Is more better? Examining whether enhanced consultation/coaching improves implementation.

It is extremely challenging to implement evidence-based interventions in community-based agencies with sufficient quality, fidelity, and intensity to produce desired changes in practice and outcomes. This is particularly difficult to do within the confines of existing service providers' time, personnel, and resource constraints. Over the past 15 years, Together Facing the Challenge (TFTC) has been developed, tested, and disseminated in an effort to address this set of issues to improve treatment foster care (TFC). Data from the initial randomized trial showed improved practice and outcomes in TFTC compared to usual TFC. These initial results came from study-led training and follow-up consultation. Subsequent dissemination activities suggested potential need for more intensive support for TFTC supervisors to produce more consistent and sustained implementation of the model. The current randomized trial extends this work by comparing the previously tested standard consultation versus enhanced consultation that incorporated more of a coaching approach. Initial results suggest that enhanced coaching/consultation was associated with improvements in the small- to medium-effect size range. Results are promising, but require additional work to more fully understand how and whether to enhance supports as agencies implement new evidence-based approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record

Culture in Better Group Homes for People With Intellectual Disability at Severe Levels.

Building on cultural dimensions of underperforming group homes this study analyses culture in better performing services. In depth qualitative case studies were conducted in 3 better group homes using participant observation and interviews. The culture in these homes, reflected in patterns of staff practice and talk, as well as artefacts differed from that found in underperforming services. Formal power holders were undisputed leaders, their values aligned with those of other staff and the organization, responsibility for practice quality was shared enabling teamwork, staff perceived their purpose as "making the life each person wants it to be," working practices were person centered, and new ideas and outsiders were embraced. The culture was characterized as coherent, respectful, "enabling" for residents, and "motivating" for staff. Though it is unclear whether good group homes have a similar culture to better ones the insights from this study provide knowledge to guide service development and evaluation.

Relocating people with intellectual disability to new accommodation and support settings: Contrasts between personalized arrangements and group home placements.

Internationally the relocation of people with intellectual disability from institutions has brought significant gains to their quality of life. This study contrasted three groups of persons in Ireland who moved either to personalized arrangements (n = 29) or to community group homes (n = 31) with those who remained in congregated settings awaiting relocation (n = 29). Persons moving to rented accommodation with personalized support tended to be younger and had fewer support needs than those in group homes. They had greater control and choice in their lives, more community engagement and increased personal relationships compared to residents in group homes but those remaining in congregated settings fared worse of all. However, average staff costs were significantly higher in the latter settings. The implications for the future provision of group living arrangements are discussed along with the need for further longitudinal research to assess the sustained impact of personalized arrangements and their funding.

Practice Leadership at the Front Line in Supporting People with Intellectual Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour: A Qualitative Study of Registered Managers of Community-based, Staffed Group homes.

BACKGROUND: The front-line management role in services for people with intellectual disabilities remains rather under-researched. The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of registered managers in services for adults with intellectual disability who exhibit challenging behaviour. METHOD: Interviews, primarily focussed upon staff practice, were conducted with 19 managers of staffed group homes in SE England. Transcripts were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Five groups of themes emerged: monitoring staff performance, supporting new ways of working, shaping staff performance, influence of external and employing agencies, and importance of participants' personal values and experiences. CONCLUSION: The themes identified contribute to a conceptual framework for thinking about front-line management/practice leadership. The limitations, and potential implications, of the findings are discussed.

Consensus statement on group care for children and adolescents: A statement of policy of the American Orthopsychiatric Association.

Group care for children and adolescents is widely used as a rearing environment and sometimes used as a setting in which intensive services can be provided. This consensus statement on group care affirms that children and adolescents have the need and right to grow up in a family with at least 1 committed, stable, and loving adult caregiver. In principle, group care should never be favored over family care. Group care should be used only when it is the least detrimental alternative, when necessary therapeutic mental health services cannot be delivered in a less restrictive setting.

[Small-scale, homelike care environments for people with dementia: effects on residents, family caregivers and nursing staff]. / Kleinschalig wonen voor ouderen met dementie: de invloed op bewoners, mantelzorgers en medewerkers.

Institutional dementia care is increasingly directed towards small-scale and homelike care environments, in The Netherlands as well as abroad. In these facilities, a small number of residents, usually six to eight, live together, and normal daily household activities and social participation are emphasized. In a quasi-experimental study, we studied the effects of small-scale, homelike care environments on residents (n = 259), family caregivers (n = 206) and nursing staff (n = 305). We compared two types of institutional nursing care during a 1 year period (baseline assessment and follow-up measurements at 6 and 12 months): (28) small-scale, homelike care environments and (21) psychogeriatric wards in traditional nursing homes. A matching procedure was applied to increase comparability of residents at baseline regarding functional status and cognition. This study was unable to demonstrate convincing overall effects of small-scale, homelike care facilities. On our primary outcome measures, such as quality of life and behaviour of residents and job satisfaction and motivation of nursing staff, no differences were found with traditional nursing homes. We conclude that small-scale, homelike care environments are not necessarily a better care environment than regular nursing homes and other types of living arrangements should be considered carefully. This provides opportunities for residents and their family caregivers to make a choice which care facility suits their wishes and beliefs best.

Resettlement of individuals with learning disabilities into community care: a risk audit.

This article describes a risk audit carried out on the support provided for 36 people with profound learning disabilities who had been resettled from hospital care to supported housing. The risks were those factors identified in the literature as associated with deleterious effects on quality of life. The audit was carried out with a specially designed tool that covered 24 possible risks and involved a support worker familiar with the service user choosing the most appropriate statement regarding each risk. Their judgements were verified by care managers and social needs assessors. Whilst one or more risks were identified for 32 of the 36 service users, the overall result showed relatively low risks for the group as a whole with 62 incidences (7%) from a possible 864, which nevertheless highlighted several areas that needed attention. The results of the audit have led to action plans for the provision and for the individual service users for whom risks were identified.

Diabetes care and mental illness: constraining elements to physical activity and social participation in a residential care facility.

OBJECTIVE: To explore barriers and constraints to physical activity, as an integral component of diabetes care, in those with serious mental illness who reside in a for-profit group home. METHODS: Institutional ethnography was the approach used to explore diabetes-related care practices among 26 women in a rural residential care facility in southern Ontario. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with residents who had diabetes as well as with care providers, field workers and health professionals. Observations and document analysis were further methods used to reveal the disjuncture between diabetes care guidelines and the actualities of living within imposed constraints of group home care. RESULTS: The residents in this government-regulated group home were sedentary, obtaining approximately 10 minutes per day of low-intensity exercise. The overarching government interest in cost containment created a context of rationing that resulted in a lack of opportunities to exercise and fully participate in social life. Furthermore, group home policies regulated systems of safety, reporting and financial accountability, but did not promote health. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate an urgent need for government financial support for quality of life initiatives and amendments to group home policies that give primacy to health promotion, illness prevention and medical management of prevalent comorbid conditions such as diabetes.

[Shared-housing arrangements for care-dependent people in Germany. A literature overview of structures, outcomes and quality management]. / Ambulant betreute Wohngemeinschaften für pflegebedürftige Menschen in Deutschland. Eine Literaturübersicht zu Strukturen, Versorgungsoutcomes und Qualitätsmangagement.

A main factor for the development of shared-housing arrangements (SHA) was the wish of more self-determination in old age. Since January 2013 SHA is government-funded through the "Pflege-Neuausrichtungs-Gesetz" (PNG). Yet, an overview of the situation of SHA in Germany is not available. Therefore, a systematic literature search (databases CareLit, CINAHL, GeroLit, PubMed) was conducted in order to identify publications regarding resident- and care-specific characteristics, resident-related health outcomes and setting-specific quality management systems. The currently available knowledge in these fields is not exhaustive and further research is needed. The results indicate that care in SHA is not more efficient regarding residents' quality of life than in institutional care settings. Valid studies regarding the quality of care provision in SHA and conceptual basics concerning quality assessment are widely lacking. Thus, the goal of expanding SHA within the framework of the PNG has to be accompanied by in-depth health services research.

Stories of rediscovering agency: home-based occupational therapy for people with severe psychiatric disability.

As part of a larger study, we offered Everyday Life Rehabilitation (ELR) as a model for integrated occupational therapy in sheltered or supported housing facilities, to enable meaningful daily occupations for people with psychiatric disabilities. Our aim with this study was to understand how participants made sense of their occupational transformations in the context of their everyday life and life history. We carried out qualitative interviews and field observations with 16 participants with psychosis-related disorders. We used narrative analysis and disclosed stories of "rediscovering agency," referring to occupational and identity transformations. A parallel outcome study has shown positive results for participants, and by using narrative inquiry we contribute with a deeper understanding of the meaning making of their transformations and mechanisms of the intervention; i.e., hope, extended value of reaching goals, reentering the majority world, transparency of process, and attunement to the individual. The findings support the use of the ELR intervention.

Social defeat in recovery-oriented supported housing: moral experience, stigma, and ideological resistance.

Drawing from ethnographic observations and interview data gathered during 6 months working as a home caregiver at the Pinewood Apartments, a recovery-oriented supported housing community in Texas, I demonstrate how stigma and social defeat were moral and social processes that pervaded life for all involved, including service providers. Yet, because of the extreme power differentials that characterized tenant-staff relationships, the assault of stigma and social defeat was much more frequent, existentially intense, and morally and materially consequential for certain tenants, whose attempts at ideological resistance were delegitimized by service providers, including myself, who were backed by the authority of dominant psychiatric and moralistic discourses concerning the inherent irrationality and irresponsibility of people with severe mental illness. Nevertheless, due to the indeterminate and at times inharmonious nature of moral experience, it is not my intention to portray tenants as wholly defeated. Rather, individual tenants often exhibited defeat and resistance simultaneously.

Quality of life of residents with dementia in a group-living situation: an approach to creating small, homelike environments in traditional nursing homes in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: Group living is an approach that can create small, homelike environments in traditional nursing homes in Japan. The aim of the present study was to examine quality of life (QOL) of residents with dementia in group-living situations. METHODS: The group-living group consisted of facilities that formed residential units. Each unit had a common area and stable staff assignments. The control group consisted of facilities that did not form residential units. The quality of life instrument for Japanese elderly with dementia (QLDJ) scale was used to rate QOL by direct care workers of 616 residents with dementia from 173 facilities in the group-living group and 750 residents from 174 facilities in the control group. QOL was based on the following subscales: interacting with surroundings; expressing oneself; and experiencing minimal negative behavior. RESULTS: Multilevel regression analyses demonstrated a significantly greater QOL with respect to interacting with surroundings, expressing oneself, and experiencing minimal negative behavior for residents with dementia in the group-living group compared to the control group, as measured by the QLDJ. The total QLDJ score was also significantly higher for the group-living group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest improved QOL of residents with dementia under group-living situations. Future studies should examine the effect of group-living on QOL of residents with dementia using a cohort design, following residents longitudinally from admission.

Incapable sex: a case study.

Although it is well known that intimacy and sexual expression are an important part of being human and of healthy living, facilities such as nursing homes, adult group homes, or assisted living residences commonly struggle with knowing how to balance supporting residents who are incapable to have sexual lives with their duty to protect them from foreseeable harm. This article presents a challenging case and uses the British Columbia Supporting Sexual Health and Intimacy in Care Facility Guidelines to determine what should be done.

Duty of care and autonomy: how support workers managed the tension between protecting service users from risk and promoting their independence in a specialist group home.

BACKGROUND: In the UK those paid to support adults with intellectual disabilities must manage two potentially conflicting duties that are set out in policy documents as being vital to their role: protecting service users (their duty of care) and recognising service users' autonomy. This study focuses specifically on the support of people with the genetically determined condition, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Due to the behaviours associated with PWS, the support of this group of people vividly illustrates the tension between respect for autonomy and duty of care. This article explores how support workers working in a residential group home managed their competing duties of managing risk and promoting independence in practice. METHODS: An ethnographic study, comprising of qualitative observations, semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, was undertaken to investigate the work of support workers in a UK residential group home specialising in the support of adults diagnosed with PWS. The study focused on how support workers attempted to reconcile the tension between protecting service users from the risks associated with the syndrome and acknowledging service users' autonomy by enabling independence. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate that risk was central to the structure of care delivery at the group home and support workers often adhered to standardised risk management procedures. The organisation also required support workers to promote service users' independence and many thought acknowledging service users' autonomy through the promotion of their independence was important. To manage tensions between their differing duties, some support workers deviated from standardised risk management procedures to allow service users a degree of independence. CONCLUSIONS: There is a tension between the duty of care and the duty to recognise autonomy at the level of service delivery in residential homes. Support workers attempt to manage this tension; however, further work needs to be done by both residential services and policy makers to facilitate the reconciliation of the duty of care with the duty to recognise service users' autonomy in practice.

Good care in group home living for people with dementia. Experiences of residents, family and nursing staff.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate experiences of residents, their family caregivers and nursing staff in group living homes for older people with dementia and their perception of the care process. BACKGROUND: Traditional nursing homes for people with dementia have several shortcomings related to depersonalisation, passivity, loss of skills and use of physical restraints. Group living homes are seen as an alternative to regular nursing homes, but experiences with this new care setting have rarely been investigated. DESIGN: The study followed a naturalistic design. Qualitative data were collected over a period of 6 months in two group living homes located in the southern part of the Netherlands. METHODS: Systematic participatory observations were carried out during daily life, care and activities in both homes. In addition, semi-structured interviews were held with residents, their family and nursing staff. These data were inductively analysed and related to Tronto's care ethical framework. RESULTS: According to all parties, group living homes create structural opportunities for individualised care and attention to the residents' personal needs. The increased attentiveness and responsiveness for residents' well-being was seen as a sign of good care and fits with the phases of caring about and receiving care of Tronto's care ethical model. However, tensions occurred relating to the phases of taking responsibility and carrying out care. Not all residents and family members want or are able to take responsibility and perform self-care. CONCLUSIONS: Group living homes create conditions for good care and stimulate attentiveness and responsiveness. Tensions in these homes may relate to the new division of responsibilities and tasks. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Values of attention to needs and responsiveness are of high importance for nursing staff to provide good care for people with dementia in a nursing home setting.

Hogar infantil de tratamiento para niños con trastornos de conducta leves a moderados / Foster home for children with mild and moderate behavioral problems

Se presenta el modo de trabajo llevado a cabo desde hace diez años en un hogar para niños (varones) con trastornos de conducta leves a moderados que presentan diferentes trastornos mentales graves. Un denominador común es la presencia de familias disfuncionales, ausentes o expulsivas, en las que se registran altos niveles de violencia ejercida sobre estos niños. Se describe someramente el abordaje utilizado y se ilustra con una viñeta clínica.

A methodology for working with children and adolescents with disruptive behavior is presented. This program has been in use since 1998 in a boarding home for boys in Buenos Aires. A common issue in this sample is the presence of non-functional families with high levels of violence between their members.

Hogar infantil de tratamiento para niños con trastornos de conducta leves a moderados / Foster home for children with mild and moderate behavioral problems

Se presenta el modo de trabajo llevado a cabo desde hace diez años en un hogar para niños (varones) con trastornos de conducta leves a moderados que presentan diferentes trastornos mentales graves. Un denominador común es la presencia de familias disfuncionales, ausentes o expulsivas, en las que se registran altos niveles de violencia ejercida sobre estos niños. Se describe someramente el abordaje utilizado y se ilustra con una viñeta clínica.(AU)

A methodology for working with children and adolescents with disruptive behavior is presented. This program has been in use since 1998 in a boarding home for boys in Buenos Aires. A common issue in this sample is the presence of non-functional families with high levels of violence between their members.(AU)