MEASUREMENT OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE USING REBOUND TONOMETRY IN ANESTHETIZED PERUVIAN FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS) FROM PUNTA SAN JUAN, PERU.

Ocular disease in pinnipeds under human care is well described, and intraocular pressure (IOP) can be impacted by a variety of ophthalmic conditions. Species-specific reference parameters from clinically normal animals are instrumental for understanding how ophthalmic diseases may impact ocular pressures. IOP measurements were obtained using rebound tonometry from free-ranging Peruvian fur seals (Arctocephalus australis unnamed subspecies) at Punta San Juan, Peru, over a 6-yr period (2010-2016). Retrospective data obtained from 108 (81 adults and 27 neonates comprising 69 females and 39 males) anesthetized fur seals with normal anterior segment ophthalmic examinations was included in the analysis. Differences in IOP from each eye were compared to categorical variables (age, year, sex, restraint) using an independent-samples t test. All univariate results with a significance of P < 0.05 were included in multivariate analysis. Of the 13 general linear models evaluated, the top two for both the right and the left eye included age class when all variables were evaluated simultaneously. Neonates had significantly lower IOP values than adults in both the right eye (17.5 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.0-21.1 mm Hg compared to 33.5 mm Hg; 95% CI: 31.0-36.1 mm Hg, respectively) and the left eye (18.4 mm Hg; 95% CI: 14.4-22.5 mm Hg compared to 32.3 mm Hg; 95% CI: 29.3-35.3 mm Hg, respectively). Anesthesia method was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This is the first report of normal IOP measurements for any fur seal species. Described data can be used to improve diagnosis and management of ocular alterations in pinnipeds.

Use of testicular tone and echogenicity in identifying boars with low sperm quality / Uso de tônus e ecogenicidade testiculares na identificação de reprodutores suínos com baixa qualidade espermática

This study aimed to evaluate the use of some testicular traits to identify boars with low sperm morphological quality. The consistency (scores from 1 to 5), tone with tonometry (mm), parenchyma echogenicity and heterogeneity with ultrasound (pixel) were assessed in 402 mature boars (18.5 months on average). Sperm abnormality thresholds (≤ 25% of total sperm abnormalities, ≤ 5% of heads, acrosome, neck or midpiece defects, ≤ 10% tail defects, and 15% cytoplasmic droplets) were used to classify boars as approved or disapproved. Three classes of testicular traits were formed (extremely low and high values, approximately 15% each, were kept in separated classes). When the traits were individually evaluated, fewer boars were approved if the echogenicity or heterogeneity were high, or if the tone was rigid. When evaluated in combination, the interaction between heterogeneity and tone, and between heterogeneity and echogenicity were significant. The high heterogeneity combined with soft tone or with hypo-echogenicity resulted in lower approval of boars. Tonometry and ultrasonography have a moderate potential to be included in breeding soundness examination of boars. When combined, they provide more reliable information about the impact of testicular parenchymal alterations on morphology of sperm cells.(AU)

O estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de características testiculares para identificar reprodutores com baixa qualidade de morfologia espermática. A consistência (escore de 1 a 5), o tônus por tonometria (mm), a ecogenicidade e a heterogeneidade do parênquima testicular por ultrassonografia (pixel) foram avaliados em 402 machos suínos maduros (18,5 meses, em média). Limiares máximos de anormalidades espermáticas (≤ 25% de defeitos totais, ≤ 5% de defeitos de cabeça, acrossoma, colo e peça intermediária, ≤ 10% de defeitos de cauda e 15% de gota citoplasmática) foram utilizados para classificar os machos como aprovados ou reprovados. Três classes de características testiculares foram formadas (valores extremamente baixos e altos, aproximadamente 15% em cada, foram mantidos em classes separadas). Quando as características testiculares foram avaliadas individualmente, menos machos foram aprovados se a ecogenicidade ou a heterogeneidade foram altas, ou se o tônus era rígido. Quando avaliadas em combinação, a interação entre heterogeneidade e tônus e a interação entre heterogeneidade e ecogenicidade foram significativas. A alta heterogeneidade combinada com testículos flácidos ou com testículos hipoecogênicos resultou em menor aprovação de cachaços. A tonometria e a ultrassonografia possuem potencial moderado para serem incluídas no exame andrológico de cachaços. Quando combinadas, as técnicas fornecem uma informação mais consistente do impacto das alterações do parênquima testicular na morfologia das células espermáticas.(AU)

Use of testicular tone and echogenicity in identifying boars with low sperm quality / Uso de tônus e ecogenicidade testiculares na identificação de reprodutores suínos com baixa qualidade espermática

This study aimed to evaluate the use of some testicular traits to identify boars with low sperm morphological quality. The consistency (scores from 1 to 5), tone with tonometry (mm), parenchyma echogenicity and heterogeneity with ultrasound (pixel) were assessed in 402 mature boars (18.5 months on average). Sperm abnormality thresholds (≤ 25% of total sperm abnormalities, ≤ 5% of heads, acrosome, neck or midpiece defects, ≤ 10% tail defects, and 15% cytoplasmic droplets) were used to classify boars as approved or disapproved. Three classes of testicular traits were formed (extremely low and high values, approximately 15% each, were kept in separated classes). When the traits were individually evaluated, fewer boars were approved if the echogenicity or heterogeneity were high, or if the tone was rigid. When evaluated in combination, the interaction between heterogeneity and tone, and between heterogeneity and echogenicity were significant. The high heterogeneity combined with soft tone or with hypo-echogenicity resulted in lower approval of boars. Tonometry and ultrasonography have a moderate potential to be included in breeding soundness examination of boars. When combined, they provide more reliable information about the impact of testicular parenchymal alterations on morphology of sperm cells.(AU)

O estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de características testiculares para identificar reprodutores com baixa qualidade de morfologia espermática. A consistência (escore de 1 a 5), o tônus por tonometria (mm), a ecogenicidade e a heterogeneidade do parênquima testicular por ultrassonografia (pixel) foram avaliados em 402 machos suínos maduros (18,5 meses, em média). Limiares máximos de anormalidades espermáticas (≤ 25% de defeitos totais, ≤ 5% de defeitos de cabeça, acrossoma, colo e peça intermediária, ≤ 10% de defeitos de cauda e 15% de gota citoplasmática) foram utilizados para classificar os machos como aprovados ou reprovados. Três classes de características testiculares foram formadas (valores extremamente baixos e altos, aproximadamente 15% em cada, foram mantidos em classes separadas). Quando as características testiculares foram avaliadas individualmente, menos machos foram aprovados se a ecogenicidade ou a heterogeneidade foram altas, ou se o tônus era rígido. Quando avaliadas em combinação, a interação entre heterogeneidade e tônus e a interação entre heterogeneidade e ecogenicidade foram significativas. A alta heterogeneidade combinada com testículos flácidos ou com testículos hipoecogênicos resultou em menor aprovação de cachaços. A tonometria e a ultrassonografia possuem potencial moderado para serem incluídas no exame andrológico de cachaços. Quando combinadas, as técnicas fornecem uma informação mais consistente do impacto das alterações do parênquima testicular na morfologia das células espermáticas.(AU)

Tonometria da artéria femoral em cães saudáveis e com doença valvar mitral degenerativa crônica / Tonometry of the femoral artery in healthy dogs and in those with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease

A tonometria de aplanação é um método capaz de aferir a pressão sanguínea dentro de uma artéria. Além de especulações sobre a razão das variações de amplitude as ondas de pulso femoral em cães com doença degenerativa valvar mitral crônica (DVMDC), em medicina, já está demonstrado que muitos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca em pessoas são atribuíveis a anormalidades funcionais vasculares periféricas e não estão muito associados com parâmetros hemodinâmicos centrais. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da tonometria vascular em cães e avaliar as medidas de pressão na artéria femoral de cães saudáveis e compará-las com as de cães com regurgitação mitral devido a DVMDC. Além disso, os parâmetros tonométricos foram correlacionados com índices cardíacos obtidos pela ecocardiografia. Os dados foram obtidos de 10 cães saudáveis e de 10 cães com DVMDC com regurgitação mitral à ecocardiografia. Observou-se que o período de pré-condução da onda de pulso foi significantemente menor nos animais com DVMDC do que nos saudáveis. Houve uma forte correlação entre a pressão sistólica da artéria femoral com parâmetros determinantes da função sistólica do coração, nos animais saudáveis. A tonometria por aplanação da artéria femoral foi uma técnica aplicável em cães

Applanation tonometry is a method capable of measuring blood pressure in an artery. In addition to speculation about the reason for the variations in amplitude of femoral pulse waves in dogs with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease (CDMVD), in medicine, it has been demonstrated that many symptoms of heart failure in people are attributable to peripheral vascular functional abnormalities, and they are not highly associated with central hemodynamic parameters. Thus, this study aimed to verify the applicability of the vascular tonometry in dogs, to evaluate the pressure measures of the femoral artery in healthy dogs, and compare them with those of dogs with mitral regurgitation due to CDMVD. Moreover, the parameters established for tonometry were correlated with cardiac index obtained by echocardiography. For this, the data were obtained from 10 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with CDMVD with mitral regurgitation on echocardiography. We observed that the pre-conduction period of the femoral pulse wave was significantly lower in CDMVD than in healthy animals. There was a strong correlation between systolic pressure of the femoral artery with determining parameters of cardiac systolic function in healthy animals. The applanation tonometry of the femoral artery was an applicable technique in dogs

Tonometria da artéria femoral em cães saudáveis e com doença valvar mitral degenerativa crônica / Tonometry of the femoral artery in healthy dogs and in those with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease

A tonometria de aplanação é um método capaz de aferir a pressão sanguínea dentro de uma artéria. Além de especulações sobre a razão das variações de amplitude as ondas de pulso femoral em cães com doença degenerativa valvar mitral crônica (DVMDC), em medicina, já está demonstrado que muitos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca em pessoas são atribuíveis a anormalidades funcionais vasculares periféricas e não estão muito associados com parâmetros hemodinâmicos centrais. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da tonometria vascular em cães e avaliar as medidas de pressão na artéria femoral de cães saudáveis e compará-las com as de cães com regurgitação mitral devido a DVMDC. Além disso, os parâmetros tonométricos foram correlacionados com índices cardíacos obtidos pela ecocardiografia. Os dados foram obtidos de 10 cães saudáveis e de 10 cães com DVMDC com regurgitação mitral à ecocardiografia. Observou-se que o período de pré-condução da onda de pulso foi significantemente menor nos animais com DVMDC do que nos saudáveis. Houve uma forte correlação entre a pressão sistólica da artéria femoral com parâmetros determinantes da função sistólica do coração, nos animais saudáveis. A tonometria por aplanação da artéria femoral foi uma técnica aplicável em cães(AU)

Applanation tonometry is a method capable of measuring blood pressure in an artery. In addition to speculation about the reason for the variations in amplitude of femoral pulse waves in dogs with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease (CDMVD), in medicine, it has been demonstrated that many symptoms of heart failure in people are attributable to peripheral vascular functional abnormalities, and they are not highly associated with central hemodynamic parameters. Thus, this study aimed to verify the applicability of the vascular tonometry in dogs, to evaluate the pressure measures of the femoral artery in healthy dogs, and compare them with those of dogs with mitral regurgitation due to CDMVD. Moreover, the parameters established for tonometry were correlated with cardiac index obtained by echocardiography. For this, the data were obtained from 10 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with CDMVD with mitral regurgitation on echocardiography. We observed that the pre-conduction period of the femoral pulse wave was significantly lower in CDMVD than in healthy animals. There was a strong correlation between systolic pressure of the femoral artery with determining parameters of cardiac systolic function in healthy animals. The applanation tonometry of the femoral artery was an applicable technique in dogs(AU)

Use of gastric balloon manometry for estimation of intra-abdominal pressure in horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Standing laparoscopic procedures, facilitated by abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide, are being employed to an increasingly greater extent in horses. However, a sustained increase in abdominal pressure may be life-threatening. A practical method for intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) assessment is imperative. Although indirect methods for estimating IAP have been extensively studied in man, little work has been performed in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the utility of gastric manometry for purposes of evaluating IAP in horses. METHODS: Gastric pressure (P(ga) ) was estimated by balloon manometry in 8 healthy, mature horses, before and during a 30 min passive pneumoperitoneum induced by right paralumbar puncture. The balloon manometer was positioned within the gastric lumen and inflated using 2 separate volumes of air: 10 and 50 ml. P(ga) Gastric pressure was determined at baseline (0) and 5, 15 and 30 min after induction of passive pneumoperitoneum. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured directly by right paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle at baseline and immediately following establishment of passive pneumoperitoneum. RESULTS: Baseline IAP values were negative and increased (P≤0.05) during development of passive pneumoperitoneum. However, recorded P(ga) measurements for both inflation volumes were positive before (baseline) and during the course of the passive pneumoperitoneum. Measured P(ga) values did not correlate with IAP at any time. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Our results suggest that the indirect method used in human patients for estimating IAP by P(ga) is not applicable for horses.

Evaluation of the Perkins handheld applanation tonometer in horses and cattle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the accuracy of the Perkins handheld applanation tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses and cattle. Both eyes of 10 adult horses and cattle were evaluated in a postmortem study. The eyes from 10 clinically normal adult horses and cattle were also examined after bilateral auriculopalpebral nerve block and topical anesthesia for an in vivo study. IOP was measured postmortem using direct manometry (measured with an aneroid manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins handheld applanation tonometer). The correlation coefficients (r(2)) for the data from the postmortem manometry and Perkins tonometer study were 0.866 for horses and 0.864 for cattle. In the in vivo study, IOP in horses was 25.1 ± 2.9 mmHg (range 19.0~30.0 mmHg) as measured by manometry and 23.4 ± 3.2 mmHg (range 18.6~28.4 mmHg) according to tonometry. In cattle, IOP was found to be 19.7 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 18.0~22.0 mmHg) by manometry and 18.8 ± 1.7 mmHg (range 15.9~20.8 mmHg) by tonometry. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the tonometer in both horses and cattle. Our results demonstrate that the Perkins handheld tonometer could be an additional tool for accurately measuring IOP in equine and bovine eyes.

Tonometry in adult yellow-footed tortoises (Geochelone denticulata).

OBJECTIVE: To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in adult yellow-footed tortoises using applanation tonometry. ANIMALS: Fifteen healthy adult captive yellow-footed tortoises (eight males and seven females). PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressures were estimated for tortoises by using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. Body length, measured from nuchal to anal scutes, ranged from 27.5 to 57.2 cm. Five measurements from each eye were obtained by a single observer in an ambient temperature of approximately 30 degrees C. RESULTS: Mean +/- SEM IOP of 30 eyes of 15 yellow-footed tortoises was 14.2 +/- 1.2 mmHg. Range of IOP was 6-30 mmHg for tortoises. Significant differences were detected neither between right and left eyes (P = 0.357) of individual tortoises, nor between males and females (P = 0.524). Observer's readability was good (intraclass coefficient = 0.65), and IOP did not change over the ordered five measurements. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in IOP between males and females in this specie. Tonometry values for normal eyes may represent a useful diagnostic methodology for recognition and treatment of ocular diseases in reptiles.

Padronizaçäo dos valores do "teste da lágrima de Schirmer modificado" e da "tonometria de identaçäo pelo método de Schiotz", em cäes da regiäo de Jaboticabal - SP - Brasil / Standardization of the values of the \"Schirmer tear test\" modificated and of the \"Schiotz tonometry indentation\" from dogs of the region of Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (KCS) e o glaucoma constituem afecçöes frequentes em Medicina Veterinária e podem ser diagnosticadas através do "Teste da Lágrima de Schirmer" e da "Tonometria de Schiotz", respectivamente. Para tal, necessita-se conhecer os valores próprios de cada regiäo, uma vez que os mesmos estäo sujeitos a interferências ambientais. Estudaram-se 50 cäes adultos, com e sem raça definida, considerados sadios, junto ao Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário da FCAV - UNESP de Jaboticabal. Para o "Teste de Lágrima de Schirmer", os procedimentos consistiram na aplicaçäo de tira de papel de filtro (Melitta R) junto ao saco conjuntival inferior por 1 minuto e avaliaçäo em régua milimetrada do segmento da tira hidratada pela lágrima. Para o procedimento restante, as manobras incluíram contençäo apropriada e aplicaçäo do tonômetro de Schiotz sobre o centro da córnea, previamente dessensibilizada com colírio anestésico. Os resultados mostraram valores médios de 17,01 mm mais ou menos 4,28 para o "Teste da Lágrima de Schirmer", 29,15 mmHg mais ou menos 4,60 para a "Tonometria de Schiotz"