Sequelae of an undiagnosed unilateral congenital fixed anterior shoulder dislocation in a 40-year-old female.

Congenital shoulder dislocation is a rare condition. A review of the literature showed that 0.018-0.07% of newborns suffer from shoulder dislocations. There have been only few reports about this entity, clinic and radiologic features, treatment, and etiology of this condition remains unclear. We report a case of undiagnosed unilateral congenital fixed anterior shoulder dislocation in a 40-year-old female, which affected the day quality of life. Pediatrists and orthopaedic surgeons should know this rare condition and the importance of a proper diagnosis in the early childhood when an appropriate treatment could be performed.

Early combined neurosurgery and orthopaedic surgery in Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy.

Three cases are presented in which neurosurgical reconstruction of a Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy was combined with orthopaedic reconstruction of a posterior glenohumeral dislocation. The authors believe that a combined procedure is indicated if the neurological deficit meets the criteria for neural reconstruction and the complication of a posterior glenohumeral dislocation has occurred prior to nerve surgery. Two children with C5-6 lesions and a third child with a pan-plexus lesion obtained good shoulder function following the combined reconstruction.

[Shoulder dislocation in the newborn. Report of 12 cases and review of the literature]. / Die Schulterluxation beim Neugeborenen. Bericht über 12 Fälle und Literaturübersicht.

Shoulder dislocation in the newborn is a rare entity. Therefore, a therapeutic regimen does not exist. This retrospective clinical study (1967-2003) includes 9 newborns with 12 dislocations of the shoulder. The data focus in particular on the therapeutic strategy and its success. The position of the joint and its functionality were monitored with a questionnaire. Publications from 1904 to 2003 were reviewed and served for comparison. Results of calculations showed that 0.018-0.07% of newborns suffer from shoulder dislocations. The diagnosis was made on average at the age of 22 days. Our data include four cases each of congenital and paralytic and two cases each of spastic and traumatic shoulder dislocations. All of them were initially treated conservatively, but because of inadequate results one patient finally had to be operated. In the follow-up of 19.4 years, none of them developed a redislocation and all shoulder functions were suitable for daily life. We propose that patients primarily be treated conservatively; however, if therapy fails, surgery has to be performed.

[CT diagnosis in instability of the shoulder joint]. / CT-Diagnostik bei der Instabilität des Schultergelenkes.

CT is able to demonstrate the predisposing factors for recurrent and posttraumatic subluxation of the shoulder. In addition to demonstrating bony changes in the glenoid (Bankart lesion) and in the humeral head (Hill-Sachs lesion), CT can measure the degree of retroversion of the glenoid and torsion of the humerus. Measurements on 17 shoulders with habitual and 24 shoulders with recurrent posttraumatic subluxation showed low values for glenoid retroversion as compared with a control group. Particularly patients with habitual anterior subluxation frequently showed anteversion of the glenoid. Measurements of humeral torsion showed wide scatter amongst all groups, indicating wide biological variability. The results were compared with those published in the literature and the indications and limitations of CT for the investigation of shoulder instability are discussed.

Luxaçäo congênita de ombro / Congenital dislocation of the shoulder

A luxaçäo congenita de ombro é uma entidade näo comum. Apesar disso, há alguns escritos e relatos a esse respeito, todos deixando transparecer a dúvida entre o limite da verdadeira luxaçäo congênita de ombro e aquela associada a alguma outra anormalidade. Neste traalho, foi acompanhado e estudado um paciente com luxaçäo congênita bilateral de ombro, com a finalidade de procurar estabelecer o real conceito da patologia. Os autores concluíram, através de revisäo de literatura e acompanhamento do caso, que a luxaçäo congênita de ombro verdadeira é aquela em que há a quase constante bilateralidade; a absoluta ausência de lesöes neuromusculares associadas; a funcionalidade articular bem conservada, na qual a presença de frouxidäo capsuloligamentar permite ao ombro movimentos maiores e mais amplos que o normal, com conseqüente instabilidade da articulaçäo; o aplanamento da fossa glenóidea ao exame radiográfico; e a redutibilidade manual fácil da deformidade, que se reproduz imediatamente, uma vez o membro seja abandonado

True congenital dislocation of the shoulder.

Dislocation of the shoulder in infancy is an uncommon entity. Unlike the majority of reported cases, true congenital dislocation is present at birth and has no associated anomalies or injury. It appears to be related to in utero positioning. With appropriate immobilization in reduction, stability can be achieved, although development of the ossific nucleus of the proximal humerus is delayed as in congenital hip dislocation.

[Etiopathogenetic factors of congenital habitual shoulder joint dislocation]. / Atiopathogenetischer Faktor für die angeborene habituelle Schultergelenksluxation.

Six of 56 patients (10.7 per cent) surgically treated for anterior habitual and recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint exhibited congenital habitual dislocation. Surgery revealed agenesis of the anterior and upper parts of the capsular wall. The lower part of the capsular wall was used for reconstruction.

Congenital contracture of the infraspinous muscle. A case report.

Posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint and a posterior, winged scapular deformity have been reported in a patient with congenital contracture of the infraspinous muscle. The present case was successfully treated by resection of the contracted band within the infraspinous muscle, glenoid osteotomy, reverse Putti-Platt, and resection of the protruding part of the scapula. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of congenital contracture of the infraspinous muscle. The pathogenesis of the deformity in this case is discussed.

A long-term review of children with congenital and acquired upper limb deficiency.

A long-term review of 131 children fitted with upper limb prostheses at the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre between 1965 and 1975 is reported. There were 116 children with congenital deficiencies and 15 who had had amputations. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 17 years. A total of 42 children had abandoned their prostheses, 37 of whom had congenital deformities and five were amputees. The level of deficiency was of fundamental importance in determining whether the prosthesis would be accepted; in the forearm, the longer the stump, the more likely it was that the child would discard the prosthesis. Overall, 50 per cent of children fitted over the age of two years abandoned their prostheses compared with only 22 per cent of patients who had been fitted before the age of two years. The highest drop-out rate was at the age of 13 years when the children became more conscious of their cosmetic appearance. Suggestions for reducing the high drop-out rate in the early teens are put forward.

Congenital abduction contracture with dislocation of the shoulder in children: report of two cases.

Isolated congenital contracture of the deltoid muscle in children is uncommon. There are no reports in the literature of such cases associated with anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Two young girls with deltoid contracture and associated dislocation of the shoulder are reported.

[Congenital shoulder dysplasia and luxation]. / Congenitalis vállízületi dysplasia és luxatio

In connection with the demonstration of their cases the congenital dysplasia and luxation of the shoulder are discussed. The theories in respect of the pathogenesis of this rare clinical picture, the differential diagnosis as well as the therapeutical possibilities are resumed.