Verbal interaction patterns in the clinical context: A model of how people change in therapy / Patrones de interacción verbal en el contexto clínico: un modelo de cómo la gente cambia en terapia

BACKGROUND: The paper 'Why do people change in therapy? A preliminary study' (2006), published in this journal, led to the beginning of a line of research based on observational methodology and aimed at the clarification of the therapeutic process. Throughout these years, significant progress has been made towards an explanation of clinical change. In this paper, a synthesis of this line of research is presented, along with a series of conclusions that can, to some extent, provide an answer to the questions we posed in the aforementioned first paper. METHOD: Verbal behavior both of therapist and client was coded for 92 clinical sessions using the Verbal Behavior Interaction Category System (SISC-INTER-CVT). Descriptive and sequential analyses of the observations were then performed. RESULTS: The data show the existence of certain patterns of verbal interaction that are related to the clinically relevant activities undertaken by the therapist, from which a model for verbal interaction in the clinical context was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The functional analysis of the therapist-client verbal interaction is essential for the comprehension of the processes that explain clinical change as well as for the improvement of the quality of psychological therapy

ANTECEDENTES: el artículo publicado en esta revista '¿Por qué la gente cambia en terapia? Un estudio preliminar' (2006) supuso el inicio de una línea de investigación basada en metodología observacional, dirigida a clarificar el proceso terapéutico. A lo largo de estos años han sido grandes los avances en la explicación del cambio clínico. En este artículo se presenta una síntesis de esta línea de investigación, aportando una serie de conclusiones que, en cierta medida, dan respuesta a muchos de los interrogantes que presentábamos en ese primer trabajo al que hacíamos referencia. MÉTODO: se registró la conducta verbal de terapeutas y clientes en 92 sesiones clínicas, mediante el sistema de categorización de la interacción de la conducta verbal en terapia (SISC- INTER- CVT). A continuación, se realizó un análisis descriptivo y secuencial de las observaciones. RESULTADOS: los datos mostraron la existencia de ciertos patrones de interacción verbal, relacionados con las actividades clínicamente relevantes desempeñadas por el terapeuta, a partir de los cuales se desarrolló un modelo de interacción verbal en el contexto clínico. CONCLUSIONES: el análisis funcional de la interacción verbal terapeuta-cliente resulta imprescindible para comprender los procesos que explican el cambio clínico y aumentar la calidad de la terapia psicológica

[Ethics and occupational physicians: ethics and mission required for occupational physicians].

The ethics of occupational physicians are considered from the following three viewpoints: (1) their legal standing and ethics in job execution; (2) ethics in research in occupational medicine; and (3) ethics in the 21st century and fundamental issues. We discuss: in (1), the contract types of occupational physicians and their independency and neutrality, the protection of health information and privacy, and the use of authority and the security measures; in (2), ethical standards of medical research in Japanese and international organizations, the significance and role of ethics committees, and issues characteristic of occupational health research; and in (3), occupational physicians and politic ethics, the practical abilities and ethics necessary for occupational physicians, and the practice and philosophy of occupational medicine as an art. These considerations suggest that occupational physicians, who have a special status based on the governmental policy of the occupational physician system, should develop an ethical consciousness at the core of their duties and perform their mission with responsibility to employees and employers, all of whom are Japanese citizens. Finally, we propose that the ultimate mission of occupational physicians is "to practice occupational medicine as a branch of the humanities."