Breast-Conserving Surgery in Patients With Mammary Paget's Disease.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze the association between Paget's disease (PD) and breast cancer (BC) subtypes and compare the effect of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as a local treatment with mastectomy for PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of patients with histologic type International Classification of Diseases-0-3 8540-8543 who were treated from 1973 to 2014 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database of the National Cancer Institute. A chi-square test was used to identify differences in categorical data among different groups. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards models, sequential landmark analysis, and propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS: The study cohort included 5398 patients. Triple-negative BC accounted for the fewest patients with PD-only (1/22, 4.54%), Paget's disease-ductal carcinoma in situ (PD-DCIS) (3/48, 6.25%), and Paget's disease-invading ductal carcinoma (PD-IDC) (23/352, 6.53%). According to the results of the log-rank test and Cox analysis, the 10-year OS rates were similar for the BCS and mastectomy subgroups among patients with PD-DCIS or PD-IDC. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in survival benefits among the different surgeries after propensity score matching. Landmark analyses for OS of patients with PD-DCIS or PD-IDC surviving more than 1, 3, and 5 y showed no significant differences in survival. There were statistical differences in 10-year OS rates for patients with PD-DCIS or PD-IDC who underwent radiation therapy, or not, following BCS (both, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with PD-DCIS or PD-IDC, breast conservation therapy with lumpectomy and radiation is an effective local treatment strategy, compared with mastectomy.

[Evolving strategies over time for treatment of breast cancer]. / Cancers du sein : évolution des grands concepts thérapeutiques.

The natural history of breast diseases has changed overtime and successive therapeutic strategies have been adapted accordingly. Recently, biological findings on geno- and phenotypic characteristics of tumor cells offer new basis for the development of treatments that target homogenous and various subtypes of breast cancer. Unfortunately, traditional clinical research tools are not in phase with rapid changes in both biological knowledge of the disease and new targeted agents. New methodological approaches are urgently needed to validate such changes and improvements in prognosis.

New surgical trends in breast cancer treatment: conservative interventions and oncoplastic breast surgery.

AIM: From radical mastectomy by Halstedt to quadrantectomy by Veronesi, surgical treatment of breast cancer has become more and more conservative in order to preserve women quality of life. We analyzed the evolution of breast interventions through a nine-year period. METHODS: We collected data about all breast surgery interventions performed between 2002 and 2010 in our Department Of Surgery, focusing on patients' age, tumor histology, TNM classification, hormonal status, intervention radicality on the breast and axilla, and eventual plastic surgery. Data were analyzed by R (version 2.14.2), considering significant P<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 3320 breast surgery interventions were performed on 2300 patients. Absolute yearly number of interventions has strongly increased with the introduction of the mammography screening (291 to 430). Conservative breast surgery (55% to 62%) and skin-sparing mastectomy (1% to 8%) have been performed more frequently in premenopausal patients, and significantly increased in time, with a consequent decrease of classical radical mastectomy (38 to 15%) but an increase of margins widening after primary surgery (2% to 6%). Sentinel lymph node biopsy is mostly replacing complete axillary lymph node dissection (93% to 31%). Skin-glandular reshaping progressively increased (up to 20%) as also breast reconstruction (23% to 40%), which since 2008 has been performed also in women older than 75 years, while flaps have been used in strictly selected patients. CONCLUSION: Conservative surgery represents the target of current breast cancer treatment where possible, and skin-sparing mastectomy an interesting alternative to classical one when radicality is required. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has replaced complete axillary lymph node dissection by clinically negative nodal status. Breast reshaping and reconstruction are increasing in every age group, including women older than 75 years.

Surgical management of the breast: breast conservation therapy and mastectomy.

The twentieth century has witnessed dramatic changes in the surgical management of breast cancer. Herein we focus on the evolution of breast conservation surgery and current surgical trends of lumpectomy, mastectomy and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Margin analysis, specimen localization and processing, and the benefits of magnetic resonance imaging remain controversial. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can offer prognostic information and aid in surgical planning while radiation therapy continues to reduce the risk of local recurrence after breast conserving surgery. Despite these advances, mastectomy remains a popular choice for many women and the use of nipple sparing procedures is increasing. Overall the low rates of local recurrence are attributed to the combination of surgery and targeted adjuvant and radiation therapies.

Breast cancer management: past, present and evolving.

Breast cancer is known from ancient time,and the treatment strategy evolved as our understanding of the disease changed with time. In 460 BC Hippocrates described breast cancer as a humoral disease and presently after a lot of studies breast cancer is considered as a local disease with systemic roots. For most of the twentieth century Halsted radical mastectomy was the "established and standardized operation for cancer of the breast in all stages, early or late". New information about tumor biology and its behavior suggested that less radical surgery might be just as effective as the more extensive one. Eventually, with the use of adjuvant therapy likeradiation and systemic therapy, the extent of surgical resection in the breast and axilla got reduced further and led to an era of breast conservation. The radiation treatment of breast cancer has evolved from 2D to 3D Conformal and to accelarated partial breast irradiation, aiming to reduce normal tissue toxicity and overall treatment time. Systemic therapy in the form of hormone therapy, chemotherapy and biological agents is now a well-established modality in treatment of breast cancer. The current perspective of breast cancer management is based on the rapidly evolving and increasingly integrated study on the genetic, molecular , biochemical and cellular basis of disease. The challenge for the future is to take advantage of this knowledge for the prediction of therapeutic outcome and develop therapies and rapidly apply more novel biologic therapeutics.

Sobrevida con mastectomía radical en cáncer de mama invasor / Survival in radical mastectomy for invasive breast cancer

Objetivos: Comparar las tasas de sobrevida a largo plazo según diversas factores clínico-patológicos y terapéuticos y determinar las tasas de sobrevida y recurrencia decenal luego de mastectomía radical clásica (MRC) y mastectomía radical modificada (MRM). Material y métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de 72 pacientes con carcinoma de mama invasor operable con axila negativa (n igual 38) o positiva (n igual 34), tratadas con MRC (n igual 57) o MRM (n igual 15) en el Hospital Belén, Trujillo, Perú, desde el 1º de enero de 1966 al 31 de diciembre de 1995. Resultados: La edad media fue 47,6 más menos 9,5 años (límites, 30 a 70 años). El tiempo medio de enfermedad fue 9 meses (límites, 0,3 a 156 meses). Los síntomas o signos más frecuentes fueron presencia del tumor (100 por ciento) y dolor mamario (37,5 por ciento). Las tasas de sobrevida decenal en las pacientes tratadas con MRC y MRM, según el método actuarial de Kaplan-Meier, fueron 58 por ciento y 54 por ciento, respectivamente (p igual NS). No Hubo diferencia significativa en la tasa de sobrevida decenal entre el grupo de MRC y MRM al considerar el tamaño tumoral, número de ganglios regionales positivos, nivel axilar comprometido, estadio patológico y tipo de tratamiento. En las pacientes con ganglios axilares negativos hubo una mejora significativa en la sobrevida decenal cuando fueron tratadas con MRC que con MRM (68 por ciento contra 38 por ciento, p menor 0,05). Las tasas decenales de recurrencia local, regional y a distancia en el grupo de MRC, fueron 21 por ciento y 24,6 por ciento, respectivamente, mientras que el grupo de MRM las tasas decenales de recurrencia local, regional y a distancia fueron 13,3 por ciento 10 por ciento y 26,7 por ciento, respectivamente (p igual NS). Conclusiones: En pacientes con carcinoma de mama operable, la sobrevida decenal es similar cuando éstas son tratadas con MRC y MRM; sin embargo en las pacientes con ganglios axilares negativos, la sobrevida decenal es influida favorablemente por la MRC.

[Changes in radical surgery of breast carcinoma in the last 20 years]. / Wandel der Radikaloperation des Mamma-Carcinoms in den letzten 20 Jahren.

UNLABELLED: The retrospective analysis of 383 female patients with breast cancer of all tumor stages from the department of surgery (323 patients since 1979) and the department of gynaecology (58 patients since 1993) shows the abandonment of the radical mastectomy according to Rotter-Halsted (116 patients until 1989), acceptance of the modified radical mastectomy (178 patients since 1979) and introduction and rise of the breast conserving operations (67 patients since 1983). In 1992 there was an extension of breast conservation treatment from T1 N0 to T2 N1-2 tumors (tumor diameter till 4 cm). Operation technique: 1. Circular incision above the tumor, 2. tumor excision in histologically healthy tissue, 3. lower axillary dissection (level I and II with > or = 10 lymph nodes), 4. no suture of the gland and drainage without suction, 5. postoperative computerised high energy radiotherapy of the conserved breast (Clinic of radiotherapy of the University of Leipzig). Because of the high operation risk a simple mastectomy without axillary dissection was performed in 22 of 383 patients. RESULTS: 3 of 383 patients died = 0.78% postoperatively due to tumor independent complications. One local tumor recurrence was observed 6 years after breast conserving therapy in 25 patients operated until 1992. In 42 patients operated since 1993 a tumor recurrence did not occur so far. The 5-year-survival-rate in 153 patients of all tumor stages amounted to 64%, in node-negative patients 80.3%, in node positive patients 51.7%. RECOMMENDATIONS: Breast conservation will be always recommended if the relation between tumor diameter and breast volume permits a cosmetic attractive result.

Breast cancer surgery: a century after Halsted.

In the early years of this century prevailing currents of medical opinion led to the imposition of surgery even more aggressive than the radical mastectomy proposed by Halsted to treat breast cancer. More recently breast conservation surgery has become established but is always flanked by additional local treatment, and often by systemic therapy. Studies conducted in Milan were the first to demonstrate that conservative surgery plus an adjuvant therapy such as radiotherapy is efficacious in treating small-size breast cancer. As the year 2000 approaches it has become clear that breast cancer is curable in a high proportion of cases and attention is turning to improving the aesthetic outcome of the surgery, and to investigating the biological and genetic factors that influence the disease.

Treating early-stage breast cancer: hospital characteristics associated with breast-conserving surgery.

Despite growing acceptance of the fact that women with early-stage breast cancer have similar outcomes with lumpectomy plus radiation as with mastectomy, many studies have revealed the uneven adoption of such breast-conserving surgery. Discharge data from the Hospital Cost and Utilization Project, representing multiple payers, locations, and hospital types, demonstrate increasing trends in breast-conserving surgery as a proportion of breast cancer surgeries from 1981 to 1987. Women with axillary node involvement were less likely to have a lumpectomy, even though consensus recommendations do not preclude this form of treatment when local metastases are present. Non-White race, urban hospital location, and hospital teaching were associated with an increased likelihood of having breast-conserving surgery.

Changing patterns in the treatment of early breast cancer: a historical perspective and a review of changing local trends.

Over the past 50 years, a variety of surgical procedures have been advocated for the treatment of operable breast cancer, ranging from local excision to supraradical mastectomy. Today, the surgical treatment of breast cancer remains highly contentious. We review the historical development of breast cancer surgery and analyse the available evidence supporting conservative procedures. We also express our opinions on the treatment of early breast cancer and illustrate the changing patterns of surgery with our experience at National University Hospital.

[Reduction of functional inoperability in patients with breast cancer]. / Snizhenie funktsional'noi neoperabel'nosti u bol'nykh rakom molochnoi zhelezy.

The somatic condition of patients with breast cancer was assessed. Preoperative correction and intraoperative control owing to which 90 percent of the patients could radically be operated on were considered. Only 5 percent of the elderly patients were operated on palliatively in view of the correction failure. Thus as a result of the goal-oriented preoperative preparation none of the patients with breast cancer was dented surgery according to functional contraindications. The elderly age was not related to the surgery denial or its scope restriction.