RESUMO
The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the course of anther development, including post-meiotic maturation, dehiscence and senescence, is ensured by the interdependencies between jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.). The concentration of JA peaked during anther dehiscence when IAA level was low, whereas the inverse relationship was specific to anther senescence. Cellular and tissue localization of JA and IAA, in conjunction with broad expression profile for genes involved in biosynthesis, signalling, response, and homeostasis under different conditions, allowed to complete and define the role of studied phytohormones during late anther development, as well as predict events triggered by them. The development/degeneration of septum and anther wall cells, dehydration of epidermis, and rupture of stomium may involve JA signalling, while the formation of secondary thickening in endothecial cell walls is rather JA independent. The IAA is involved in programmed cell death (PCD)-associated processes during anther senescence but does not exclude its participation in the anther dehiscence processes, mainly related to cell disintegration and degeneration. A detailed understanding of these multistage processes, especially at the level of phytohormonal interplay, can contribute to the effective control of male fertility, potentially revolutionizing the breeding of L. luteus.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos , Flores , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Lupinus , Oxilipinas , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Lupinus/metabolismo , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lupinus/efeitos dos fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Fermentation contributes to the taste and odor of plant cheeses. The selection of functional cultures for the fermentation of plant cheeses, however, is in its infancy. This study aimed to select lactic acid bacteria for ripening of soy and lupin cheese analogues. Bacillus velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens were used for germination of seeds to produce proteolytic enzymes; Lactococcus lactis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum served as primary acidifying cultures. Levilactobacillus hammesii, Furfurilactobacillus milii, or Lentilactobacillus buchneri were assessed as adjunct cultures for the ripening of plant cheese. Growth of bacilli was inhibited at low pH. Both Lc. lactis and Lp. plantarum were inactived during plant cheese ripening. Cell counts of Lv. hammesii remained stable over 45 d of ripening while Ff. milii and Lt. buchneri grew slowly. Sequencing of full length 16S rRNA genes confirmed that the inocula the plant cheeses accounted for more than 98% of the bacterial communities. HPLC analysis revealed that Lt. buchneri metabolized lactate to acetate and 1,2-propanediol during ripening. Bacilli enhanced proteolysis as measured by quantification of free amino nitrogen, and the release of glutamate. LC-MS/MS analysis quantified kokumi-active dipeptides. The concentrations of γ-Glu-Leu, γ-Glu-Ile, and γ-Glu-Ala, γ-Glu-Cys in unripened cheeses were increased by seed germination but γ-Glu-Phe was degraded. Lt. buchneri but not Lv. hammesii or Ff. milii accumulated γ-Glu-Val, γ-Glu-Ile or γ-Glu-Leu during ripening, indicating strain-specific differences. In conclusion, a consortium of bacilli, acidification cultures and adjunct cultures accumulates taste- and kokumi-active compounds during ripening of plant cheeses.
Assuntos
Queijo , Fermentação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Queijo/microbiologia , Queijo/análise , Lupinus/microbiologia , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/microbiologia , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Paladar , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactobacillales/metabolismo , Lactobacillales/genética , Lactobacillales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactococcus lactis/metabolismo , Lactococcus lactis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactococcus lactis/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
The study was conducted to find new adaptive commercial sweet white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) varieties and evaluate the effect of inoculum on herbage and seed yields of white and blue lupin varieties in Ethiopia for two growing seasons in two locations. For the experiment a factorial arrangement (seven variety * two inoculation) in a randomized complete block design with three replication was used. Three sweet blue (Bora, Sanabor and Vitabor), three sweet white (Dieta, Energy and Feodora) and one bitter white local landrace lupin varieties were tested in the experiment. Analysis of variance was done using the general linear model procedure in SAS. The effects of location and inoculum were insignificant (P ≥ 0.0761) on yield and yield parameters. The effect of variety was observed (P ≤ 0.035) only on plant height, fresh biomass yield and thousand seed weight in both seasons except for fresh biomass yield in season two. However, its effect on other parameters was not shown (P ≥ 0.134) in both growing seasons or only shown in either season. The mean dry matter yield of all varieties was 2.45 ton per ha. However, sweet blue entries performed better than white entries. The mean seed yield of blue sweet lupin entries and white local check was 2.6 ton per ha. Sweet blue and white local landrace varieties were found tolerant while, commercial sweet white lupin varieties were susceptible for anthracnose and fusarium diseases that occurred immediately after flowering. As a result imported commercial sweet white varieties failed to give seed yield. Developing adaptive, disease resistant and high yielding sweet white lupin through crossing the local and commercial varieties and looking for species specific inoculum should be the future research agendas.
Assuntos
Lupinus , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , EtiópiaRESUMO
Fusarium oxysporum is an aggressive phytopathogen that affects various plant species, resulting in extensive local and global economic losses. Therefore, the search for competent alternatives is a constant pursuit. Quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) are naturally occurring compounds with diverse biological activities. The structural diversity of quinolizidines is mainly contributed by species of the family Fabaceae, particularly the genus Lupinus. This quinolizidine-based chemo diversity can be explored to find antifungals and even mixtures to address concomitant effects on F. oxysporum. Thus, the antifungal activity of quinolizidine-rich extracts (QREs) from the leaves of eight greenhouse-propagated Lupinus species was evaluated to outline promising QA mixtures against F. oxysporum. Thirteen main compounds were identified and quantified using an external standard. Quantitative analysis revealed different contents per quinolizidine depending on the Lupinus plant, ranging from 0.003 to 32.8 mg/g fresh leaves. Bioautography showed that all extracts were active at the maximum concentration (5 µg/µL). They also exhibited >50% mycelium growth inhibition. All QREs were fungistatic except for the fungicidal QRE of L. polyphyllus Lindl. Angustifoline, matrine, 13α-hydroxylupanine, and 17-oxolupanine were ranked to act jointly against the phytopathogen. Our findings constitute reference information to better understand the antifungal activity of naturally afforded QA mixtures from these globally important plants.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Lupinus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Quinolizidinas/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Efeito Estufa , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Quinolizidinas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study examined the functional and antioxidant properties of Maillard reaction (MR) products of lupin protein isolate (LPI), fermented (FLPI), and germinated (GLPI) with glucose (G), treated with ultrasound (US) at different power levels (20-40-60-80%) for 15 min. The MR was conducted in a water bath for 180 min at 90 °C. RESULTS: The Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values were found to be 46.79%, 56.43%, and 35.56% for the control (C), 58.99%, 80.17%, and 69.73% for conjugates of LPI-G, FLPI-G, and GLPI-G treated at 80% US, respectively. The maximum 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of LPI-G, FLPI-G, and GLPI-G was found to be 39.68%, 59.54%, and 48.41%, respectively after 80% US. The FLPI-G sample showed the highest antioxidant activity compared with the samples treated at the same power level for DPPH and TEAC. The Fe-chelating activity of GLPI-G showed significant differences when compared with FLPI-G. The solubility of LPI-G, FLPI-G, and GLPI-G increased with increasing US power. The highest solubility was 74.29% for 80% US-treated GLPI-G. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) increased at 20% US and decreased with further increase in the US power. The EAI and emulsifying stability index (ESI) were negatively affected by the MR and US processes. CONCLUSION: The findings of current study proved that conjugation of LPI with G with the MR and with US pretreatment is an effective method for improving the bio- and techno-functional properties of LPI. It is therefore likely that the properties of plant proteins modified by biochemical and physical treatments may widen their applications in the food industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Glucose/química , Lupinus/química , Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes/química , Fermentação , Manipulação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Germinação , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reação de Maillard , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , UltrassomRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: A plant-specific Trimethylguanosine Synthase1-like homologue was identified as a candidate gene for the efl mutation in narrow-leafed lupin, which alters phenology by reducing vernalisation requirement. The vernalisation pathway is a key component of flowering time control in plants from temperate regions but is not well understood in the legume family. Here we examined vernalisation control in the temperate grain legume species, narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and discovered a candidate gene for an ethylene imine mutation (efl). The efl mutation changes phenology from late to mid-season flowering and additionally causes transformation from obligate to facultative vernalisation requirement. The efl locus was mapped to pseudochromosome NLL-10 in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population developed by accelerated single seed descent. Candidate genes were identified in the reference genome, and a diverse panel of narrow-leafed lupins was screened to validate mutations specific to accessions with efl. A non-synonymous SNP mutation within an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase protein domain of a Trimethylguanosine Synthase1-like (TGS1) orthologue was identified as the candidate mutation giving rise to efl. This mutation caused substitution of an amino acid within an established motif at a position that is otherwise highly conserved in several plant families and was perfectly correlated with the efl phenotype in F2 and F6 genetic population and a panel of diverse accessions, including the original efl mutant. Expression of the TGS1 homologue did not differ between wild-type and efl genotypes, supporting altered functional activity of the gene product. This is the first time a TGS1 orthologue has been associated with vernalisation response and flowering time control in any plant species.
Assuntos
Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genética Populacional , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Lupinus/genética , Metiltransferases/genética , Mutação , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genéticaRESUMO
Yellow lupine is a great model for abscission-related research given that excessive flower abortion reduces its yield. It has been previously shown that the EPIP peptide, a fragment of LlIDL (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION) amino-acid sequence, is a sufficient molecule to induce flower abortion, however, the question remains: What are the exact changes evoked by this peptide locally in abscission zone (AZ) cells? Therefore, we used EPIP peptide to monitor specific modifications accompanied by early steps of flower abscission directly in the AZ. EPIP stimulates the downstream elements of the pathway-HAESA and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE6 and induces cellular symptoms indicating AZ activation. The EPIP treatment disrupts redox homeostasis, involving the accumulation of H2O2 and upregulation of the enzymatic antioxidant system including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. A weakening of the cell wall structure in response to EPIP is reflected by pectin demethylation, while a changing pattern of fatty acids and acyl lipids composition suggests a modification of lipid metabolism. Notably, the formation of a signaling molecule-phosphatidic acid is induced locally in EPIP-treated AZ. Collectively, all these changes indicate the switching of several metabolic and signaling pathways directly in the AZ in response to EPIP, which inevitably leads to flower abscission.
Assuntos
Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Homeostase , Lipídeos/química , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pectinas/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Flores/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Lupinus/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, Lupinus albus develops cluster roots that allow efficient P acquisition, while L. angustifolius without cluster roots also grows well. Both species are non-mycorrhizal. We quantitatively examined the carbon budgets to investigate the different strategies of these species. Biomass allocation, respiratory rates, protein amounts and carboxylate exudation rates were examined in hydroponically-grown plants treated with low (1 µM; P1) or high (100 µM; P100) P. At P1, L. albus formed cluster roots, and L. angustifolius increased biomass allocation to the roots. The respiratory rates of the roots were faster in L. albus than in L. angustifolius. The protein amounts of the non-phosphorylating alternative oxidase and uncoupling protein were greater in the cluster roots of L. albus at P1 than in the roots at P100, but similar between the P treatments in L. angustifolius roots. At P1, L. albus exuded carboxylates at a faster rate than L. angustifolius. The carbon budgets at P1 were surprisingly similar between the two species, which is attributed to the contrasting root growth and development strategies. L. albus developed cluster roots with rapid respiratory and carboxylate exudation rates, while L. angustifolius developed a larger root system with slow respiratory and exudation rates.
Assuntos
Carbono/metabolismo , Ácidos Carboxílicos/metabolismo , Lupinus/fisiologia , Fósforo/deficiência , Transporte Biológico , Biomassa , Lupinus/anatomia & histologia , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fósforo/metabolismo , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/enzimologia , RespiraçãoRESUMO
The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.
Assuntos
Frutose/farmacologia , Fusarium/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/farmacologia , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sacarose/farmacologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Ciclobutanos/antagonistas & inibidores , Ciclobutanos/metabolismo , Ergosterol/metabolismo , Frutose/metabolismo , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Glucose/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Lupinus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lupinus/metabolismo , Lupinus/microbiologia , Micotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Micotoxinas/biossíntese , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Sementes/microbiologia , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Esporos Fúngicos/patogenicidade , Sacarose/metabolismoRESUMO
The narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L., is a grain legume crop, cultivated both as a green manure and as a source of protein for animal feed and human food production. During its domestication process, numerous agronomic traits were improved, however, only two trait-related genes were identified hitherto, both by linkage mapping. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), exploiting genomic sequencing, did not select any novel candidate gene. In the present study, an innovative method of 3'-end reduced representation transcriptomic profiling, a massive analysis of cDNA ends, has been used for genotyping of 126 L. angustifolius lines surveyed by field phenotyping. Significant genotype × environment interactions were identified for all phenology and yield traits analysed. Principal component analysis of population structure evidenced European domestication bottlenecks, visualized by clustering of breeding materials and cultivars. GWAS provided contribution towards deciphering vernalization pathway in legumes, and, apart from highlighting known domestication loci (Ku/Julius and mol), designated novel candidate genes for L. angustifolius traits. Early phenology was associated with genes from vernalization, cold-responsiveness and phosphatidylinositol signalling pathways whereas high yield with genes controlling photosynthesis performance and abiotic stress (drought or heat) tolerance. PCR-based toolbox was developed and validated to enable tracking desired alleles in marker-assisted selection. Narrow-leafed lupin was genotyped with an innovative method of transcriptome profiling and phenotyped for phenology, growth and yield traits in field. Early phenology was found associated with genes from cold-response, vernalization and phosphatidylinositol signalling pathways, whereas high yield with genes running photosystem II and drought or heat stress response. Key loci were supplied with PCR-based toolbox for marker-assisted selection.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Genes de Plantas/genética , Lupinus/genética , Domesticação , Genes de Plantas/fisiologia , Estudos de Associação Genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Precise control of generative organ development is of great importance for the productivity of crop plants, including legumes. Gibberellins (GAs) play a key role in the regulation of flowering, and fruit setting and development. The major repressors of GA signaling are DELLA proteins. In this paper, the full-length cDNA of LlDELLA1 gene in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) was identified. Nuclear-located LlDELLA1 was clustered in a second phylogenetic group. Further analyses revealed the presence of all conserved motifs and domains required for the GA-dependent interaction with Gibberellin Insensitive Dwarf1 (GID1) receptor, and involved in the repression function of LlDELLA1. Studies on expression profiles have shown that fluctuating LlDELLA1 transcript level favors proper flower and pod development. Accumulation of LlDELLA1 mRNA slightly decreases from the flower bud stage to anther opening (dehiscence), while there is rapid increase during pollination, fertilization, as well as pod setting and early development. LlDELLA1 expression is downregulated during late pod development. The linkage of LlDELLA1 activity with cellular and tissue localization of gibberellic acid (GA3) offers a broader insight into the functioning of the GA pathway, dependent on the organ and developmental stage. Our analyses provide information that may be valuable in improving the agronomic properties of yellow lupine.
Assuntos
Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Giberelinas/farmacologia , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Flores/efeitos dos fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Lupinus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lupinus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an annual crop cultivated for its protein-rich seeds. It is adapted to poor soils due to the production of cluster roots, which are made of dozens of determinate lateral roots that drastically improve soil exploration and nutrient acquisition (mostly phosphate). Using long-read sequencing technologies, we provide a high-quality genome sequence of a cultivated accession of white lupin (2n = 50, 451 Mb), as well as de novo assemblies of a landrace and a wild relative. We describe a modern accession displaying increased soil exploration capacity through early establishment of lateral and cluster roots. We also show how seed quality may have been impacted by domestication in term of protein profiles and alkaloid content. The availability of a high-quality genome assembly together with companion genomic and transcriptomic resources will enable the development of modern breeding strategies to increase and stabilize white lupin yield.
Assuntos
Genoma de Planta , Lupinus/genética , Sementes/fisiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Solo , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Centrômero/genética , Ecótipo , Evolução Molecular , Dosagem de Genes , Duplicação Gênica , Variação Genética , Variação Estrutural do Genoma , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Genéticos , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Sintenia/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
The drought is a crucial environmental factor that determines yielding of many crop species, e.g., Fabaceae, which are a source of valuable proteins for food and feed. Herein, we focused on the events accompanying drought-induced activation of flower abscission zone (AZ)-the structure responsible for flower detachment and, consequently, determining seed production in Lupinus luteus. Therefore, detection of molecular markers regulating this process is an excellent tool in the development of improved drought-resistant cultivars to minimize yield loss. We applied physiological, molecular, biochemical, immunocytochemical, and chromatography methods for a comprehensive examination of changes evoked by drought in the AZ cells. This factor led to significant cellular changes and activated AZ, which consequently increased the flower abortion rate. Simultaneously, drought caused an accumulation of mRNA of genes inflorescence deficient in abscission-like (LlIDL), receptor-like protein kinase HSL (LlHSL), and mitogen-activated protein kinase6 (LlMPK6), encoding succeeding elements of AZ activation pathway. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase activity, and localization significantly changed which confirmed the appearance of stressful conditions and indicated modifications in the redox balance. Loss of water enhanced transcriptional activity of the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis pathways, which was manifested by elevated expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase (LlZEP), aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (LlACS), and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (LlACO) genes. Accordingly, both ABA and ET precursors were highly abundant in AZ cells. Our study provides information about several new potential markers of early response on water loss, which can help to elucidate the mechanisms that control plant response to drought, and gives a useful basis for breeders and agronomists to enhance tolerance of crops against the stress.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Secas , Flores/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Lupinus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Sementes/genética , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Catalase/genética , Catalase/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/enzimologia , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Etilenos/biossíntese , Flores/enzimologia , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Ligases/genética , Ligases/metabolismo , Lupinus/enzimologia , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Oxirredutases/genética , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Sementes/enzimologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse Fisiológico/genéticaRESUMO
The present study aims to characterize nodule endophytic bacteria of spontaneous lupine plants regarding their diversity and their plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. The potential of PGPR inoculation was investigated to improve white lupine growth across controlled, semi-natural and field conditions. Lupinus luteus and Lupinus angustifolius nodules were shown inhabited by a large diversity of endophytes. Several endophytes harbor numerous plant growth promotion traits such as phosphates solubilization, siderophores production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity. In vivo analysis confirmed the plant growth promotion ability of two strains (Paenibacillus glycanilyticus LJ121 and Pseudomonas brenneri LJ215) in both sterilized and semi-natural conditions. Under field conditions, the co-inoculation of lupine by these strains increased shoot N content and grain yield by 25% and 36%, respectively. These two strains Paenibacillus glycanilyticus LJ121 and Pseudomonas brenneri LJ215 are effective plant growth-promoting bacteria and they may be used to develop an eco-friendly biofertilizer to boost white lupine productivity.
Assuntos
Endófitos/fisiologia , Lupinus/microbiologia , Paenibacillus/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas/fisiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Endófitos/genética , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Caules de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/microbiologia , Sideróforos/metabolismo , TunísiaRESUMO
With a view to introducing white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) for cultivation in Tunisian calcareous soils, compatible indigenous rhizobia for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis were investigated and characterized. Two L. albus varieties, Mekna and Lumen, were used to trap rhizobia in soil samples collected from 56 sites with high active lime contents (0-49%). Nodulation occurred in only 15 soils. The local variety, Mekna, developed significantly more root nodules and had a trapping capacity in more soils than the imported variety Lumen. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial 16S-23S ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of three chromosomal housekeeping genes, recA, atpD and dnaK, showed that strains were affiliated to Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Neorhizobium, with large internal diversity, including separate lineages. Infectivity tests highlighted some nodulation specificity at the plant variety level, since the strains originating from Mekna could only nodulate this variety, while strains trapped in Lumen could nodulate both varieties. When inoculated, almost all strains resulted in a significant increase in plant shoot dry weight on L. albus. Although Agrobacterium sp. strains isolated from L. albus could nodulate and had a plant growth promoting effect, no nodA and nodC genes could be amplified. This is discussed together with the absence of bradyrhizobia and the general infrequency of L. albus-nodulating rhizobia in Tunisian soils. The adapted and efficient rhizobial strains reported here were promising candidates for inoculant development and represent a contribution towards successful cultivation of L. albus in Tunisia, especially the most promising Mekna variety.
Assuntos
Lupinus/microbiologia , Filogenia , Nodulação/genética , Rhizobium/classificação , Rhizobium/genética , Microbiologia do Solo , Variação Genética , Lupinus/genética , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rhizobium/fisiologia , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/microbiologia , Solo/química , Simbiose/genética , TunísiaRESUMO
Livestock production in the European Union EU is highly dependent on imported soybean, exposing the livestock farming system to risks related to the global trade of soybean. Lupin species could be a realistic sustainable alternative source of protein for animal feeding. Lupinus is a very diverse genus with many species. However, only four of them-namely, L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. mutabilis-are cultivated. Their use in livestock farming systems has many advantages in relation to economic and environmental impact. Generally, lupin grains are characterized by high protein content, while their oil content is relatively low but of high quality. On the other hand, the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids and their specific carbohydrate composition are the main antinutritional factors that prevent their use in animal feeding. This research is mainly related to L. albus and to L. angustifolius, and to a lesser extent, to L. lauteus and L. mutabilis. The breeding efforts are mostly focused on yield stabilization, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, biochemical structure associated with seed quality and late maturing. Progress is made in improving lupin with respect to the seed quality, as well as the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. It has to be noted that modern cultivars, mostly of L. albus and L. angustifolius, contain low levels of alkaloids. However, for future breeding efforts, the implementation of marker-assisted selection and the available genomic tools is of great importance.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Genômica/métodos , Lupinus/metabolismo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Animais , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are known to affect plants' germination and seedling establishment in arid ecosystems, but their ecological role in more mesic climates is not so well-known. We tested the effects of moss-crusted versus uncrusted soils on seed germination dynamics in a temperate pine barren ecosystem. We conducted a 35-day laboratory assay of seed germination on moss-crusted soils versus uncrusted soils from the Albany (NY) Pine Bush Preserve. We compared total seed germination and the number of days to 50% of total germination of two herbaceous perennial forb species in each soil type. Three and five times more seeds germinated on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil for bush clover (Lespedeza capitata) and wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), respectively. Seeds of both species also germinated approximately 10 days earlier on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil. This study, and others in similar habitats, show that BSCs in mesic climates can influence germination and other early life-history stages of plants. We hope that further study of the interactions between BSCs and vascular plants in mesic climates will contribute to our understanding of the ecology of BSCs outside the arid and semiarid climates where they are more extensively studied.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo/química , Briófitas , Clima , Cianobactérias , Germinação , Lespedeza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Líquens , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , New York , PinusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Whilst information regarding small RNAs within agricultural crops is increasing, the miRNA composition of the nutritionally valuable pulse narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) remains unknown. RESULTS: By conducting a genome- and transcriptome-wide survey we identified 7 Dicer-like and 16 Argonaute narrow-leafed lupin genes, which were highly homologous to their legume counterparts. We identified 43 conserved miRNAs belonging to 16 families, and 13 novel narrow-leafed lupin-specific miRNAs using high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from foliar and root and five seed development stages. We observed up-regulation of members of the miRNA families miR167, miR399, miR156, miR319 and miR164 in narrow-leafed lupin seeds, and confirmed expression of miR156, miR166, miR164, miR1507 and miR396 using quantitative RT-PCR during five narrow-leafed lupin seed development stages. We identified potential targets for the conserved and novel miRNAs and were able to validate targets of miR399 and miR159 using 5' RLM-RACE. The conserved miRNAs are predicted to predominately target transcription factors and 93% of the conserved miRNAs originate from intergenic regions. In contrast, only 43% of the novel miRNAs originate from intergenic regions and their predicted targets were more functionally diverse. CONCLUSION: This study provides important insights into the miRNA gene regulatory networks during narrow-leafed lupin seed development.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Lupinus/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/genética , Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Variação Biológica da População , Biologia Computacional , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Duplicação Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Inativação Gênica , Genoma de Planta , Germinação/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMO
MAIN CONCLUSION: While plant irrigation usually increases yield, irrigation also affects seed characteristics with respect to endoreplication level, chemical composition, number of carbonyl bands, and cuticular wax profiles. Seeds of sweet varieties of the narrow-leaved lupin have good nutritional properties; however, these plants are sensitive to water deficit. Irrigation improves lupin yield, but can affect seed characteristics. The purpose of the study was to evaluate irrigation influence on lupin seed features and their chemical composition. Morphological analyses showed worse quality of seeds from the irrigated plants, with regard to their size and weight. This was confirmed by cytophotometric analyses which revealed a lower DNA content in the nuclei of cells from the apical and basal regions of the irrigated seeds. The lower degree of polyploidy of the nuclei entails lower cell sizes and limited space for storage components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that protein and cuticular wax profiles of the irrigated seeds were different from the control. The electrophoretic analyses indicated differences in protein profiles including changes in the proportion of lupin storage proteins. Among the various studied elements, only the nitrogen content decreased in the embryo axis of irrigated plants. Although germination dynamics of the irrigated seeds was higher, the seedlings' development rate was slightly lower than in the control. The hydrogen peroxide level in root meristem cells was higher during germination in the control suggesting its regulatory role in seed metabolism/signaling. Our study indicated that irrigation of lupin plant affected seed features and composition.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Lupinus/fisiologia , Sementes/fisiologia , Cotilédone/genética , Cotilédone/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cotilédone/fisiologia , Cotilédone/ultraestrutura , Endorreduplicação , Germinação , Lupinus/genética , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lupinus/ultraestrutura , Meristema/genética , Meristema/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meristema/fisiologia , Meristema/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Mitose , Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes , Plântula/genética , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/fisiologia , Plântula/ultraestrutura , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/ultraestrutura , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Cluster root (CR) is one of the most spectacular plant developmental adaptations to hostile environment. It can be found in a few species from a dozen botanical families, including white lupin (Lupinus albus) in the Fabaceae family. These amazing structures are produced in phosphate-deprived conditions and are made of hundreds of short roots also known as rootlets. White lupin is the only crop bearing CRs and is considered as the model species for CR studies. However, little information is available on CRs atypical development, including the molecular events that trigger their formation. To provide insights on CR formation, we performed an anatomical and cellular description of rootlet development in white lupin. Starting with a classic histological approach, we described rootlet primordium development and defined eight developmental stages from rootlet initiation to their emergence. Due to the major role of hormones in the developmental program of root system, we next focussed on auxin-related mechanisms. We observed the establishment of an auxin maximum through rootlet development in transgenic roots expressing the DR5:GUS auxin reporter. Expression analysis of the main auxin-related genes [TIR, Auxin Response Factor (ARF) and AUX/IAA] during a detailed time course revealed specific expression associated with the formation of the rootlet primordium. We showed that L. albus TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1b is expressed during rootlet primordium formation and that L. albus AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 is expressed in the vasculature but absent in the primordium itself. Altogether, our results describe the very early cellular events leading to CR formation and reveal some of the auxin-related mechanisms.