific culture in the city of Buenos Aires. Using various types of periodical sources, the text explores the different reactions to the novelty among different actors in the literary world. Newspapers and weekly magazines for the general public quickly broadcast the discovery, stressing its marvelous or prodigious nature. Meanwhile, physicians in the city took contrasting positions, ranging from mistrust to enthusiasm. Lastly, spiritualists in the city wrote numerous texts about the innovation, and reinterpreted it in accordance with their strategies for self-legitimation.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , Opinião Pública/história , Raios X , Radiografia/história , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Jornalismo Médico/história , Argentina , Médicos/história , Espiritualismo/históriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the citation of articles from the European Journal of Emergency Medicine (EJEM) from 1994 (EJEM foundation) to 2015 and identify highly cited articles and their principal characteristics and determine a possible correlation between the citations counted in different databases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained the articles published in EJEM from 1994 to 2015 in ISI-WoS (main source) and Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline databases (accessory sources). The citations were quantified and their annual evolution and the bibliometric indices derived (impact factor and SCImago Journal Rank) were evaluated. We identified and analyzed the highly cited EJEM articles and evaluated the possible correlation between the citations counted for these articles in the databases. RESULTS: Overall, 1705 EJEM articles were cited 9422 times in 8122 different articles. The evolution of the global citation, impact factor, and SCImago Journal Rank from 1994 to 2015 increased significantly. The h-index of EJEM was 30, and 31 articles were considered highly cited (≥30 citations), 16.1% of them being clinical trials. By subjects, 22.5% corresponded to cardiology, 19.3% to emergency department management, and 12.9% to pediatrics; by countries, 81% were from Europe, with Belgian authors publishing four (12.9%) highly cited articles, and French, Spanish, British, and Swedish authors having three (9.7%) each. Two studies in the EJEM achieved the definition of 'citation classics' (more than 100 citations). The number of citations in all the databases, except Medline, showed statistically significant correlations. CONCLUSION: Citation of EJEM articles has progressively increased and EJEM bibliometric indicators have improved; most highly cited articles are mainly by European authors.
Assuntos
Medicina de Emergência/história , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Bibliometria , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Fator de Impacto de Revistas , Jornalismo Médico/história , EditoraçãoRESUMO
Ignác Semmelweis did not publish his discovery in Vienna - i.e., that the puerperal fever may be prevented by careful washing of the hand in chlorine solution (asepsis) - for ten years. The Medical Weekly started its publications edited by Lajos Markusovszky in Pest in 1857. Semmelweis as a professor of theoretical and practical obstetrics at the University of Pest published a study about puerperal fever in the first volume, and Hungarian physicians became familiar with Semmelweis' opinion from this medical journal. Semmelweis was not only an author of the Medical Weekly, but he also edited a supplement of the Medical Weekly entitled Gynaecology and Paediatry. The Medical Weekly published regular accounts of the work of the clinic written by lecturers of Semmelweis and articles describing the most interesting cases of the clinic. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(26): 1065-1070.
Assuntos
Jornalismo Médico/história , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/história , Docentes de Medicina/história , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Hungria , Gravidez , Infecção Puerperal/históriaRESUMO
Nearly 50 years ago, I set out to investigate the clinical problem of hypoglycemia in children with illnesses that limited their food intake. My goal was to gather accurate and precise measurable data. At the time, I wasn't interested in nutrition as a discipline defined in its more general or popular sense. To address the specific problem that interested me required development of entirely new methods based on stable, nonradioactive tracers that satisfied the conditions of accuracy and precision. At the time, I had no inclination of the various theoretical and practical problems that would have to be solved to achieve this goal. Some are briefly described here. Nor did I have the slightest idea that developing the field would result in a fundamental change in how human clinical investigation was conducted, with the eventual replacement of radiotracers with stable isotopically labeled ones, even for adult clinical investigation. Additionally, I had no inclination that the original questions would open avenues to much broader questions of practical nutritional relevance. Moreover, only much later as the editor of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition did I appreciate the policy implications of how nutritional data are presented in the scientific literature. At least in part, less accurate and precise measurements and less than full transparency in reporting nutritional data have resulted in widespread debate about the public policy recommendations and guidelines that are the intended result of collecting the data in the first place. This article provides a personal recollection (with all the known faults of self-reporting and retrospective memory) of the journey that starts with measurement certainty and ends with policy uncertainty.