Effect of exercise-induced body fluid redistribution on body composition in males using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

We studied the effect of exercise-induced body fluid redistribution on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition scores. Thirty males completed 30-min of upper-body exercise (UBE), lower-body exercise, and seated non-exercise control (NEC). ANOVA determined interactions between experimental conditions and measurements on body composition variables. For UBE, mean pre to post differences were found on tissue fat (M = 0.35 ± 0.12%; CI95%diff = 0.10 to 0.59%; p = 0.007), region fat (M = 0.32 ± 0.11%; CI95%diff = 0.09 to 0.55%; p = 0.008), lean mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.01 kg; CI95%diff = 0.18 to 0.37 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and total mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.05 kg; CI95%diff = 0.17 to 0.36 kg; p ≤ 0.0001). Mean tissue pre to post differences were found for the total body in the NEC (M = 0.10 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.03 to 0.18 kg; p = 0.008), UBE (M = 0.19 ± 0.03 kg; CI95%diff = 0.14 to 0.24 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and LBE (M = 0.31 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.24 to 0.39 kg; p ≤ 0.0001) conditions. High absolute reliability was found within experimental conditions. These findings have practical implications for technicians, since acute exercise elicited small changes in body composition scores using DXA.

The pupal moulting fluid has evolved social functions in ants.

Insect societies are tightly integrated, complex biological systems in which group-level properties arise from the interactions between individuals1-4. However, these interactions have not been studied systematically and therefore remain incompletely known. Here, using a reverse engineering approach, we reveal that unlike solitary insects, ant pupae extrude a secretion derived from the moulting fluid that is rich in nutrients, hormones and neuroactive substances. This secretion elicits parental care behaviour and is rapidly removed and consumed by the adults. This behaviour is crucial for pupal survival; if the secretion is not removed, pupae develop fungal infections and die. Analogous to mammalian milk, the secretion is also an important source of early larval nutrition, and young larvae exhibit stunted growth and decreased survival without access to the fluid. We show that this derived social function of the moulting fluid generalizes across the ants. This secretion thus forms the basis of a central and hitherto overlooked interaction network in ant societies, and constitutes a rare example of how a conserved developmental process can be co-opted to provide the mechanistic basis of social interactions. These results implicate moulting fluids in having a major role in the evolution of ant eusociality.

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Driven Occlusive Diseases.

The enlightenment of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a part of the innate immune system shed new insights into the pathologies of various diseases. The initial idea that NETs are a pivotal defense structure was gradually amended due to several deleterious effects in consecutive investigations. NETs formation is now considered a double-edged sword. The harmful effects are not limited to the induction of inflammation by NETs remnants but also include occlusions caused by aggregated NETs (aggNETs). The latter carries the risk of occluding tubular structures like vessels or ducts and appear to be associated with the pathologies of various diseases. In addition to life-threatening vascular clogging, other occlusions include painful stone formation in the biliary system, the kidneys, the prostate, and the appendix. AggNETs are also prone to occlude the ductal system of exocrine glands, as seen in ocular glands, salivary glands, and others. Last, but not least, they also clog the pancreatic ducts in a murine model of neutrophilia. In this regard, elucidating the mechanism of NETs-dependent occlusions is of crucial importance for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the putative mechanisms of NETs-associated occlusions in the pathogenesis of disease, as well as prospective treatment modalities.

Molecular characterization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) gene transcript variant mRNA of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in response to salinity or temperature changes.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is an osmosensory cation channel that respond to an increase in cell volume and participates in various physiological functions. Among organisms in aquatic environments, euryhaline teleost is are suitable experimental models to study ion channel proteins related to physiological functions involving osmosensing. Among the studies of various regulatory molecules that mediate osmotic regulation in fish, however, information is lacking, particularly on the TRP family. This study investigated the structural characteristics of theTRPV4 gene of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and their responses to changes in salinity and temperature. Interestingly, TRPV4 generates transcript variants of the intron-retention form through alternative splicing, resulting in a frameshift leading to the generation of transcripts of different structures. In particular, TRPV4 x1 and TRPV x2 mRNAs were predominant in the gill and skin including at the lateral line. The expression levels of chum salmon TRPV4 x1 were significantly increased with increase in salinity and temperature, whereas TRPV4 x2 mainly responded to temperature decrease. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time the effects of salinity and temperature on the expression of two salmonid TRPV4 transcript variants, suggesting their contribution to the regulation of hydromineral balance.

Microphysiological models of the central nervous system with fluid flow.

There are over 1,000 described neurological and neurodegenerative disorders affecting nearly 100 million Americans - roughly one third of the U.S. population. Collectively, treatment of neurological conditions is estimated to cost $800 billion every year. Lowering this societal burden will require developing better model systems in which to study these diverse disorders. Microphysiological systems are promising tools for modeling healthy and diseased neural tissues to study mechanisms and treatment of neuropathology. One major benefit of microphysiological systems is the ability to incorporate biophysical forces, namely the forces derived from biological fluid flow. Fluid flow in the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex but important element of physiology, and pathologies as diverse as traumatic or ischemic injury, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and natural aging have all been found to alter flow pathways. In this review, we summarize recent advances in three-dimensional microphysiological systems for studying the biology and therapy of CNS disorders and highlight the ability and growing need to incorporate biological fluid flow in these miniaturized model systems.

Identification and treatment of a cervical sinus tract in a patient with 10 years of infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a special case of endometrial cavity fluid (ECF), highlighting the application of hysteroscopy and laparoscopic surgical techniques in the treatment of cervical sinus tract. DESIGN: Narrated video featuring the diagnosis and surgical management of a case of recurrent ECF. Informed consent was obtained from the patient, and approval was granted by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of the Wenzhou Medical University. SETTING: Academic tertiary hospital. PATIENT(S): A 36-year-old woman, gravida 0, had menstrual spotting for 13 years after abdominal myomectomy of a 104 × 86 × 111-mm myoma on the posterior uterine wall near the cervix. She failed to conceive after her marriage for 10 years, and 5 operations, including hysteroscopy and laparoscopy, were performed to increase pregnancy opportunities. She also underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer procedures many times, but failed. Transvaginal sonography preoperatively suggested that ECF sometimes appeared and sometimes disappeared. The local echo of the posterior wall of the cervix was enhanced. A 40-mm cystic dark area was found beside the right ovary, which seemed to connect with the cervical hyperechoic part. Additionally, a solid mass of the right adnexa with abundant blood supply was detected. INTERVENTION(S): First, hysteroscopy was performed to explore the ECF. A deep and narrow cervical sinus with a steady stream of accumulated blood overflowed in the lower part of the cervix, and a normal uterine cavity was found. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis and enucleation of the cystic structure that connected to the sinus tract then were performed. Hysteroscopy was repeated to determine the thinnest cervical region by the light transmission test. A horizontal incision was made on the thinnest layer. Scar tissues were removed. The incision was sutured in full layer intermittently and continuously under laparoscopy. The postoperative thickness of the muscular layer in the sinus was confirmed by light transmission test of hysteroscopy. The patient was discharged on the third day after operation, uneventfully. Histopathologic examination showed that the cystic structure and scar tissue contained smooth muscle tissue and were covered by both mucinous columnar epithelium of the cervical canal and endometrial glandular epithelium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Restoration of normal anatomy, removal of uterine effusion, and symptomatic relief. RESULT(S): At the 6-month follow-up, the patient's menstrual cycles returned to normal without the recurrence of menstrual spotting. The ultrasound scan also showed a symmetrical uterus without ECF. CONCLUSION(S): Patients with ECF who underwent assisted reproductive surgeries were related to the poor prognosis. However, the treatment should be different according to the causes, appearance time, and accumulation amount, including expectant treatment, postponement of embryo transfer, transvaginal aspiration, laparoscopic salpingectomy, or proximal tubal occlusion. For patients with recurrent ECF and/or special appearance on ultrasound, endoscopic examination is necessary. In addition, patients with large myomas at difficult locations required a uniform strategy to reduce the intraoperative and postoperative complications, especially for the nulligravida women.

Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches to Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is one of the leading admission diagnoses worldwide, yet it is an entity with incompletely understood pathophysiology and limited therapeutic options. Patients admitted for ADHF have high in-hospital morbidity and mortality, as well as frequent rehospitalizations and subsequent cardiovascular death. This devastating clinical course is partly due to suboptimal medical management of ADHF with persistent congestion upon hospital discharge and inadequate predischarge initiation of life-saving guideline-directed therapies. While new drugs for the treatment of chronic HF continue to be approved, there has been no new therapy approved for ADHF in decades. This review will focus on the current limited understanding of ADHF pathophysiology, possible therapeutic targets, and current limitations in expanding available therapies in light of the unmet need among these high-risk patients.

Metabolomic analysis of oviduct fluid on day 3 post-estrus in Holstein heifers.

The metabolites in the oviduct fluid (OF) of both oviducts were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) in Holstein heifers on day 3 after synchronized estrus. Twenty-six metabolites were quantified, among which lactate, glycine and myoinositol were the most abundant. Six metabolites including glycine and myoinositol varied in amount according to the proximity to the corpus luteum. Glucose and histidine were among the most variable metabolites among heifers while threonine and lactate were among the most stable ones, suggesting different mechanisms of homeostasis in the OF.

Cultivation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells with Wound Fluid Leads to Cisplatin Resistance via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induction.

Locoregional recurrence is a major reason for therapy failure after surgical resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The physiological process of postoperative wound healing could potentially support the proliferation of remaining tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of wound fluid (WF) on the cell cycle distribution and a potential induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To verify this hypothesis, we incubated FaDu and HLaC78 cells with postoperative WF from patients after neck dissection. Cell viability in dependence of WF concentration and cisplatin was measured by flow cytometry. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry and EMT-marker expression by rtPCR. WF showed high concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL2, MCP-1, EGF, angiogenin, and leptin. The cultivation of tumor cells with WF resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation without affecting the cell cycle. In addition, there was a significant enhancement of the mesenchymal markers Snail 2 and vimentin, while the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin was significantly decreased. After cisplatin treatment, tumor cells incubated with WF showed a significantly higher resistance compared with the control group. The effect of cisplatin-resistance was dependent on the WF concentration. In summary, proinflammatory cytokines are predominantly found in WF. Furthermore, the results suggest that EMT can be induced by WF, which could be a possible mechanism for cisplatin resistance.

Pathophysiology of Hypertension: The Mosaic Theory and Beyond.

Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research.

Control of oviductal fluid flow by the G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 is essential for murine embryo transit.

Dysfunction of embryo transport causes ectopic pregnancy which affects approximately 2% of conceptions in the US and Europe, and is the most common cause of pregnancy-related death in the first trimester. Embryo transit involves a valve-like tubal-locking phenomenon that temporarily arrests oocytes at the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) where fertilisation occurs, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here we show that female mice lacking the orphan adhesion G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 are sterile because they do not relieve the AIJ restraining mechanism, inappropriately retaining embryos within the oviduct. Adgrd1 is expressed on the oviductal epithelium and the post-ovulatory attenuation of tubal fluid flow is dysregulated in Adgrd1-deficient mice. Using a large-scale extracellular protein interaction screen, we identified Plxdc2 as an activating ligand for Adgrd1 displayed on cumulus cells. Our findings demonstrate that regulating oviductal fluid flow by Adgrd1 controls embryo transit and we present a model where embryo arrest at the AIJ is due to the balance of abovarial ciliary action and the force of adovarial tubal fluid flow, and in wild-type oviducts, fluid flow is gradually attenuated through Adgrd1 activation to enable embryo release. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in embryo transport in mice.

Egg-sperm interaction in sturgeon: role of ovarian fluid.

Fertilization of freshwater fish occurs in the environment which negatively affects a lifespan of gametes mostly due to the osmotic shock; therefore, male gametes should reach the female gamete, as soon as possible. The existence of mechanisms controlling the encounter of gametes would be highly expedient in this case. By analogy with other species for which guidance was demonstrated, it is likely that this control may be performed by ovarian fluid or substances released by eggs. The aim was to study the effect of ovarian fluid and egg-released substances on spermatozoa behavior in sterlet. It was found that the presence of a particular concentration of ovarian fluid (30% solution in water) had an inhibiting effect on spermatozoa motility initiation. Lower concentrations of the ovarian fluid improved the longevity of spermatozoa and did not affect their trajectories. Test of chemotactic response (using a microcapillary injection of fluids into the suspension of motile spermatozoa) showed no effect of ovarian fluid on spermatozoa behavior, while at the same time, the attracting effect of the egg-conditioned medium was evident (i.e., due to some substances released from the eggs during their contact with freshwater). The results of the fertilization test showed that the presence of ovarian fluid prevented the eggs from losing the fertilizing ability due to the contact with water, as well as promoted the spermatozoa to fertilize the eggs during a longer period of time. Thus, the combined physicochemical action of "female factors" affects sterlet gametes during fertilization and may be involved in the guidance and selection mechanisms.

Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis in healthy pregnant women and patient on hemodialysis.

Pregnant woman undergoing dialysis face challenges such as miscarriage and stillbirth when carrying a baby to term. A complication of prenatal care is the difficulty in properly managing body fluids. We compare fluid volumes between healthy pregnant women and two pregnant women undergoing dialysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Data of 52 healthy pregnant women at various stages of their pregnancy were analyzed for the study. We included these many cases so as to collect sufficient data to compare them with our two cases of women undergoing dialysis who successfully completed their term deliveries. Fluid volumes were measured every week before and after dialysis using BIA. We also measured the levels of human atrial natriuretic peptide after dialysis. During dialysis, the dry weight (DW) of pregnant patients is altered based on the state of the amniotic fluid and fetus. However, evaluating body fluid and DW using radiography is difficult in pregnant women. BIA offers a mostly harmless alternative for such measurements. Using BIA, we were able to easily measure body fluid volume and change the setting of DW for dialysis. Thus, our successful example can serve as a reference for future cases of pregnant women undergoing dialysis. Nevertheless, given that the state of the fetus and amniotic fluid affect the results of dialysis, it is important that we use not only BIA but also a comprehensive evaluation to determine dialysis settings in pregnant women.

Epididymal and ejaculated sperm functionality is regulated differently by periovulatory oviductal fluid in pigs.

BACKGROUND: The current results of in vitro reproduction techniques in pigs, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo development, show high performance with both epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. However, the results using ejaculated spermatozoa are even better. Ejaculated spermatozoa are exposed to the secretions of the accessory seminal glands: the seminal plasma (SP). It has been reported that exposure of spermatozoa to reproductive fluids, such as SP or periovulatory oviductal fluid (pOF), modulates sperm functionality both in vivo and in vitro. But whether or not this modulating effect of pOF depends on the origin of the spermatozoa being epididymal or ejaculated, is still unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the effect of pOF on epididymal and ejaculated sperm functionality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The effects of incubating spermatozoa from the epididymis and ejaculate with pOF in capacitating conditions were investigated by analyzing sperm motility, phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates and proteins in tyrosine (pPKAs and pTyr, respectively), the interaction of the spermatozoa with the oocyte in IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and, finally, the spermatozoa chromatin condensation status. RESULTS: The pOF modified events related to capacitation in epididymal spermatozoa by decreasing motility, pPKAs and pTyr. In the interaction with the oocyte after sperm capacitation, pOF regulated the epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa differently. While pOF decreased the number of spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida (Spz/ZP) and increased oocyte activation after ICSI with epididymal spermatozoa, with the ejaculated spermatozoa, it decreased the mean number penetrating each oocyte (Spz/O). Additionally, pOF significantly increased the nuclear decondensation of the epididymal spermatozoa after the fertilization of the oocyte. CONCLUSION: The modulation of sperm functionality by pOF is conditioned by the origin of the spermatozoa.

Effect of patient head position on the aspirated volume of regurgitated clear fluid. A fresh human cadaver study.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between regurgitated and aspirated volume of clear fluids remains undetermined and may depend on anatomical factors and patient position. We aimed to assess whether head position (sniffing vs. extension position) affected this relationship in fresh human cadavers. We also determined the critical volume of water regurgitated that led to pulmonary aspiration of volume ≥ 0.8 mL kg-1 and ≥ 1.5 mL kg-1 for each head position. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six volumes of water (40, 80, 100, 120, 150, and 200 mL) were injected each twice, in a randomised order, at a flow rate of 20 mL per second, into the oesophagus of seven fresh human cadavers lying in the supine position on a non-tilted table, with the head in the sniffing position and in the extension position. Aspirated volume was measured in the trachea, blindly to the volume injected. RESULTS: Overall, more than 85% of the regurgitated volume was aspirated into the trachea. The volume of aspirated water was significantly greater in the sniffing position than in the extension position. The cut-off volumes of water injected into the oesophagus leading to aspirated volume ≥ 0.8 mL kg-1 and ≥ 1.5 mL kg-1 were, respectively, 0.8 mL kg-1 and 1.5 mL kg-1 in the sniffing position, and 1.2 mL kg-1 and 1.8 mL kg-1 in the extension position. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that most of the regurgitated clear fluid enters the trachea in humans lying in the supine position on a non-tilted table, especially when the head is in the sniffing position.

Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Fluid Regulation during Walking Exercise.

To elucidate the fluid regulation in different menstrual cycle phases during exercise. Sex hormones affect fluid regulation in different ways. Moreover, the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated in the luteal phase in rest. However, there are limited studies on fluid regulation affected by such hormone excretion in the menstrual cycle during exercise, especially during a light walking exercise. A non-invasive method using urine samples to determine menstrual cycle phases was used, and the follicular and luteal phases were successfully confirmed in 10 participants (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass index, 20.5 ± 2.1 kg/m2). The experimental exercise sessions consisted of 5-min standing and 15-min walking at 2 km/h on 15% slope (approximately 8.3°) on a treadmill. Each participant carried a backpack weighing 5% of her own weight, and performed three sessions of walking exercise. Urine aldosterone excretion was significantly higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase before and after walking (p < 0.05). Urinary excretion of aldosterone was five times higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase before and after walking exercise. Heart rates during walking, after rest, and after recovery were all significantly higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase (p < 0.05). The participants' ratings of perceived exertion during the first and third session of walking in the luteal phase was not higher than that at the follicular phase. The results of our study suggested that increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle might be further activated during exercise. This may increase the circulatory load, which is reflected as increased heart rate. These results suggested that premenopausal women may better take into account a possibility of an increased circulatory load in the luteal phase even when they perform light exercise.

Sperm Proteome after Interaction with Reproductive Fluids in Porcine: From the Ejaculation to the Fertilization Site.

Ejaculated sperm are exposed to different environments before encountering the oocyte. However, how the sperm proteome changes during this transit remains unsolved. This study aimed to identify proteomic changes in boar sperm after incubation with male (seminal plasma, SP) and/or female (uterine fluid, UF; and oviductal fluid, OF) reproductive fluids. The following experimental groups were analyzed: (1) SP: sperm + 20% SP; 2) UF: sperm + 20% UF; 3) OF: sperm + 20% OF; 4) SP + UF: sperm + 20% SP + 20% UF; and (5) SP+OF: sperm + 20% SP + 20% OF. The proteome analysis, performed by HPLC-MS/MS, allowed the identification of 265 proteins. A total of 69 proteins were detected in the UF, SP, and SP + UF groups, and 102 proteins in the OF, SP, and SP + OF groups. Our results showed a higher number of proteins when sperm were incubated with only one fluid than when they were co-incubated with two fluids. Additionally, the number of sperm-interacting proteins from the UF group was lower than the OF group. In conclusion, the interaction of sperm with reproductive fluids alters its proteome. The description of sperm-interacting proteins in porcine species after co-incubation with male and/or female reproductive fluids may be useful to understand sperm transport, selection, capacitation, or fertilization phenomena.

Preparation and characterization of a novel polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold with biomimetic micro-nanofibrous porous structure.

Combining synthetic polymer scaffolds with inorganic bioactive factors is widely used to promote the bioactivity and bone conductivity of bone tissue. However, except for the chemical composition of scaffold, the biomimetic structure also plays an important role in its application. In this study, we report the fabrication of polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composite nanofibrous scaffolds via phase separation method to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The SEM analysis showed that the addition of HA dramatically impacted the morphology of the PLA matrix, which changed from 3D nanofibrous network structure to a disorderly micro-nanofibrous porous structure. At the same time, HA particles could be evenly dispersed at the end of the fiber. The FTIR and XRD demonstrated that there was not any chemical interaction between PLA and HA. Thermal analyses showed that HA could decrease the crystallization of PLA, but improve the thermal decomposition temperature of the composite scaffold. Moreover, water contact angle analysis of the PLA/HA composite scaffold demonstrated that the hydrophilicity increased with the addition of HA. Furthermore, apatite-formation ability tests confirmed that HA could not only more and faster induced the deposition of weak hydroxyapatite but also induced specific morphology of HA.

Expression profile analysis and stability evaluation of 18 small RNAs in the Chinese Han population.

In recent years, differentially expressed small RNAs have been widely used to identify the compositions of forensically relevant biological samples, and a vast number of such RNA candidates have been proposed. Nevertheless, when assessing the expression levels of target small RNAs using relative quantitative analysis methods, credible internal controls are usually required for reliable data normalization. Therefore, the identification of optimal reference genes is an important task. In this study, the expression profile of 18 small RNA reference genes was characterized in the Chinese Han population using TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR. Systematic evaluations of these candidate genes were performed based on their expression levels and stability in several common types of body fluids (i.e., venous blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions). Analysis results from the ΔCq method, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm were integrated by RefFinder for ranking and comparing the candidates in each type of body fluid. Among all the candidates, miR-191 was identified as the most suitable reference gene because it had a favorable ranking value in all tested samples. In addition, miR-423, miR-93, miR-484, and let-7i were also shown to be applicable reference genes. Overall, this study provides detailed assessment results of these candidate genes in different body fluids; thus, it could be used as a guide for the selection of reference genes according to their performance in the sample of choice.