Gunnar Inghe: A founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and still highly relevant.

Gunnar Inghe (1910-1977) was a founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and the first editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. He worked as a physician for social care clients in Stockholm from 1944 to 1961 and was professor in social medicine from 1961 to 1975. We (F.D. and U.J.) were his last two PhD students. As we were recollecting the 50-year history of the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health in 2022, it became evident to us how relevant Gunnar Inghe's work, 45 years after his death, still is for today's social medicine, population health research and policy in Scandinavia. We shall explain why with five examples of Inghe's work: reproductive health, health of paupers, foundation of the discipline, international solidarity and collaboration between medical and social care.

[Physicians and Society: On the Change in the Occupational Profile of Physicians in the Mid-19th Century, a Socio-Medical Concept by Salomon Neumann]. / Arzt und Gesellschaft: Zum Wandel des Berufsbildes Arzt in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, ein sozialmedizinisches Konzept von Salomon Neumann.

The medical profession is not a trade, it is by its nature a free profession (Federal Doctors' Ordinance). The medical practice as an institution and the medical profession are, however, subject to current social conditions, currently particularly shaped by the rules of health economics and digitization. Salomon Neumann, who, along with Rudolf Virchow, is considered the founder of social medicine in Germany, published the vision of liberating academically trained doctors from the trade regulations applicable to craftsmen and other professions in 1847. On the basis of law and reason that applies to public action, he conceived the establishment of an association, a new professional representation of the previously isolated doctors in freedom, solidarity and self-administration. The failure of the bourgeois revolution in 1849 with subsequent social restoration delayed innovative developments. The professionalization of the medical profession begins with the formation of a unified medical status in 1852, the formation of medical associations in the 1860s, the establishment of the German Association of Physicians in 1872 as an umbrella organization and the establishment of state medical associations in 1948 as public corporations.

Las relaciones entre higienismo y urbanismo en la obra de Felipe Hauser / The relationship between hygienism and urbanism in the work of Felipe Hauser

La obra del médico higienista Felipe Hauser (1832-1925) se inscribe no solo en el contexto de la medicina social, sino también del urbanismo y del planeamiento urbano, en-tendidos estos últimos como disciplinas modernas que surgen en el período intersecular, del XIX al XX, interesadas en adecuar el hábitat de las ciudades a las necesidades de su población. Este trabajo parte del contexto social y cultural europeo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en el que se desarrollan la formación y la experiencia práctica de Hauser, en relación con el auge de la geografía médica y de los postulados higienistas. Asimismo, una vez establecido en España, a partir de 1872 y coincidiendo con la etapa histórica de la Restauración, la reflexión se articula a partir de la contextualización y relectura de sus principales publicaciones y del análisis de la evolución de las mismas, tanto desde el punto de vista metodológico como en cuanto a contenidos y enfoques. De esta manera, progresivamente, iremos constatando cómo su interés por la medicina social y la salud pública le lleva a enlazar, de forma cada vez más evidente, con los planteamientos incipientes del urbanismo moderno, en tanto que saber global y aplicado sobre la ciudad, a partir de proyectos de ordenación fundamentados en el diagnóstico de los principales males de la vida urbana (AU)

O sonho é a herança (1989-2003)

Sérgio Arouca e Roberto Freire na campanha presidencial de 1989. Fotografia extraída da página do projeto Memória e Patrimônio da Saúde Pública no Brasil: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca, seção "Fases da trajetória: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca", fase 4 - O sonho é a herança (1989-2003). Esta seção traz informações sobre a infância, o contato com a política e atuação de Sérgio Arouca como médico sanitarista.

A gestação do sonho: primeiros passos de Sérgio Arouca (1941-1966)

Sérgio Arouca quando treinou nas categorias de base do Botafogo/RP. Fotografia extraída da página do projeto Memória e Patrimônio da Saúde Pública no Brasil: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca, seção "Fases da trajetória: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca", fase 1 - A gestação do sonho: primeiros passos de Sérgio Arouca: a gestação do sonho (1941-1966). Esta seção traz informações sobre a infância, o contato com a política e atuação de Sérgio Arouca como médico sanitarista.

Arouca em Campinas: os caminhos possíveis (1967-1975)

Foto do casamento com Anamaria. Fotografia extraída da página do projeto Memória e Patrimônio da Saúde Pública no Brasil: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca, seção "Fases da trajetória: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca", fase 2 - Arouca em Campinas: os caminhos possíveis (1967-1975). Esta seção traz informações sobre a infância, o contato com a política e atuação de Sérgio Arouca como médico sanitarista.

Chegada ao Rio de Janeiro: consolidação como referência na Medicina Social (1976-1988)

Sérgio Arouca com seus alunos na FIOCRUZ. Sarah Escorel está sentada logo abaixo dele. Fotografia extraída da página do projeto Memória e Patrimônio da Saúde Pública no Brasil: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca, seção "Fases da trajetória: a trajetória de Sérgio Arouca", fase 3 - Chegada ao Rio de Janeiro: consolidação como referência na Medicina Social (1976-1988). Esta seção traz informações sobre a infância, o contato com a política e atuação de Sérgio Arouca como médico sanitarista.

A debate over the link between Salvador Allende, Max Westenhöfer, and Rudolf Virchow: contributions to the history of social medicine in Chile and internationally.

In the history of Latin American social medicine, numerous works have presented a harmonious link between Rudolf Virchow, Max Westenhöfer, and Salvador Allende, which establishes the origin of ideas of Latin American social medicine in a prestigious European source, represented by Virchow. A key to that story is that Allende was a student of Westenhöfer, a disciple of Virchow who lived in Chile three times (1908-1911, 1929-1932, and 1948-1957). Based on primary sources and contextual data, this article problematizes the relationship between Allende and Westenhöfer, and questions the influence of Virchow in Chilean social medicine.

A debate over the link between Salvador Allende, Max Westenhöfer, and Rudolf Virchow: contributions to the history of social medicine in Chile and internationally / Una discusión sobre el vínculo entre Salvador Allende, Max Westenhöfer y Rudolf Virchow: aportes a la historia de la medicina social chilena e internacional*

Abstract In the history of Latin American social medicine, numerous works have presented a harmonious link between Rudolf Virchow, Max Westenhöfer, and Salvador Allende, which establishes the origin of ideas of Latin American social medicine in a prestigious European source, represented by Virchow. A key to that story is that Allende was a student of Westenhöfer, a disciple of Virchow who lived in Chile three times (1908-1911, 1929-1932, and 1948-1957). Based on primary sources and contextual data, this article problematizes the relationship between Allende and Westenhöfer, and questions the influence of Virchow in Chilean social medicine.

Resumen En el marco de la historia de la medicina social latinoamericana, numerosos trabajos historiográficos han presentado un vínculo armónico entre Rudolf Virchow, Max Westenhöfer y Salvador Allende, afirmando una procedencia virtuosa de las ideas de la medicina social latinoamericana en una prestigiosa fuente europea, como es la que representa Virchow. Un dato crucial en ese relato es que Allende habría sido estudiante de Westenhöfer; un discípulo de Virchow que vivió en Chile en tres ocasiones (1908-1911, 1929-1932 y 1948-1957). Este trabajo problematiza, usando fuentes primarias y datos de contexto, la relación entre Allende y Westenhöfer, y cuestiona la influencia de Virchow sobre el pensamiento médico-social en Chile.

[Ethics and social medicine: Michel Foucault's perspective]. / La ética y la medicina social: la perspectiva de Michel Foucault.

Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.

La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.

La ética y la medicina social: la perspectiva de Michel Foucault / Ethics and social medicine: Michel Foucault's perspective

Resumen La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.

Abstract Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.

Una discusión sobre el vínculo entre Salvador Allende, Max Westenhöfery Rudolf Virchow: aportes a la historia de la medicina social chilena e internacional / A debate over the link between Salvador Allende, Max Westenhöfer, and Rudolf Virchow: contributions to the history of social medicine in Chile and internationally

En el marco de la historia de la medicina social latinoamericana, numerosos trabajos historiográficos han presentado un vínculo armónico entre Rudolf Virchow, Max Westenhöfer y Salvador Allende, afirmando una procedencia virtuosa de las ideas de la medicina social latinoamericana en una prestigiosa fuente europea, como es la que representa Virchow. Un dato crucial en ese relato es que Allende habría sido estudiante de Westenhöfer; un discípulo de Virchow que vivió en Chile en tres ocasiones (1908-1911, 1929-1932 y 1948-1957). Este trabajo problematiza, usando fuentes primarias y datos de contexto, la relación entre Allende y Westenhöfer, y cuestiona la influencia de Virchow sobre el pensamiento médico-social en Chile

["Medicine is a social science" - the 200th birthday of Salomon Neumann]. / "Die Medizin ist eine soziale Wissenschaft" ­ zum 200. Geburtstag von Salomon Neumann.

Salomon Neumann (1819-1908) is one of the outstanding representatives of 19th century social medicine. As a medical reformer, statistician and city councilor, he made a significant contribution to improving social and hygienic conditions in Berlin. His most famous work was published in 1847 under the title "Die oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege und das Eigenthum" [Public Health and Property]. From 1859 to 1905, Neumann was active in the Berlin City Council for the improvement of the living conditions of the population. He was involved in the construction of municipal hospitals, supported the modernisation of sewage disposal, organised the Berlin censuses of 1861 and 1864 and was active in the field of health and social statistics. Not only was Neumann exposed to anti-Semitic reprisals during his lifetime, a foundation he founded to promote the science of Judaism was dissolved by the National Socialists in 1940. On the occasion of his 200th birthday, this article commemorates the life and work of the democratically minded and socially committed doctor and health politician. Salomon Neumann has rendered great services to social medicine in Germany.