Effects of moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) on vascular injury and oxidative stress in high-fat diet rats through mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. / 基于mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF信号通路探讨麦粒灸"足三里"å¯¹é«˜è„‚é¥®é£Ÿå¤§é¼ è¡€ç®¡æŸä¼¤å’Œæ°§åŒ–åº”æ¿€çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect mechanism of moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) on vascular injury and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. METHODS: Forty healthy male SD rats with SPF grade were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group, and an inhibitor group, with 10 rats in each one. The hyperlipidemia model was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 8 weeks in rats of the model group, the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group. The moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone was delivered at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) of each rat in the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group, with 3 cones on each acupoint in each intervention, once daily for 4 weeks. In the inhibitor group, before each intervention with moxibustion, rapamycin solution was injected intraperitoneally, 2.0 mg/kg. After modeling and intervention, using ELISA, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum of rats were determined. After intervention, with HE staining and oil red O staining adopted, the abdominal aortic morphology and peripheral lipid deposition were observed. Separately, using WST-1, TBA and micro-plate method, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the serum were detected. The protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF in abdominal aorta were measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: Compared with those in the normal group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C increased (P<0.01) and HDL-C decreased (P<0.01) in the serum of the rats in the model group, the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group after model establishment. When compared with the normal group after intervention, in the model group, the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA increased (P<0.01), HDL-C level, SOD activity and NO level were reduced (P<0.01); the cell structure of the abdominal arota was abnormal, the peripheral lipids deposited seriously; and the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta was elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05). In comparison with the model group, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA were reduced (P<0.01), HDL-C levels, SOD activities and NO levels elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05), as well as the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group; besides, the vascular structure was ameliorated and the lipid deposition reduced in the moxibustion group, while, the vascular structure was still abnormal and the lipid deposition declined in the inhibitor group. When compared with the inhibitor group, the serum SOD activity and NO level increased (P<0.05) and MDA decreased (P<0.05); and the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta was elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group. CONCLUSIONS: The vascular injury due to hyperlipidemia is repaired by moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) through ameliorating oxidative stress, which is associated potentially with the modulation of mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway.

Understanding large vessel perforation requiring treatment with covered stent implantation: A case series.

Large vessel perforation during coronary intervention is a rare but potentially fatal complication, often requiring implantation of a covered stent for resolution. While technology is improving, the long-term patency of covered stents is less than drug-eluting stents, and implantation of covered stents should be used sparingly. Large vessel perforations are complex and often the perforation inflow is not located at the site of extravasation seen on angiography. This can lead to geographic miss when implanting covered stents and necessitate the implantation of additional covered stents which increases the risk for short- and long-term complications. We present a case series to further investigate the anatomy and mechanism of large vessel perforations and guidance on effective covered stent implantation.

Nonoperative Management for Low-Grade Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the standard of care for the treatment of blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) requiring intervention. Data suggest that low-grade BTAI (grade I [intimal tears] or grade II [intramural hematoma]) will resolve spontaneously if treated with nonoperative management (NOM) alone. There has been no comparison specifically between the use of NOM vs TEVAR for low-grade BTAI. We hypothesize that these low-grade injuries can be safely managed with NOM alone. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of all patients with a low-grade BTAI in the Aortic Trauma Foundation Registry from 2016 to 2021 was performed. The study population was 1 primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included complications, ICU length of stay, and ventilator days. RESULTS: A total of 880 patients with BTAI were enrolled. Of the 269 patients with low-grade BTAI, 218 (81%) were treated with NOM alone (81% grade I, 19% grade II), whereas 51 (19%) underwent a TEVAR (20% grade I, 80% grade II). There was no difference in demographic or mechanism of injury in patients with low-grade BTAI who underwent NOM vs TEVAR. There was a difference in mortality between NOM alone and TEVAR (8% vs 18%, p = 0.009). Aortic-related mortality was 0.5% in the NOM group and 4% in the TEVAR group (p = 0.06). Hospital and ICU length of stay and ventilator days were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: NOM alone is safe and appropriate management for low-grade BTAI, with lower mortality and decreased rates of complication when compared with routine initial TEVAR.

Liquid plasma promotes angiogenesis through upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-induced extracellular matrix metabolism: potential applications of liquid plasma for vascular injuries.

BACKGROUND: Applications of nonthermal plasma have expanded beyond the biomedical field to include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Plasma enhances epithelial cell repair; however, the potential damage to deep tissues and vascular structures remains under investigation. RESULT: This study assessed whether liquid plasma (LP) increased nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by modulating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and potential signaling pathways. First, we developed a liquid plasma product and confirmed the angiogenic effect of LP using the Matrigel plug assay. We found that the NO content increased in plasma-treated water. NO in plasma-treated water promoted cell migration and angiogenesis in scratch and tube formation assays via vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression. In addition to endothelial cell proliferation and migration, LP influenced extracellular matrix metabolism and matrix metalloproteinase activity. These effects were abolished by treatment with NG-L-monomethyl arginine, a specific inhibitor of NO synthase. Furthermore, we investigated the signaling pathways mediating the phosphorylation and activation of eNOS in LP-treated cells and the role of LKB1-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in signaling. Downregulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase by siRNA partially inhibited LP-induced eNOS phosphorylation, angiogenesis, and migration. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that LP treatment may be a novel strategy for promoting angiogenesis in vascular damage. Video Abstract.

Adventitial delivery of miR-145 to treat intimal hyperplasia post vascular injuries through injectable and in-situ self-assembling peptide hydrogels.

Intimal hyperplasia is a common lesion that can be observed in diverse vascular diseases. Drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons, which can release anti-proliferative agents to inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, are developed to prevent intimal hyperplasia. However, these intervention devices still cannot achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In contrast to endovascular drug delivery, vascular adventitial drug delivery is a new strategy. To develop a vascular adventitial drug delivery system to treat intimal hyperplasia post vascular injuries, we loaded miR-145-5p-agomir (miR-145) into an injectable and in-situ self-assembling RAD peptide hydrogel. In vitro data showed that the miR-145 could be well incorporated into the RAD peptide hydrogels and released in a slow and controlled manner. The released miR-145 could transfect SMCs successfully, and the transfected SMCs exhibited a reduced migration capacity and higher expressions of SMC contractile biomarkers as compared to the non-transfected SMCs. In vivo data showed that the retention of the miR-145 was greatly elongated by the RAD peptide hydrogels. In addition, the application of the miR-145-loaded RAD peptide hydrogels surrounding injured arteries decreased the proliferative SMCs, promoted the regeneration of endothelium, reduced the macrophage infiltration, inhibited the neointimal formation and prevented adverse ECM remodeling via downregulation of KLF4 expression. The RAD peptide hydrogels loaded with miR-145 can successfully inhibit intimal hyperplasia after vascular injuries and thus hold great potential as an innovative extravascular drug delivery approach to treat vascular diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Intimal hyperplasia is a common lesion that can be observed in diverse vascular diseases. Drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons, which can release anti-proliferative agents to inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, are developed to prevent intimal hyperplasia. However, these intervention devices still cannot achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In contrast to endovascular drug delivery, vascular adventitial drug delivery is a new strategy. Our work here demonstrates that the RAD peptide hydrogels loaded with miR-145-5p-agomir (miR-145) can successfully reverse intimal hyperplasia after vascular injuries and thus hold great potential as an innovative vascular adventitial drug delivery approach to treat vascular diseases. Our work proposes a possible paradigm shift from endovascular drug delivery to extravascular drug delivery for vascular disorder treatment.

Vascular imaging immediately after tourniquet removal does not increase vasospasm risk.

BACKGROUND: Prehospital tourniquet use is now standard in trauma patients with diagnosed or suspected extremity vascular injuries. Tourniquet-related vasospasm is an understudied phenomenon that may confound management by causing erroneous arterial pressure indices (APIs) and abnormalities on computed tomography angiography (CTA) that do not reflect true arterial injuries. We hypothesized that shorter intervals between tourniquet removal and CTA imaging and longer total tourniquet times would be correlated with a higher likelihood of false positive CTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a single-institution retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to a busy, urban Level 1 Trauma Center with prehospital tourniquets from 2019 to 2021. Patients who presented with a tourniquet disengaged upon arrival or who died prior to admission to the Trauma Unit were excluded. Tourniquet duration, time between tourniquet removal and CTA imaging (CTA interval), CTA findings, and management of extremity arterial injuries were extracted. The proportion of false positive injuries on CTA was assessed for correlation with increasing time interval from tourniquet removal to CTA imaging and correlation with increasing total tourniquet time using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: 251 patients were identified with prehospital tourniquets. 127 underwent CTA of the affected extremity, 96 patients had an abnormal CTA finding, and 57 (45% of total CTA patients) had false positive arterial injuries on imaging. Using multivariable logistic regression, neither the CTA interval nor the tourniquet duration was associated with false positive CTA injuries. Female sex was associated with false positive injuries on CTA (OR 2.91, 95% CI: 1.01 - 8.39). Vasospasm was cited as a possible explanation by radiologists in 40% of false positive CTA reports. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial vasospasm is a frequent finding on CTA after tourniquet use for extremity trauma, but concerns regarding tourniquet-related vasospasm should not alter trauma patient management. Neither the duration of tourniquet application nor the time interval since removal is associated with decreased CTA accuracy, and any delay in imaging does not appear to reduce the likelihood of vasospasm. These findings are important for supporting expedited care of trauma patients with severe extremity injuries.

Traumatic Iliac Arteriovenous Fistula Treated With the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Traumatic iliac arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication of vascular injury. Open surgical repair has an incidence of postoperative complications. In recent years, endovascular treatment has shown better efficacy. We report a 62-year-old female AVF patient with a stab injury history of more than 16 years. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed a large arteriovenous fistula between the right internal iliac artery and the common iliac vein. After considering the patient's relevant conditions, an endovascular approach was satisfactorily performed with the implantation of an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II to interrupt the abnormal vascular communication and maintain arterial and venous patency. The final control images showed closure of the arteriovenous communication.

32-year-old Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula Presenting With Leg Ulcer and High-output Heart Failure.

Traumatic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is not a common disorder, and dermatological signs and heart failure caused by AVF are rarely reported. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman who was referred for congestive heart failure symptoms. Echocardiography revealed preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Due to edema of the right leg with a long-standing leg ulcer and palpable femoral thrill, duplex ultrasonography was performed. It showed an AVF between the right superficial femoral artery (SFA) and the right femoral vein (FV). The patient recalled a 32-year-old gunshot injury that was not medically treated. After the diagnosis of AVF she was referred to a surgeon for an AVF ligation, with subsequent resolution of her symptoms. The differential diagnosis of leg ulcer with leg edema should include the possibility of AVF as a cause.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nonoperative Management for SVS Grade II Blunt Traumatic Aortic Injury.

BACKGROUND: Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) grade II blunt traumatic aortic injury is defined as intramural hematoma with or without external contour abnormality. It is uncertain whether this aortic injury pattern should be treated with endovascular stent-grafting or nonoperative measures. Since the adoption of the SVS Guidelines on endovascular repair of blunt traumatic aortic injury, the practice pattern for management of grade II injuries has been heterogenous. The objective of the study was to report natural history outcomes of grade II blunt traumatic aortic injury. METHODS: A systematic review of published traumatic aortic injury studies was performed. Online database searches were current to November 2022. Eligible studies included data on aortic injuries that were both managed nonoperatively and classified according to the SVS 2011 Guidelines. Data points on all-cause mortality, aorta-related mortality and early aortic intervention were extracted and underwent meta-analysis. The methodology was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the final analysis with a total of 204 cases of SVS grade II blunt traumatic aortic injury treated nonoperatively. The outcomes rates were estimated at 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7%-14.9%) for all-cause mortality, 2.9% (95% CI 1.1%-5.7%) for aorta-related mortality, and 3.3% (95% CI 1.4%-6.2%) for early aortic intervention. The studies included in the analysis were of fair quality with a mean Downs and Black score 15 (±1.8). CONCLUSIONS: Grade II blunt traumatic aortic injury follows a relatively benign course with few instances of aortic-related mortality. Death in the setting of this injury pattern is more often attributable to sequelae of multisystem trauma and not directly related to aortic injury. The current data support nonoperative management and imaging surveillance for grade II blunt traumatic aortic injury instead of endovascular repair. Longer-term effects on the aorta at the site of injury are unknown.

Massive haemothorax and haemorrhagic shock due to cervical vascular injury caused by a seat belt.

A woman in her 50s was transported to our hospital after experiencing a road traffic crash that led to a massive haemothorax and haemorrhagic shock due to a cervical vascular injury caused by the seat belt. Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest showed extravascular leakage of the contrast medium from the vicinity of the right subclavicular area and fluid accumulation in the thoracic cavity. The patient was intubated, and a thoracic drainage catheter was placed. She underwent angiography and embolisation of the right costocervical trunk, right thyrocervical trunk and right suprascapular artery using a gelatine sponge and 25% N-butylcyanoacrylate-Lipiodol. She was extubated on the second day after stabilisation of the respiratory and circulatory status. In cases where the bleeding vessel is known and an emergency thoracotomy can serve as a backup, embolisation by interventional radiology should be considered the initial treatment approach.

Delayed coronary perforation four days after percutaneous coronary intervention with subsequent cardiac tamponade: A case report.

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a rare but lethal complication of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), and its incidence has been increasing with advances in PCI techniques. Delayed CAP presents a highly challenging complication, as it occurs 30 min-9 days after intervention, making subsequent diagnosis and treatment difficult. We present the case of a 63-year-old male patient who underwent PCI for an obtuse marginalis II because of posterior wall myocardial infarction. Following 4 days of uneventful postoperative stay, the patient developed angina pectoris and hypotension 4 h after reinitiation of anticoagulant therapy with edoxaban. Angiography revealed distal vessel perforation from a side branch of the obtuse marginalis II. The vessel was occluded using autologous fat embolization via a microcatheter, resulting in complete sealing of the perforation. After discharge, 4 weeks after the infarction, the patient started rehabilitation therapy. Distal vessel perforations are typically caused by wire damage. In our case, we also suspected distal wire perforation, which was initially not recognized possibly due to distal occlusion through the thrombotic material. The temporal correlation between the re-initiation of anticoagulant therapy and the occurrence of cardiac tamponade suggests that the thrombotic material was resolved due to the former. The management of delayed CAP does not differ from that of CAP; thus, this rare complication should be considered even days after PCI as it could prove lethal if not recognized early.

Prehospital tourniquet application in extremity vascular trauma: Improved functional outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Support for prehospital tourniquet use has increased, with recent data suggesting that tourniquet usage decreases shock without increasing limb complications. We hypothesized that prehospital tourniquet application in extremity vascular trauma, compared with no prehospital tourniquet application, is associated with lower rates of delayed amputation and better functional mobility. METHODS: We retrospectively studied adult patients with extremity vascular trauma at an urban civilian Level 1 trauma center (June 2016-May 2021). Outcomes of interest included delayed amputation and mobility at hospital discharge, measured by the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care "6 Clicks" Basic Mobility Score. The "6 Clicks" Basic Mobility Score was documented by physical therapy; higher scores indicate more independent mobility. Injury mechanism, initial lactate, 24-hour transfusions, mortality, and acute kidney injury were also collected. Comparisons were performed using χ2 analysis and Fisher Exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS: Of 232 patients, prehospital tourniquet application was not associated with mortality or lactate level (both P > .05). The prehospital tourniquet application group had more transfusions, lower rates of acute kidney injury, and fewer delayed amputations (all P < .05). Ninety-one patients (45 prehospital tourniquet application and 46 without prehospital tourniquet application) were evaluated for "Moving between Bed and Chair" in the "6 Clicks" Basic Mobility Score, with patients in the prehospital tourniquet application group demonstrating higher levels of independence (P = .034). CONCLUSION: Prehospital tourniquet application was associated with favorable outcomes, including higher functional mobility and decreased delayed amputation. This suggests that tourniquet use should be encouraged in the civilian setting to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of limb loss.

A systematic review of hemorrhage and vascular injuries in civilian public mass shootings.

BACKGROUND: Civilian public mass shootings (CPMSs) are a major public health issue and in recent years several events have occurred worldwide. The aim of this systematic review was to characterize injuries and mortality after CPMSs focusing on in-hospital management of hemorrhage and vascular injuries. METHOD: A systematic review of all published literature was undertaken in Medline, Embase and Web of Science January 1st, 1968, to February 22nd, 2021, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Literature was eligible for inclusion if the CPMS included three or more people shot, injured or killed, had vascular injuries or hemorrhage. RESULTS: The search identified 2884 studies; 34 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. There were 2039 wounded in 45 CPMS events. The dominating anatomic injury location per event was the extremity followed by abdomen and chest. The median number of operations and operated patients per event was 22 (5-101) and 10.5 (4-138), respectively. A total of 899 deaths were reported with a median mortality rate of 36.1% per event (15.9-71.4%) Thirty-eight percent (13/34) of all studies reported on vascular injuries. Vascular injuries ranged from 8 to 29%; extremity vascular injury the most frequent. Specific vascular injuries included thoracic aorta 18% (42/232), carotid arteries 6% (14/232), and abdominal aorta 5% (12/232). Vascular injuries were involved in 8.3%-10% of all deaths. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed an overall high mortality after CPMS with injuries mainly located to the extremities, thorax and abdomen. About one quarter of deaths was related to hemorrhage involving central large vessel injuries. Further understanding of these injuries, and structured and uniform reporting of injuries and treatment protocols may help improve evaluation and management in the future. Level of Evidence Systematic review and meta-analysis, level III.

Tranexamic acid as a novel adjunct in the management of vessel perforation complicating Endovascular Clot Retrieval.

AIM: To assess the safety and utility of tranexamic acid (TXA) as an adjunct salvage therapy in iatrogenic vessel perforation complicating endovascular clot retrieval. Iatrogenic vessel perforation and extravasation are known and potentially fatal complications of endovascular clot retrieval (ECR). Various methods of establishing haemostasis post perforation have been reported. TXA is widely utilised intraoperatively to reduce bleeding in various surgical specialities. The use of TXA in endovascular procedures has not been previously described in the literature. METHODS: Retrospective case control study of all cases that underwent ECR. Cases where arterial rupture occurred were identified. Details of management and functional status at 3 months were recorded. Modified Rankin score (mRS) 0-2 was considered a good functional outcome. Comparison of proportions analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 1378 cases of ECR, rupture complicated 36 (2.6%). TXA was administered in addition to standard care in 11 cases (31%). At 3 months, 4 of 11 cases (36%) where TXA was administered had a good functional outcome compared to 3 of 22 (12%) in the standard care group (P=0.09). Mortality at 3 months occurred in 4 of 11 cases (41.7%) where TXA was administered compared to 16 of 25 (64%) where it was not (P=0.13). CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid administration in iatrogenic vessel rupture was associated with a lower mortality rate and a larger proportion of patients achieving a good functional outcome at 3 months. This effect trended towards but was not statistically significant. TXA administration was not associated with adverse effects.

Endovascular Management of Iatrogenic Arterial Injuries after Orthopedic Surgery of the Lower Limb.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of embolization, and to identify the contributory factors of failures in patients treated for iatrogenic arterial injuries after orthopedic surgery of the lower limb. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, data from patients treated from December 2008 to March 2022 for an arterial injury due to orthopedic surgery of the lower limb were analyzed from a single center. Demographic, clinical, and procedure-related data were collected. Perioperative and 30-day mortalities were estimated. Odds ratios and hazard ratios were calculated for several potential risk factors: age of >75 years, atherosclerosis, preexisting infection, urgency of surgery (trauma vs elective), previous surgery, multiple distant injuries, and multiple vascular supplies to the same injury. RESULTS: Eighty-six procedures performed on 78 patients were included in the study. The rates of technical and clinical success were 100% and 92.3%, respectively. Six (7.7%) patients were retreated because of persistent bleeding. The perioperative mortality was 1.3%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 7.7%. The presence of multiple arterial supplies, multiple injuries, previous surgery, presence of atherosclerosis, or a preexisting musculoskeletal infection resulted in a higher risk of retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Embolization is safe and effective in the management of iatrogenic arterial injuries after orthopedic surgery. The number of involved vascular territories was the most critical factor in determining technical failure.

Common and uncommon vascular injuries and endovascular treatment associated with pelvic blunt trauma: a real-world experience.

Pelvic fractures are common in cases of blunt trauma, which is strongly associated with mortality. Transcatheter arterial embolization is a fundamental treatment strategy for fatal arterial injuries caused by blunt pelvic trauma. However, vascular injuries due to blunt pelvic trauma can show various imaging findings other than arterial hemorrhage. We present a pictorial review of common and uncommon vascular injuries, including active arterial bleeding, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, arterial occlusion, vasospasm, and active venous bleeding. Knowledge of these vascular injuries can help clinicians select the appropriate therapeutic strategy and thus save lives.

Rise in Percutaneous Vascular Procedures and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Is Associated With Increase in Emergent Vascular Operations.

Background: The workload of vascular surgeons is widely affected by the procedural activity of other departments within the same medical center. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trend in emergent vascular surgery procedures over a 5 year period in a tertiary referral hospital and categorize these procedures based on the nature of the operative procedure required. Methods: A single center, retrospective review of all emergent surgical operations performed at our tertiary referral hospital between the years 2017-2021. Data collected included types of emergent vascular surgery performed, in addition to procedures performed by the departments of interventional cardiology (IC), interventional radiology (IR), neurointerventional radiology (NIR) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at our institution. Results: During the study period were performed a total of 1783 operative procedures (mean 356 ± 26/year). Of those, 485 (27%) were emergent cases. We observed a gradual increase in emergent operative procedures performed from 2017 to 2021 (22% to 34% of all cases, increase of 56%, P<.01). A striking increase was seen with vascular repairs performed for iatrogenic vascular injuries secondary to arterial access complications (47% to 65% of all iatrogenic vascular injuries, increase of 38%). The increase correlated with an increase in activity seen in the departments of IC, IR/NIR and ECMO (15%, 31% and 300%, respectively). Conclusions: An increasing number of emergent surgical procedures performed by our vascular surgery department correlates with the increasing number of endovascular procedures performed by non- vascular services. As these procedures are expected to increase, together with the number of stroke units and ECMO units being created, medical centers must be aware that these may result in a significant increase in the workload of the vascular surgery department in order to deal with complications associated with these procedures.

Endovascular Management of Iatrogenic Renal Vascular Injuries: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Minimally invasive techniques for the treatment and diagnosis of kidney disease seek to preserve the greatest amount of parenchyma. Bleeding after these practices is rare, but must be treated quickly given its severity. Iatrogenic renal vascular injuries (IRVI) resulting from these procedures include active bleeding, arterial pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas. Renal artery embolization (RAE) is the main pillar in the treatment of this type of complications. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of RAE for the treatment of IRVI and its impact on the renal function of patients. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of all patients who presented vascular complications after renal procedures and who were referred for management by RAE, between August 2012 and December 2020. RESULTS: 18 patients were included. 4 patients presented with pseudoaneurysm, 10 patients with active bleeding, and 1 patient with arteriovenous fistula; 2 patients had a combination of different IRVI; 1 patient did not present any findings at the time of renal angiography in dissonance with her computed tomography angiography. Technical and clinical success was achieved in all patients. One renal artery dissection was the only complication. No differences were found in serum creatinine (p = 0.51), urea (p = 0.37), hemoglobin (p = 0.26) and hematocrit (p = 0.24) after embolization. CONCLUSION: EAR is a safe and effective method for the treatment of IRVI, achieving a very high technical and clinical success rate with a low incidence of complications and without significant repercussions on the renal function of patients.