Lesiones en la lucha tradicional: el caso de la lucha leonesa (2005-2015) / Injuries in traditional wrestling: the leonese wrestling case study (2005-2015)

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la localización anatómica, el tipo y la gravedad de las lesiones ocurridas en las competiciones oficiales de las ligas de verano masculinas (2005-2015) de Lucha Leonesa. Al objeto de realizar un análisis más profundo, se tuvo en cuenta, el perfil del luchador. Se produjeron un total de 401 lesiones, siendo los luchadores de mayor nivel los que menos número de lesiones sufrieron. Las contusiones fueron las lesiones más frecuentes (41,4%) pero entre las graves fueron los esguinces (42,3%). Los miembros inferiores fueron la localización más frecuente en el total de lesiones (38,2%) y entre las graves (45,4%). La rodilla, el tórax y el hombro acumulaban casi la mitad de las lesiones y el 68% de las lesiones graves. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las características de las lesiones que se pueden observar en la lucha leonesa son similares a las de otros deportes de combate

This study aimed at describing the anatomical location, type and severity of the sport injuries observed during the Leonese Wrestling "masculine summer leagues" official tournaments (2005-2015). The wrestler’s profile was taken into account as a way to achieve a deep analysis. A total of 401 injuries were registered. The best wrestlers were the ones that suffered the least number of injuries. Contusions were the type of injuries more frequently registered (41.4%), while sprains were the most common cause of severe injury (42.3%). The most frequent anatomical location affected and the one in which a great number of severe injuries occurred were the lower limbs (38.2% and 45.4%). The knee, thorax, and shoulder accounted for almost half of the total injuries and represented 68% of the severe injuries. The obtained results suggest that Leonese Wrestling show a similar injury pattern to the one observed in other combat sports

Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Concerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts.

CONTEXT: Combat sports are typically divided into weight classes, and body-mass manipulation to reach a weight class is commonplace. Previous research suggests that weight loss practices in mixed martial arts (MMA) may be more extreme than in other combat sports. PURPOSE: To investigate the magnitude of weight loss and the prevalence of weight loss strategies in different combat sports. METHODS: Competitors (N = 637) from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing, judo, MMA, Muay Thai/kickboxing, taekwondo, and wrestling completed an online questionnaire seeking information regarding their weight loss practices. RESULTS: Body-mass manipulation was commonly undertaken by all combat-sport athletes, with a particularly high incidence of gradual dieting, increased exercise, and fluid restriction. Skipping meals was higher in taekwondo and wrestling (84%) compared with the other combat sports (∼58%), whereas training in heated rooms and forced oral fluid loss (spitting) was higher in wrestling (83% and 47%, respectively) compared with other combat sports (∼45% and ∼19%, respectively). MMA athletes reported the highest usage of sauna (76%) and water loading (67%) while also reporting the second-highest use of training in rubber/plastic suits (63%). CONCLUSIONS: Body-mass manipulation was present in all combat sports, with the prevalence and magnitude of acute weight loss greater in MMA. The incidence of and practices reported will help support staff be fully aware of the variety of methods these athletes and coaches may use to achieve weight loss. Additionally, the results could aid regulatory bodies in the further development of policies on weight cutting.

Weight Management Counseling for Wrestling Athletes.

Helping a wrestler manage body weight can be a daunting process for a pediatric health care provider. Each high school wrestling program has been mandated by the National Federation of State High School Associations to determine an appropriate weight classification for each individual wrestler. This article discusses how an appropriate weight class is determined, the methods for ascertaining a person's hydration status and body density, and the importance of a fully hydrated and normally nourished state that will allow for optimal athletic performance for a wrestler.

The effect of acute fluid consumption following exercise-induced fluid loss on hydration status, percent body fat, and minimum wrestling weight in wrestlers.

Acute fluid consumption (approximately 1 L) has been shown to reduce urine specific gravity (Usg) among subjects after an overnight fast, yet it is unknown if Usg may be reduced among subjects who have experienced exercise-induced fluid loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute fluid consumption on Usg, body mass, percent body fat (%BF), and minimum wrestling weight (MWW) following an exercise-induced fluid loss protocol. National Collegiate Athletic Association coaches' perceptions of the weight certification program (WCP) were also evaluated. Twelve men wrestlers (19.8 ± 1.14 years) were tested prepractice (PRE), postpractice (POST), and 1 hour after consuming 1 L of water (PFC). Percent body fat was measured by skinfolds (SF), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and multifrequency and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis to calculate MWW. Urine specific gravity measurements significantly increased above PRE (1.013 ± 0.006) at the POST (1.019 ± 0.007; p = 0.017) and PFC (1.022 ± 0.008; p = 0.025) assessments; however, POST and PFC were not significantly different (p = 0.978) from one another. The %BF values were similar (p > 0.05) at each assessment point when using SF and ADP. When compared with PRE, MWW significantly reduced at the POST assessment when using SF (67.2 ± 8.4 vs. 65.7 ± 8.2 kg; p < 0.001) and ADP (66.6 ± 9.1 vs. 64.8 ± 9.0 kg; p = 0.001), reflecting the reduction in body mass observed after exercise. Forty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association coaches completed the questionnaire and 2 central themes emerged: (a) concerns with the 1.5% weight loss plan and (b) wrestlers using strategies in an attempt to circumvent the WCP. Exercise-induced fluid loss followed by acute fluid consumption equal to 1 L was ineffective in reducing Usg.

Efecto de una modificación reglamentaria en la incidencia de lesiones en lucha leonesa / Rules modification effect's in incidence of injuries in lucha leonesa (leonesa wrestling)

ObjetivoConocer la incidencia de lesiones graves en la lucha leonesa y valorar el efecto en éstas de una modificación reglamentaria.Material y métodosEstudio de cohortes retrospectivas (2006–2007) y prospectivas (2008, reglamento modificado). Fueron incluidos todos los luchadores que compitieron en categoría senior (edad media 22±6,8 años) en la liga de invierno durante las temporadas 2006, 2007 y 2008. Las fuentes de información utilizadas fueron las actas de los corros, los partes de accidente y un cuestionario específico cumplimentado por entrevista dirigida a los luchadores. Se entendió como lesión grave cualquiera que se produjera durante el combate y tuviera como efecto una baja superior a 28 días. Se calculó la incidencia de lesiones graves por número de corro, luchadores, combates y caídas.ResultadosParticiparon en las tres temporadas un total de 143 luchadores varones. Se documentaron un total de 14 lesiones que afectaron a 13 luchadores. Las zonas anatómicas más afectadas fueron el hombro y la rodilla, y el tipo de lesión más frecuente observada fue el esguince, seguido de las contusiones y de las luxaciones. En el total de las temporadas estudiadas hubo una lesión grave cada 7 corros, se lesionó de gravedad uno de cada 36 luchadores y se produjo una lesión grave por cada 161 combates o 400 caídas. Se registraron 4 lesiones graves durante las temporadas 2006–2007 y ninguna durante la temporada 2008 (en la que se introdujo una modificación reglamentaria); las diferencias observadas en las incidencias no alcanzaron la significación estadística.ConclusionesLa lucha leonesa presenta una incidencia de lesiones similar a la de otros deportes de combate. El penalizar las sueltas y todas las caídas como enteras y mantener los combates a dos caídas parece ayudar a reducir la incidencia de lesiones graves. Sin embargo, se necesitan otros estudios con series temporales más largas que confirmen ese hallazgo(AU)

Aim: To determine the incidence of major injuries sustained in Leon’s wrestling and to evaluate the effect of rules modification on that incidence. Material and methods:This is a retrospective (2006–07) and prospective cohorts (2008, modified rules) study. All wrestlers (mean age 22±6,8 years) who took part in senior competition during winter seasons in 2006, 2007 and 2008, were included in the study. Data were obtained by means of competition records, accident reports and specific and personal questionnaires. Major injuries were considered when they took place while wrestling and as a result, the wrestlers were out of for more than 28 days. Incidence of major injuries was calculated with regard to the number of competitions, combats, takedowns and wrestlers.ResultsA total of 143 male wrestlers took part at least in one of the 3 seasons. 14 injuries were documented affecting to 13 wrestlers. The most frequently injured body regions were shoulder and knee, and the most frequent injuries were sprains followed by contusions and joint dislocations. In the total of analyzed seasons, a major injury was observed every 7 competitions, 161 combats and/or 400 takedowns; and one per 36 wrestlers suffered a major injury. Each of every 4 major injuries were registered during 2006 and 2007, and none during 2008, when a new rule was included. Some differences in the incidence of major injuries were observed, but none of them were statistically significant Conclusions: Leon’s wrestling shows and incidence of injuries similar to other combat sports. A reduction in the incidence of major injuries is observed when all there leases and the falls are interpreted as a ‘‘complete fall’’ and when the fight ends after two falls.However, longer studies are required in order to confirm these findings(AU)

Changes in body weight, body composition, and eating attitudes in high school wrestlers.

BACKGROUND: Many wrestlers engage in chronic dieting and rapid "weight cutting" throughout the year to compete in a category below their natural weight. Such weight-management practices have a negative influence on their health and nutritional status, so the National Wrestling Coaches Association implemented a new weight-management program for high school wrestlers in 2006. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether seasonal changes in weight, body fat, and eating attitudes occur among high school wrestlers after the implementation of the new weight-management rule. METHODS: Fifteen high school wrestlers participated in the study. Their weight, body composition, and eating attitudes were measured preseason, in-season, and off-season. Body fat was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Attitudes toward dieting, food, and body weight were assessed using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT). RESULTS: No significant changes in body fat were detected from preseason to off-season. Weight increased from preseason to in-season (p < .05) and off-season (p < .05). Although the EAT score did not change significantly from preseason to off-season, 60% reported "thinking about burning up calories when exercising" during preseason, and only 40% felt that way during the season (p < .05) and 47% during, off-season (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The wrestlers experienced a significant weight gain from preseason to off-season with no significant changes in body fat. Their eating attitudes did not change significantly from preseason to off-season in this study, but further research using a large sample of high school wrestlers is warranted to confirm these findings.

[Prevalence of oro-dental injuries in wrestling in Senegal]. / Prévalence des traumatismes bucco-dentaires dans la lutte avec frappe au Sénégal.

Wrestling is a sport that is deeply-rooted in Senegalese cultural values. It is a popular sport that comes from local traditions but that has been influenced by boxing. This influence has made wrestling evolve to include the practice of boxing without gloves. Howeve, this practice causes many traumas in the mouth and teeth. The general objective of this study is to determine the frequency of the traumas among wrestlers who practice this form of wrestling associated with boxing. The specific objectives are to appreciate the bucco-dental conditions of the wrestlers, to evaluate the frequency and nature of the traumas in the intention to make recommendations and offer perspectives. 63.2% of wrestlers have at least presented a buckle or dental trauma. 28.8% of bucco-dental traumas occur among young wrestlers between 25 and 30 years and, 22.4% relate to the group between 19 and 24 years. 24.8% of bucco-dental traumas occur among wrestlers of the first category, followed by these of the second category with 21.6%, the fourth category with the lowest rate, 4% being last. It has been noted that 60% of buck-dental traumas occur in championship matches. 77.2% of dental and bucco traumas affect the upper jaw while. 22.8% affect the lower jaw. Affect teeth are often the group incisivo-canin. The National committee for the Management of wrestling in Senegal should make mandation the wearing of adapted gloves to attenuate the impact of blows. The Committee could also ban the inclusion of boxing practices in traditional wrestling and make compulsory the wearing of teeth protect in devices to minimize cases of bucco-dental traumas.

Effects of a bout of traditional and original sumo training on neutrophil immune function in amateur university sumo wrestlers.

In order to examine in detail the influence on the neutrophil immune function in sumo wrestlers of performing traditional and original training we examined changes in the neutrophil immune function in 17 male amateur university sumo wrestlers (aged 20.2 +/- 1.5 years), before ('Pre') and after the training ('Post') for 2.5 h under fasting conditions. Assays included blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts, serum concentration of immunoglobulins, complements, myogenic enzymes and neutrophil oxidative burst activity (OBA) and phagocytic activity (PA). Myogenic enzymes, neutrophil counts, the ratio of neutrophil counts:leukocyte counts significantly increased and immunoglobulins and complements decreased in Post compared with Pre. There was a positive correlation between the change of neutrophil counts before and after the training and the change of creatine kinase (r = 0.667, p < 0.01). The Post OBA significantly increased and PA significantly decreased compared with Pre. It was concluded that sumo training causes muscular damage and an increase in the neutrophil count as a response. In this time, although OBA increased, PA decreased after training. Compensation between PA and reactive oxygen species production may exist to maintain the overall integrity of the neutrophil immune function.

Comparison of thoracic kyphosis in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants.

BACKGROUND: Freestyle and Greco-Roman are two types of wrestling that place the spine of athletes in different positions. Theoretically, it can be argued that this can lead to adverse effects on the spine and might be an important factor associated with changes in the degree of kyphosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the extent of thoracic kyphosis differs in two groups of elite wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants. METHODS: Sixty elite Iranian male wrestlers including 30 freestyle (mean (SD) age 23.5 (2.8) years, height 176 (7.1) cm and weight 77.8 (16.1) kg) and 30 Greco-Roman (age 23.9 (2.9) years, height 176 (4) cm and weight 80.1 (11.1) kg) wrestlers and 30 male non-athletes (age 23.3 (2.1) years, height 175 (8) cm and weight 75.2 (6.7) kg) were recruited. All wrestlers competed at international level with the Iranian national team or Iranian student national team. Each selected wrestler had to meet a minimum criterion of 5 years' wrestling. The degree of kyphosis was measured using a modified electrogoniometer. RESULTS: Mean (SD) kyphosis was 30 degrees (3.8), 24.3 degrees (3.7) and 27.4 degrees (3.2) for the freestyle, Greco-Roman style and non-athlete groups, respectively. A significant difference was found in mean kyphosis between all groups (p<0.05) with freestyle being the highest and Greco-Roman the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of kyphosis was highest in freestyle wrestling, followed by non-athletes and then Greco-Roman wrestlers. The extent of kyphosis was not influenced by years of training or age of starting wrestling.

The development of trunk muscles in male wrestlers assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this study was to compare the development of trunk musculature among Elite, Sub-elite, and Elite junior wrestlers. The performance level of these groups, ordered highest to lowest, is as follows: Elite (n = 20), Sub-elite (n = 25), and Elite junior (n = 39). A magnetic resonance imaging device was used to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the trunk muscles. The whole trunk muscle cross-sectional area (t-MCSA) of the Elite group was significantly larger than that of the Elite junior group (p < 0.05). The rectus abdominis muscle CSA of the Elite group was significantly larger than that of the Elite junior group (p < 0.01). The psoas major muscle CSA of the Elite group was significantly larger than that of the Elite junior group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the CSA of any of the trunk muscles between the Elite and Sub-elite groups. In conclusion, compared with Elite junior wrestlers, it is conceivable that a greater CSA of trunk flexors of Elite wrestlers is one factor which supports increased performance.

The new National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling weight certification program and sport-seasonal changes in body composition of college wrestlers.

Changes in body composition of college-age wrestlers (N = 21, 19.0 +/- 0.2 years of age, 8.2 +/- 0.6 years of experience) were studied throughout the season after implementation of the new National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) wrestling weight certification (WWC) program. Wrestlers were divided into 2 groups, starters (n = 10) and nonstarters (n = 11), based on the number of completed matches during the 1998-1999 season. Body density was measured via hydrostatic weighing, with residual volume determined via the nitrogen washout technique. Hydration was assessed by measuring specific gravity of urine (Usg). For body mass and fat-free mass (FFM), a significant difference in the pattern of change was found (p < 0.05), highlighted by a decrease in body mass (-3.0%, -2.5 kg, -5.8 lb) and a maintenance of FFM from preseason to peak season for the starters. The pattern of change over time was significantly different for refractometry Usg (p < 0.01) but not for the test strip Usg (p = 0.54). No significant interaction effects were seen for percentage of body fat or fat mass. Significant time main effects were found for percentage of body fat, body mass, fat mass, FFM, and refractometry Usg. Taken together, the results of this investigation demonstrate that collegiate wrestlers lose body mass but maintain FFM throughout the season, which may in part be associated with the new NCAA WWC program.

Hierarchical differences in body composition of professional Sumo wrestlers.

The body composition of 36 professional Sumo wrestlers and 39 collegiate male students were assessed densitometrically. The means of body weight, BMI and %fat for Sumo wrestlers were 117.1 kg, 36.5 and 26.2%, extraordinarily large compared with untrained men (p < 0.001). Results of the analysis of variance of divisions of Sumo wrestlers revealed significant differences in body weight, fat-free mass, fat mass, BMI, fat-free mass index (FFM/height2) and fat mass index (FM/height2). For the visual expression of the hierarchical differences of body composition, fat mass index and fat-free mass index of the wrestlers in various leagues were plotted on a body composition chart. Wrestlers in the Sekitori division had significantly larger fat-free mass index scores in comparison with wrestlers from the lower divisions who share a common area of the chart. The cut-off point of fat-free mass index which divided Sekitori wrestlers from other wrestlers is approximately 30 and this value may be one of the anthropometrical indications of whether or not a Sumo wrestler is destined to be successful.

Injuries in collegiate wrestling.

We evaluated the data of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System on collegiate wrestling with a focus on musculoskeletal injuries. Over 800,000 athlete-exposures during an 11-year period compose these data. Findings particular to wrestling and a comparison with other collegiate sports are included. Collegiate wrestling had a relatively high rate of injury at 9.6 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. It was second to spring football in total injury rate. Most injuries in this study were not serious, with 6.3% resulting in surgery and 37.6% resulting in a week or more off from wrestling. There was only one catastrophic, nonfatal injury. The knee, shoulder, and ankle were the most commonly injured regions, and injuries to them were often the more serious. Sprains, strains, and contusions were the most common injury types. Takedowns and sparring were the most common activities at the time of injury. Mechanism of injury was evaluated; rotation about a planted foot and contact with environmental objects were identified as areas needing further attention. Illegal action accounted for only 4.6% of injuries in competition. Competition had a significantly higher injury rate than practice, but the injury profiles of these two areas showed both to be equally important. The preseason and regular season had higher injury rates than the postseason, but, again, the injury profiles of these periods were similar. Injury percentages were similar among the 10 weight classes.