The efficacy of injecting a distillate of the pitcher plant (Sarraceniaceae) adjacent to the palmar digital nerves of horses to ameliorate lameness caused by digital pain.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of instilling extract of the pitcher plant around the palmar digital nerves of horses to ameliorate digit pain causing lameness. Five mixed breed horses were recruited. Horses were determined to be lame because of pain in the distal portion of one or both thoracic limbs by a positive response to a basisesamoid nerve block using 2%^mepivacaine hydrochloride. Gait was evaluated pre- and post-nerve block at 30 min, 3, 7,14 and 21 days. At the 3-week evaluation, the basisesamoid nerve block was repeated using the extract, and the gait was evaluated at similar times. Lameness was evaluated objectively using a wireless, inertial, sensor-based, motion analysis system. The basisesamoid nerve block significantly ameliorated lameness at 30 min when gait was evaluated, but it had no significant effect on lameness after this time. The product containing extract of the pitcher plant had no significant effect on lameness when administered as a basisesamoid nerve block at any time. Extract of the pitcher plant administered adjacent to the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves (i.e., a basisesamoid nerve block) had no efficacy in ameliorating lameness in the distal portion of one or both thoracic limbs. Extract of the pitcher plant likely has no value for treating horses for chronic pain when administered as a regional nerve block.

Perfil de utilização de anestésicos locais de uma cidade brasileira com ênfase em diabéticos / Profile of use of local anesthetics in a Brazilian city with emphasis on diabetics

Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de cirurgiões-dentistas que trabalham em consultórios particulares de Palmas, Tocantins, quanto à utilização de anestésicos locais em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus. Materiais e método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da FAMERP de São José do Rio Preto, sob o protocolo 032/2007 e CAAE: 0065.0.000.140-07, respeitando-se a Resolução 466/12, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário, utilizando um formulário estruturado. Resultados: de 113 participantes, 47 (41,6%) eram do sexo masculino e 66 (58,4%) do sexo feminino, com idade média de 35 anos. O anestésico mais utilizado pelos cirurgiões-dentistas avaliados foi a lidocaína 2% + adrenalina 1:100.000 (53,1%), o qual também é o mais utilizado para pacientes diabéticos controlados (64,6%). Quanto à variedade de anestésicos, 47,8% dos avaliados relataram possuir somente 3 tipos de anestésicos no consultório e que 83,2% nunca presenciaram nenhum problema decorrente do uso de anestésico. Além disso, 65,5% relataram não participar de cursos para atualização de conhecimentos, sendo que 53,1% mostraram-se insatisfeitos com o ensino de anestesiologia que receberam na graduação. Conclusão: observou-se que os cirurgiões-dentistas do atendimento odontológico particular de Palmas precisam de uma reciclagem profissional, a fim de atualizarem conhecimentos adquiridos na graduação sobre indicação e utilização de anestésicos locais em tratamentos odontológicos de pacientes com necessidades especiais, com ênfase em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the knowledge of dentists who work in private offices in Palmas, Tocantins, regarding the use of local anesthetics in patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and method: this research is a qualitative descriptive study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of FAMERP from São José do Rio Preto, under protocol number 032/2007 and CAAE: 0065.0.000.140-07 in compliance with the Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council. Data collection was performed through the application of a questionnaire, using a structured form. Results: 47 (41.6%) out of 113 participants were male and 66 (58.4%) female, with an average age of 35 years old. The anesthetic most used by the dentists evaluated was lidocaine 2% + adrenaline 1: 100,000 (53.1%) which is also the most used for controlled diabetic patients (64.6%). As for the variety of anesthetics, 47.8% of those evaluated reported having only 3 types of anesthetics in the office and that 83.2% never saw any problems resulting from the use of anesthetics. Furthermore, 65.5% reported not participating in courses to update knowledge and 53.1% were dissatisfied with the teaching of anesthesiology they received during graduation. Conclusion: it was observed that dentists who work in private dental offices in Palmas need a professional retraining in order to update knowledge acquired during graduation on the indication and use of local anesthetics in dental treatments for patients with special needs, with an emphasis on patients with diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Safety of local anesthetics

Abstract Local anesthetics are essential medications for the conduction of dermatological procedures. They stop the depolarization of nerve fibers and are divided into two main categories, the amide and ester types. Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one. Although potentially fatal, these events are extremely rare, so local anesthetics are considered safe for use in in-office procedures.

Duración de bloqueo axilar con mepivacaína 1.5% en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica programados para fístula arteriovenosa. Estudio casos-controles / Axillary brachial plexus block duration with mepivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure. Case-control study

Introducción. El bloqueo del plexo braquial para la creación de fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) ha demostrado buenos resultados, si bien algunos autores han evidenciado una duración del bloqueo inferior al de los individuos sanos, probablemente por cambios en el flujo arterial regional. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la duración del bloqueo axilar con mepivacaína al 1,5 % en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica programados para FAV y compararlo con controles sanos. Métodos. Se incluyó a pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis, llevados por primera vez para la creación de una FAV (GIRC). Se compararon con pacientes sin insuficiencia renal (GC), con características antropométricas similares; todos bajo bloqueo axilar ecoguiado con 20mL de mepivacaína al 1,5%. Se evaluaron el tiempo de latencia, el flujo y el diámetro de la arteria humeral pre y posbloqueo, así como la duración del bloqueo. Resultados. Se incluyó a 23 pacientes (GIRC: 12 y GC: 11). No se observaron diferencias en la latencia (GIRC: 13±5min vs. GC: 12,2±3min, p=0,477) ni en la duración del bloqueo (GIRC: 227±43min vs. GC: 229±27min, p=0,781). El flujo pre y posbloqueo fue significativamente menor en el GIRC (prebloqueo: GIRC: 52±21ml/min, GC: 100±62ml/min, p=0,034, y posbloqueo: GIRC: 130±57ml/min y GC: 274±182ml/min, p=0,010). No existió una correlación significativa entre la duración y el flujo arterial de la extremidad prebloqueo (rho de Spearman: 0,106; p=0,657) ni posbloqueo (rho de Spearman: 0,267; p=0,254). Conclusión. La duración del bloqueo axilar con mepivacaína al 1,5% en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica llevados por primera vez para creación de fístula arteriovenosa no es menor con respecto al grupo control y el flujo vascular como variable hemodinámica de la extremidad bloqueada no parece desempeñar un papel importante en la duración del mismo (AU)

Introduction. Regional anaesthesia is commonly preferred for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. Previous studies suggest a shorter block duration in patients with chronic renal failure, maybe because of the changes in regional blood flow. The aim of our study was to evaluate the duration of the axillary block with 1.5% mepivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure scheduled for AVF compared with healthy controls. Methods. Patients scheduled for AVF creation for the first time (GIRC) were included. They were compared with patients without renal failure (GC), with similar anthropometric characteristics. Ultrasound-guided axillary blocks with 20mL of 1.5% mepivacaine were performed on all patients. We evaluated onset time, humeral artery diameter and blood flow before and after the block, as well as the block duration. Results. Twenty-three patients (GIRC: 12 and GC: 11) were included. No differences between groups were observed in block duration (GIRC: 227±43min vs GC: 229±27min; P=.781), or in onset time (GIRC: 13±5min vs GC: 12.2±3min; P=.477). The humeral blood flow before and after block was significantly lower in the GIRC (pre-block: GIRC: 52±21ml/min GC: 100±62ml/min; P=.034 and p ost block: GIRC: 130±57ml/min and GC: 274±182ml/min; P=.010). There was no significant correlation between the duration of the block and the preblock humeral blood flow (Spearman Rho: 0.106; P=.657) or the postblock humeral blood flow (Spearman Rho: 0.267; P=.254). Conclusion. The duration of the axillary block with 1.5% mepivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure was similar to that of the control patients. The duration of axillary brachial plexus block seems not to be related to changes in regional blood flow (AU)

Estimación del volumen de anestésico local en contacto con el nervio ciático en el bloqueo poplíteo / 3D ultrasound estimation of the effective volume for popliteal block at the level of division

La administración del anestésico local en el tejido conectivo que une los componentes tibial y peroneo del nervio ciático a nivel de su división en el hueco poplíteo produce una distribución muy eficiente de anestésico para conseguir un bloqueo efectivo. Mediante ecografía en 3dimensiones podemos cuantificar este volumen de contacto en una longitud determinada del nervio. Métodos. Se incluyó a 20 pacientes consecutivos programados para cirugía de hallux valgus. En todos los casos se realizó un bloqueo poplíteo ecoguiado en la división del nervio ciático, en abordaje «fuera de plano» con el paciente en decúbito prono. Se administraron 30ml de anestésico local y se evaluó su difusión. Se realizó una adquisición volumétrica del nervio ciático antes e inmediatamente después de finalizar la inyección del fármaco para cuantificar el volumen del nervio ciático y el volumen contenido en el interior del tejido conectivo que envuelve ambos componentes del nervio ciático; todo ello en un segmento de 5cm de nervio. Resultados. Todos los bloqueos fueron efectivos a los 20 min. El volumen de anestésico local contenido en el interior del tejido conectivo fue de 6,8±2,6cm3. De este volumen, 4,4±1,7cm3 se situaban en el halo que envolvía los componentes del nervio y 2,4±1,7cm3 se ubicaban en el interior del nervio ciático o sus componentes. Conclusiones. El volumen en contacto con el nervio ciático puede ser estimado mediante la adquisición volumétrica. Nuestros resultados indican que el volumen para el bloqueo efectivo del nervio ciático a nivel poplíteo quizás se podrá reducir de forma significativa en un futuro (AU)

Local anaesthetic injection between the tibial and commmon peroneal nerves within connective tissue sheath results in a predictable diffusion and allows for a reduction in the volume needed to achieve a consistent sciatic popliteal block. Using 3D ultrasound volumetric acquisition, we quantified the visible volume in contact with the nerve along a 5cm segment. Methods. We included 20 consecutive patients scheduled for bunion surgery. Ultrasound guided popliteal block was performed using a posterior, out of plane approach at the level of división of the sciatic nerve. Thirty ml of mepivacaine 1.5% and levobupivacaine 0.5% were slowly injected while assessing the injection pressure and the diffusion of the local anaesthetic. Volumetric acquisition was performed before and after the block to quantify the the volume of the sciatic nerve and the volume of the surrounding hypoechoic halo contained inside the connective tissue in a 5cm segment. Results. All blocks were successful within 20min after the injection. The total estimated volume contained inside the common connective tissue sheath was 6.8±2.6cm3. Of this, the volume of the halo sorrounding the nerve was 4.4±1.7cm3 and the volume inside the sciatic nerve was 2.4±1.7cm3. Conclusions. The volume of local anaesthetic in close contact with the sciatic nerve can be estimated by volumetric acquisition. Our results suggest that the effective volume of local anaesthetic needed for a successful sciatic popliteal block could be reduced to less than 7ml (AU)

Cuidados intraoperatorios en cirugía palpebral / Intraoperative care during eyelid surgery

No disponible

Bloqueo digital transtecal ecoguiado / Ultrasound-guided transthecal digital block

No disponible

Bloqueo anestésico de nervios pericraneales como tratamiento preventivo de migraña: experiencia en una serie de 60 pacientes / Pericranial nerve blockade as a preventive treatment for migraine: Experience in 60 patients

Introducción: El bloqueo anestésico de nervios pericraneales es utilizado con frecuencia en el tratamiento de diferentes cefaleas. No hay evidencia acerca de su indicación en pacientes migrañosos. Pretendemos evaluar su eficacia como tratamiento preventivo de migraña con criterios determinados. Métodos: Entre enero del 2009 y mayo del 2013 se ofreció este tratamiento a migrañosos con fracaso o intolerancia de fármacos preventivos. Seleccionamos a aquellos con sensibilidad a la palpación en al menos un nervio supraorbitario u occipital mayor. A los 3 meses, consideramos la respuesta completa (sin dolor), parcial (reducción al menos de un 50% en severidad y/o frecuencia de episodios) o ausente. Resultados: Se practicó un bloqueo anestésico en 60 pacientes (52 mujeres, 8 varones, edad media ± desviación estándar: 40,6 ± 12,4 años, rango 19-76). El procedimiento más habitual fue el bloqueo de ambos nervios occipitales y supraorbitarios. Hubo respuesta completa de al menos 2 semanas en 23 (38,3%), parcial en 24 (40%) y ausente en 13 (21,7%). En el grupo con respuesta completa, la edad y el tiempo de evolución de la migraña eran significativamente inferiores. Sin efectos adversos significativos. Tiempo de respuesta entre 2 semanas y 3 meses. Conclusiones: El bloqueo anestésico de nervios pericraneales utilizando la sensibilidad a la palpación como criterio de selección es un procedimiento seguro y potencialmente eficaz como tratamiento preventivo de migraña. Las mayores respuestas en nuestra serie se observan en pacientes jóvenes con menos tiempo de evolución de la migraña

Introduction: Anaesthetic blockade of pericranial nerves is frequently used to treat headache disorders. There is no evidence on indication of this treatment for migraine. We aim to evaluate its effectiveness as a preventive treatment for migraine using specific indication criteria. Methods: Between January 2009 and May 2013 we offered pericranial nerve blockade to migraine patients with a history of preventive drug intolerance or failure. We selected patients with tenderness to palpation of at least one greater occipital nerve (GON) or supraorbital nerve (SON). Responses at 3 months were categorised as complete response (no pain), partial response (reduction of at least 50% in severity or frequency of headache episodes), or no response. Results: Anaesthetic blockade was performed in 60 patients (52 females, 8 males; mean age 40.6 ± 12.4 years, range 19-76). The most common procedure was blockade of GON and SON on both sides. Complete response lasting at least 2 weeks was recorded in 23 patients (38.3%), with partial response in 24 patients (40%), and no response in 13 (21.7%). In the group presenting complete response, age and length of history of migraine were significantly lower. No severe side effects were detected. Response time ranged from 2 weeks to 3 months. Conclusions: Pericranial nerves blockade using tenderness to palpation as an inclusion criterion is safe and potentially effective as prophylactic treatment for migraine. The best responses in our series were observed in younger patients with shorter histories of migraine

Bloqueo de los nervios periféricos a nivel de la muñeca guiado por ecografía para el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis idiopática palmar con toxina botulínica / Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block at wrist level for the treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin

Objetivo. Evaluación del dolor y el grado de satisfacción en pacientes sometidos a bloqueo regional periférico guiado por ultrasonidos para el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis palmar idiopática con toxina botulínica. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, de pacientes con hiperhidrosis palmar tratados con toxina botulínica A, a los que se les realizó un bloqueo regional periférico guiado por ecografía de los nervios mediano y cubital con 3 ml de mepivacaína al 1% en cada uno. El bloqueo del nervio radial se llevó a cabo con infiltración en abanico a nivel de la tabaquera anatómica. Tras establecer el bloqueo, el dermatólogo realizó un mapeo e inyectó alrededor de 100 UI de toxina botulínica distribuidas en toda la palma de la mano. Fueron evaluados el dolor experimentado en la inyección de toxina botulínica mediante la escala verbal numérica (de 0 a 10), el grado de satisfacción con la técnica anestésica y las posibles complicaciones postanestésicas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes, 11 hombres y 29 mujeres. La intensidad del dolor evaluado con la escala numérica verbal fue de 1,03 (desviación típica 1,37). Ninguno de los pacientes presentó un valor superior a 5. El grado de satisfacción de los pacientes con la técnica anestésica fue muy bueno para el 85% de los pacientes, y bueno para el 7,5%. No hubo complicaciones derivadas del procedimiento anestésico. Conclusiones. El bloqueo de los troncos nerviosos distales guiado por ultrasonidos puede ser una técnica sencilla, eficaz y segura para los pacientes sometidos a inyección palmar de toxina botulínica. La intensidad del dolor fue muy baja y proporcionó un grado de satisfacción muy bueno en la mayoría de los pacientes (AU)

ObjectiveEvaluation of pain and degree of satisfaction in patients undergoing ultrasound-assisted peripheral regional block for the treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin.Patients and methodsA descriptive, observational study of patients with palmar hyperhidrosis treated with botulinum toxin A, who underwent ultrasound-guided peripheral regional block of the median and ulnar nerves with 3 ml of mepivacaine 1% in each one. The radial nerve block was injected in the anatomical snuffbox. After establishing blocking, the dermatologist performed a mapping and injected around 100 IU of botulinum toxin across the whole palm. The pain experienced during the injection of botulinum toxin was evaluated by verbal numerical scale (from 0 to 10), along with the degree of satisfaction with the anesthetic technique, and the post-anesthetic complications.ResultsA total of 40 patients were enrolled in the study, 11 men and 29 women with no significant differences. The pain intensity assessed with verbal numerical scale was 1.03 (standard deviation of 1.37). No patients had a value greater than 5. The degree of patient satisfaction with the anesthetic technique was very good for 85% of the patients, and good for 7.5%. There were no complications related to type of anesthesia.ConclusionsThe ultrasound-assisted peripheral regional block could be a simple, effective and safe technique for patients undergoing palmar injection of botulinum toxin. Pain intensity was very low, and it provided a very good level of satisfaction in most patients (AU)

Abordaje ecoguiado a nivel antecubital para cirugía del síndrome del túnel del carpo / Ultrasound-guided block at the antecubital fossa for carpal tunnel syndrome surgery

Introducción. Existen diferentes técnicas anestésicas para la cirugía ambulatoria del síndrome del túnel del carpo. Los bloqueos nerviosos ecoguiados brindan ventajas frente a otras técnicas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la eficacia del bloqueo ecoguiado a nivel de la fosa antecubital, así como la evaluación de las complicaciones, la satisfacción del paciente y del cirujano. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional prospectivo en 32 pacientes programados para cirugía del síndrome del túnel del carpo, en régimen ambulatorio. Se realizó un bloqueo nervioso ecoguiado a nivel de la fosa antecubital, de los nervios mediano, cubital y cutáneos medial y lateral del antebrazo con mepivacaína 1%. Se registraron las mediciones de los diámetros anteroposterior y laterolateral de los nervios mediano y cubital, antes y después de la inyección. Se evaluó el inicio del bloqueo sensitivo y motor en los territorios de los nervios mediano y cubital cada 5 min, hasta 30 min después de la administración del anestésico local, con respecto a la mano contralateral. Se registró la presencia de dolor durante la incisión quirúrgica, en el postoperatorio, las complicaciones y la satisfacción del paciente y del cirujano con la técnica anestésica realizada. Resultados. El bloqueo nervioso ecoguiado a nivel de la fosa antecubital fue eficaz en un 93,7% de los pacientes. Ningún paciente requirió rescate analgésico, no se produjeron efectos adversos reseñables ni complicaciones. La satisfacción con respecto a la técnica anestésica elegida fue valorada como «muy buena» por el 93,7% de los pacientes y por el 97% de los cirujanos. Conclusiones. El bloqueo nervioso ecoguiado de los nervios mediano, cubital y cutáneos medial y lateral del antebrazo a nivel de la fosa antecubital es una técnica anestésica eficaz y satisfactoria para la cirugía ambulatoria del síndrome del túnel del carpo, permite la movilización del brazo por parte del paciente, minimiza los riesgos y disminuye la dosis de anestésico local empleada(AU)

Introduction. There are various anaesthetic techniques for ambulatory surgery of carpal tunnel release. The ultrasound-guided nerve blocks offer advantages compared to other techniques. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy using ultrasound-guided block at the antecubital fossa, as well as to evaluate complications, patient satisfaction and surgeon satisfaction with the block. Materials and methods. Prospective observational study with 32 elective patients for carpal tunnel release in a one-day case unit. An ultrasound-guided block with mepivacaine 1% was performed at the antecubital fossa, aiming for the median, ulnar and the lateral and medial cutaneous nerves of the forearm. The measurements of the anteroposterior and laterolateral diameters of the median and ulnar nerves were recorded, before and after injection. Motor and sensory levels were evaluated for the median and ulnar nerves at 5 and 30min post injection, and compared with the contralateral hand. Pain from the surgical incision time and recovery were recorded, together with complications, and patient and surgeon satisfaction with the block. Results. The antecubital fossa ultrasound-guided block was successful in 93.7% of the patients. No patients needed rescue analgesia in recovery and no complications were recorded. Patient satisfaction was 93.7% and surgeon satisfaction was 97%. Conclusions. A selective block of the medial, ulnar and medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of the forearm are effective and satisfactory anaesthetic techniques for carpal tunnel release in a one-day case unit. It allows early mobilization, minimises risks and amount of local anaesthetic used(AU)

Cirugía exploratoria en localizaciones anatómicas digitales / Exploratory surgery in anatomic digital

La patología digital en la mayoría de la población suele centrarse/manifestarse en localizaciones óseas, siendo muy extraño encontrar alteraciones a nivel de las partes blandas. Una localización anatómica como el cuarto dedo no presenta una alta incidencia como motivo frecuente de consulta de nuestros pacientes. Es por ello que cuando esto ocurre necesitamos sistematizar una serie de exploraciones y, por qué no decirlo, protocolos de actuación para llegar a un diagnóstico certero. Por este motivo, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es poner de manifiesto la utilidad clínica, terapéutica y diagnóstica que posee la cirugía exploratoria cuando el resultado de las pruebas complementarias no es satisfactorio o conducen a un error diagnóstico, por ofrecer resultados radicalmente diferentes ante una misma patología (AU)

Digital pathology in most of the population tends to focus / manifest bone locations and is very rare to find alterations in soft tissue. An anatomical location as the fourth finger does not present a high incidence and frequent complaint of our patients. That is why when this happens we need to systematize a series of explorations and, why not say, action protocols to reach an accurate diagnosis. For this reason the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the clinical usefulness, therapeutics and diagnostics have exploratory surgery when the result of the additional testing is not satisfactory or lead to diagnostic error, to offer to a radically different results same pathology (AU)

Comparación de 3 combinaciones de levobupivacaína al 0,5 por ciento y de mepivacaína al 1 por ciento en el bloqueo del nervio ciático poplíteo, en la cirugía ambulatoria del hallux valgus / Comparison of 3 combinations of 0.5 percent levobupivacaine and 1percent mepivacaine in popliteal sciatic block in hallux valgus outpatient surgery

Objetivo: Comparar 3 combinaciones de levobupivacaína 0,5% con mepivacaína 1% en bloqueo del ciático poplíteo con dosis única para cirugía del hallux valgus. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, doble ciego, en pacientes programados para cirugía ambulatoria de hallux valgus con bloqueo del nervio ciático poplíteo guíado por ultrasonidos. Los pacientes se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 3 grupos, según el volumen de cada uno de los anestésicos locales: G1, levobupivacaína 20 mL + mepivacaína 10 mL, G2, levobupivacaína 10 mL + mepivacaína 20 mL y G3, levobupivacaína 15 mL + mepivacaína 15 mL. Fueron evauados el tiempo de inicio, de reversión y el tiempo total del bloqueo de los nervios tibial y peroneo; control del dolor postoperatorio a las 12, 24, 72 h y al séptimo día del postoperatorio mediante escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descriptiva simple (EDS) y la calidad del descanso nocturno; complicaciones postoperatorias y satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: Se incluyó a 120 pacientes, 40 por grupo. Los grupos fueron homogéneos y ningún paciente precisó anestesia complementaria. El tiempo de latencia del bloqueo fue significativamente mayor en el G1 respecto a G2 y G3 (39,4 ± 14,7 min frente a 32,2 ± 16,5 y 33,2 ± 12 min). El tiempo de reversión del bloqueo sensitivo y motor fue significativamente mayor en G1 respecto a G2 y G3 (29,5 ± 9,3 h frente a 22,2 ± 8,2 y 24,8 ± 7,9 h). El nivel máximo de dolor se registró a las 24 h del postoperatorio y fue significativamente superior en el G2 respecto al G1. El descanso nocturno también fue peor la primera noche en el G2 respecto al G1. La satisfacción del paciente fue buena o muy buena y no se registraron complicaciones. Conclusiones: El tiempo de latencia del bloqueo y la eficacia anestésica fueron adecuados en los 3 grupos. La combinación de levobupivacaína 0,5% 20 ml y mepivacaína 1% 10 ml es una buena alternativa para una analgesia postoperatoria más duradera(AU)

Background: To compare 3 combinations of 0.5% levobupivacaine (L) and 1% mepivacaine (M) for popliteal block for hallux valgus surgery. Methods: Prospective, double blind study of 120 patients undergoing unilateral hallux valgus outpatient surgery with posterior popliteal block with ultrasound-guided single injection. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: G1: 20 mL L + 10 mL M; G2: 10 mL L + 20 mL M; and G3: 15 mL L + 15 mL M. Recorded variables were: time of block, onset and reversal times for tibial and peroneal nerves block; postoperative pain until the 7th day by means of visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive scale and the quality of nocturnal rest, complications, and patient satisfaction. ANOVA and chi2 were applied in the statistical analysis, with a P < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Groups were homogeneous for demographic and surgical characteristics. None of the patients required intraoperative complementary analgesia or anaesthesia. Block onset was significantly longer in G1 than in G2 and G3 (39.4 ± 14.7 versus 32.2 ± 16.5 and 33.2 ± 12 minutes). Recovery time from sensory and motor block was significantly longer in G1 than in G2 and G3 (29.5 ± 9.3 versus 22.2 ± 8.2 and 24.8 ± 7.9 hours). Postoperative pain level was below VAS 30 (1-100) in the three groups; none of the patients experienced severe pain. Maximum pain level appeared at 24 h postoperatively. Patient satisfaction was high and there were no complications. Conclusions: Block onset time and anaesthetic efficacy was adequate in the three groups. The combination of 20 mL levobupivacaine 0.5% with 10 mL mepivacaine 1% provide a good alternative for a lasting postoperative analgesia(AU)

Comparación de la eficacia analgésica postoperatoria del bloqueo de los nervios tibial (a nivel de maléolo interno) y peroneo común con la infiltración de la herida quirúrgica en cirugía ambulatoria del hallux valgus / Comparison of the post-surgical analgesic effectiveness of tibial (at internal malleolus level) and common peroneal nerve block with infiltration of the surgical wound in Outpatient Surgery of the hallux valgus

Introducción. Comparar la eficacia analgésica postoperatoria del bloqueo de los nervios tibial a nivel del maléolo interno y peroneo común frente a la infiltración de la herida con anestésico local, en la cirugía ambulatoria del hallux valgus. Material y método. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Dos grupos de estudio, grupo BNP, bloqueo de los nervios peroneo común y tibial (con lidocaína 80mg y mepivacaína 100mg + levobupivacaína 25mg). y grupo INF, cirugía con anestesia intradural más infiltración de la herida quirúrgica (con 50mg de levobupivacaína). Se valoró mediante la escala visual analógica (1-10) el dolor durante las primeras 24h del postoperatorio, las necesidades de analgesia de rescate (tramadol), la incidencia de efectos secundarios y los reingresos por dolor. Resultados. Fueron incluidos un total de 111 pacientes (55 en el grupo BNP, 56 en el grupo INF). El 93% fueron mujeres con edad media de 59 (DE 10) años. El valor en la escala visual analógica promedio en las primeras 24h fue de 2,9 (DE 1,7) para el grupo BNP y de 2,7 (DE1,6) para el grupo INF (p=0,62). El 42% de los pacientes precisó analgesia de rescate con tramadol, sin que hubiera diferencias significativas entre grupos (p=0,28). Un 33% presentó efectos secundarios postoperatorios: náuseas, vómitos, retención urinaria, cefalea o dolor en la zona de punción, sin que existieran diferencias entre los 2 grupos. Un paciente del grupo INF tuvo que ingresar para tratamiento del dolor. Conclusiones. El bloqueo nervioso periférico y la infiltración de la herida son técnicas eficaces y equivalentes en el control domiciliario del dolor en la cirugía ambulatoria del hallux valgus, haciendo posible que estos procedimientos puedan ser realizados de forma segura en régimen ambulatorio(AU)

Introduction. To compare the post-operative analgesic effectiveness of blocking the posterior tibial and the common peroneal nerves against that of wound infiltration using local anaesthesia, in ambulatory surgery of hallux valgus. Material and methods. A randomised clinical study was conducted on ambulatory patients subjected to Hallux valgus surgery, assigned into two groups: BNP: peripheral nerve blockage: posterior tibial and the common peroneal with 80mg of lidocaine, 100mg of mepivacaine and 25mg of levobupivacaine. INF: surgical wound infiltration with 50mg of levobupivacaine. The following aspects were evaluated during the first 24h after surgery: pain level using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the need to use rescue analgesia, and the incidence of secondary effects and readmissions due to pain. Results. A total of 111 Patients were included (55 BNP, 56 INF), 93 per cent were women and the average age was 59 (SD10) years. The average VAS score in the first 24h was 2.9 (SD1.7) for the BNP group and 2.7 (SD1.6) for the INF group (P=.62). Less than half (42%) of patients needed rescue anaesthetic with tramadol, with no significant differences between the groups (P=.28). A 33 per cent had secondary postoperative effects were observed in 33% of cases, with a significant difference between INF and BNP (P=.01). One patient from INF group, had to be admitted for pain. Conclusions. The peripheral nerve block and wound infiltration are valid techniques for controlling pain at home after ambulatory surgery of hallux valgus, therefore both methods appear to be safe in an outpatient setting(AU)

Tratamiento rehabilitador postoperatorio de un caso avanzado de rizartrosis del pulgar / Postoperative rehabilitation treatment in an advanced case of osteoarthritis of the base of the thumb

Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 58 años, con una rizartrosis del pulgar de grado III en la escala de Eaton. Tras el fracaso del tratamiento conservador, se procedió a la artroplastia de resección-suspensión-interposición. En estos casos la rehabilitación postoperatoria es fundamental para consolidar los mecanismos quirúrgicos correctores y conseguir el máximo rendimiento funcional. Sin embargo, los protocolos de rehabilitación seguida tras este tipo de cirugía no han sido descritos con detalle. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es exponer el programa terapéutico postoperatorio llevado a cabo por nosotros, que difiere del seguido por otros autores, así como los resultados funcionales alcanzados en esta patología, que habitualmente no pasa por la consulta del médico rehabilitador (AU)

We present the clinical case of a 58-year old woman suffering osteoarthritis of the base of the thumb with grade III on the Eaton classification. After failure of conservative treatment, surgical treatment based on a trapeziectomy, with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition arthroplasty, was performed. In these cases, postoperative rehabilitation is important to consolidate surgical correction mechanisms and achieve maximum functional performance. However, rehabilitation protocols following this type of surgery have not been described in depth. The purpose of this article is to explain our postoperative rehabilitation program which differs from that followed by other authors and to explain the functional results achieved in this condition, which is generally not treated by the rehabilitation physician (AU)

Eficácia da articaína, da lidocaína e da mepivacaína associadas à epinefrina em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares mandibulares / Efficacy of articaine, of lidocaine and mepivacaine in patients associated with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia anestésica da articaína 4%, da lidocaína 2% e da mepivacaína 2%, todas associadas à epinefrina 1:100.000, durante pulpectomia em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares mandibulares. Sessenta e seis voluntários do Setor de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo receberam, aleatoriamente, 3,6ml de um dos anestésicos locais para o bloqueio convencional do nervo alveolar inferior (NAI). No caso de falha do bloqueio, foram administrados 3,6ml da mesma solução como injeção complementar no ligamento periodontal. O sinal subjetivo de anestesia do lábio, a presença de anestesia pulpar e ausência de dor durante a pulpectomia foram avaliados, respectivamente, por indagação ao paciente, por meio do aparelho estimulador pulpar elétrico (pulp tester) e por uma escala analógica verbal. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, Kruskal Wallis e Razão de Verossimilhancas. Todos os pacientes reportaram anestesia no lábio após o bloqueio do NAI. A mepivacaína apresentou valores superiores (68,2%) para a anestesia pulpar após o bloqueio do NAI e a lidocaína (90%) após a injeção no ligamento periodontal. A mepivacaína apresentou valores superiores para a analgesia (72,7%) após o bloqueio no NAI e a lidocaína (90%) após a injeção no ligamento periodontal. Após a falha do bloqueio do NAI, a dor na câmara pulpar foi a mais frequente e após a falha da injeção no ligamento periodontal, a dor no canal. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. Portanto as três soluções anestésicas locais se comportam de forma semelhante e não apresentam efetivo controle da dor no tratamento da pulpite irreversível em molares mandibulares.

The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine, lidocaine 2% and 2% mepivacaine, all associated with epinephrine 1:100,000 during pulpectomy in patients with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars. Sixty-six volunteers Sector Emergency Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo randomly received 3.6 ml of a local anesthetic to block conventional inferior alveolar nerve. In case of failure of the lock, were administered 3.6 ml of the same solution as in the periodontal ligament injection complement. The signal subjective lip anesthesia, the presence of pulpal anesthesia and no pain during pulpectomy were evaluated respectively by questioning the patient, via the stimulating device electrical pulp (pulp tester) and a verbal analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis and likelihood ratio. All patients reported lip anesthesia after blockade of the inferior alveolar nerve. The mepivacaine showed higher values (68.2%) for pulpal anesthesia after blockade of the inferior alveolar nerve and lidocaine (90%) after injection in the periodontal ligament. The mepivacaine showed higher values for analgesia (72.7%) after blocking the inferior alveolar nerve and lidocaine (90%) after injection in the periodontal ligament. After the failure of the blockade of the inferior alveolar nerve, the pain in the pulp chamber was the most frequent and after the failure of the periodontal ligament injection, pain in the channel. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, the three local anesthetic solutions behave similarly and did not exhibit effective pain management in treating irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars.

Uso de hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml concomitante à mepivacaína associada à epinefrina em bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior: estudo hemodinâmico e eletrocardiográfico / Use of hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml concomitantly with mepivacaine associated epinephrine and inferior alveolar nerve block: hemodynamic and electrocardiographic study

Dentre os adjuvantes para os anestésicos locais (AL), a enzima hialuronidase tem seu uso consagrado na anestesia oftalmológica como difusor do AL. É utilizada para melhorar a eficácia clínica e prolongar a anestesia como alternativa aos anestésicos locais de longa duração em pacientes com comprometimento sistêmico. Este estudo duplo-cego e controlado avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos por 3,6 ml de anestésico local (AL) cloridrato de mepivacaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 concomitantemente à hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml ou placebo (veiculo), em bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior para realização de cirurgia de terceiros molares inferiores bilaterais e simétricos, em 20 pacientes. Foi realizada apenas uma cirurgia por consulta, no mesmo horário e operador. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares pressão sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD), média (PM) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram monitorados através de método oscilométrico e fotopletismográfico, em 10 etapas clínicas. Os registros eletrocardiográficos (ECG) das 12 derivações foram obtidos em 4 etapas: (T1) basal; (T2) anestésico local; (T3), 5 min. do AL; (T4) após a cirurgia. Foram avaliadas no ECG as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca, duração do intervalo PR , duração do complexo QRS, duração do segmento QT corrigido. A hialuronidase injetada concomitantemente com o anestésico local (AL) não induziu alterações nas PS, PD, PM e FC (p>0,01, n=20) comparada ao placebo, mas houve alteração (p>0,01) na PS e FC na interação tempo x fármacos. Não foram observadas alterações eletrocardiográficas (n=18) consideradas de importância clínica como: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, extrassístoles de complexo QRS largo e extrassístoles de complexo QRS estreito. O uso do anestésico local injetado concomitante à hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml mostrou-se seguro para esta dose e via de administração.

Among the adjuvants to local anesthetics (LA), the enzyme hyaluronidase has its consecrated in ophthalmic anesthesia as a diffuser (spread) of the LA. It is used to improve the clinical efficacy and prolong anesthesia as an alternative to long lasting local anesthetics in patients with systemic involvement. This double-blind, controlled trial evaluated the cardiovascular effects induced by 3.6 ml of local anesthetic (LA) 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:100,000 concomitantly with hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml or placebo (vehicle) in blocking inferior alveolar nerve for performing third molar surgery bilateral and symmetrical in 20 patients. Surgery was performed only one by appointment, at the same time and operator. The cardiovascular parameters systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored using the oscillometric method and photoplethysmography in 10 clinical stages. Records electrocardiographic (ECG) of 12 leads were obtained in four steps: (T1) baseline, (T2) local anesthetic, (T3), 5 mim AL, (T4) after surgery. ECG were evaluated in the following variables: heart rate, duration of PR segment, duration of the complex QRS, duration of the corrected QT interval. Hyaluronidase injected concomitantly with local anesthetic did not induce changes in the SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR (p> 0.01, n = 20) compared to placebo, except in the interaction between steps and drugs (p<0.01) for SBP and HR. There were no ECG changes (n = 18) considered of clinical importance as ST segment depression, ST segment elevation, extrasystoles wide QRS complex and extrasystoles of narrow QRS complex. The use of local anesthetic injected concomitantly with hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml was safe at this dose and route of administration.

Extracción de cuerpo extraño guiada con ecografía / No disponible

No disponible

Menos dolor en la punción de un catéter venoso periférico Una revisión bibliográfica en población adulta / Less pain during puncture by a peripheral venous catheter; a bibliographical review adults

La canalización de vías venosas es una técnica habitual entre los profesionales de enfermería. La inserción de una cánula venosa periférica origina dolor. La importancia de una buena calidad en los cuidados de enfermería lleva implícito el bienestar de la persona. En la práctica diaria, no se utiliza ninguna intervención dirigida a disminuir el dolor de la inserción de una vía venosa periférica. Se observa la necesidad de efectuar una revisión bibliográfica con la finalidad de conocer todos los métodos utilizados para disminuir el dolor ocasionado por ello. Seis ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria y un metaanálisis evalúan la efectividad de: maniobra de Valsalva, pomada anestésica que contiene dos anestésicos locales de tipo amino-amida, la lidocaína y la prilocaína (EMLA®) en comparación con otra pomada anestésica (Myolaxin®); un metaanálisis de veinte estudios evalúa la magnitud de la disminución del dolor de uno de los métodos: pomada EMLA®, apósito cutáneo antiinflamatorio (diclofenaco), apósito de diclofencaco versus pomada anestésica EMLA®, inyección subcutánea de 0,25 ml mepivacaína 1% (anestésico local tipo amida) y fotografía directa justo antes de la punción (efecto de la luz del flash). Todos los métodos estudiados son efectivos para reducirlo. Las pomadas y apósitos resultan poco agresivos pero necesitan tiempo previo de aplicación. La luz del flash, la inyección subcutánea de mepivacaína y la maniobra de Valsalva pueden ser alternativas eficaces para la disminución del dolor en la punción del paciente que requiere atención urgente(AU)

Canalizing veins is a habitual technique carried out by nurses. Inserting a catheter in a peripheral vein causes pain. The importance of fine quality in nursing treatment implicitly bears on a person’s well-being. In daily practice, health professionals do not use any method to reduce pain when inserting a catheter. The authors observations led them to believe in the need to carry out a bibliographical review whose objective was to discover all the methods used to reduce pain caused by puncturing a peripheral vein.Six randomly assigned clinical tests and a meta-analyisis evaluate the effectiveness of: The use of Valsalva , an analgesic cream which contains two local amino-amide anesthetics ; lidocaine and prylocaine (EMLA®) compared to another analgesic cream, Myolaxin®;a meta-analyisis of twenty studies evaluates the degree by which pain is diminished by one such method: an EMLA® cream; an anti-inflammatory skin dressing (diclofenaco), a diclofenaco dressing versus an EMLA® anesthetic dressing, 0.25 ml subcutaneous injection of 1% mepivaína, an amida type local anesthetic; and direct photography moments before puncture occurs to use the effects of a flash of light. All these methods studied proved effective in reducing pain. Creams and dressing prove to be unaggressive methods but require some time for application prior to puncture. Using a camera flash, subcutaneous injection of mepivacaine and the application of Valsalva can be effective alternatives to reduce pain when puncturing veins in patients who require emergency care(AU)

Bloqueo posterior del plexo lumbar en paciente con sarcoidosis cardíaca para cirugía en artritis séptica de cadera / No disponible

No disponible

Eficácia anestésica da mepivacaína no bloqueio mandibular em molares inferiores com pulpite irreversível / Anesthetic efficacy of mepivacaine and lidocaine in mandibular block in irreversible pulpitis molars

Neste estudo, randomizado, duplo cego, avaliamos a eficácia anestésica em quarenta e dois pacientes, do Setor de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, com pulpite irreversível, que receberam mepivacaína 2% (n=21) ou lidocaína 2% (n=21) associadas à epinefrina 1:100.000 para bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). O sinal subjetivo de anestesia do lábio e língua, a presença de anestesia pulpar e ausência de dor durante o procedimento de pulpectomia foram avaliados, respectivamente, por indagação ao paciente, pelo testador elétrico pulpar (TEP) e pela escala de dor verbal (VAS). Pela técnica pterigomandibular indireta das três posições, foi injetado primeiramente um tubete (1,8mL), e depois de 10 minutos, foi testada a anestesia pulpar (AP), pelo TEP, por duas leituras negativas ao estímulo máximo (80A) do aparelho. Quando não instalada a AP, um segundo tubete (mais 1,8mL) era reinjetado. Confirmada a anestesia pulpar, iniciava-se a pulpectomia. O sucesso do BNAI foi definido como a capacidade de acessar a câmara pulpar e a realização da pulpectomia sem relato de dor (VAS) pelo paciente (escore 0 ou 1), enquanto o insucesso foi caracterizado pelo incomodo/dor (escore 2 ou 3), que impedisse a continuação

Nesse caso, um terceiro e último tubete foi dado por técnicas complementares (intraligamentar ou intrapulpar) para finalizar o procedimento. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o teste Exato de Fisher e ANOVA com nível de significância fixado em 5%. Obtivemos que no grupo Mepivacaína com 1,8mL, a taxa de anestesia pulpar (AP) foi de 52% (11/21), e sucesso no BNAI de 55% (6/11); a injeção de mais 1,8mL (2º tubete) aumentou a AP para 86% (18/21) e o sucesso no BNAI para 55% (10*/18). No Grupo Lidocaína, com 1.8mL, a taxa da AP foi de 33% (7/21), o BNAI foi de 0%; com mais 1,8mL (2º tubete), a AP aumentou para 67% (14/21) e sucesso no BNAI para 14% (2*/14) (*com diferença estatística onde p0,05). A mepivacaína com volume menor proporcionou, clinicamente, maior índice de anestesia pulpar e sucesso do BNAI (pulpectomia total), e permitiu chegar mais próximo da polpa quando comparada a lidocaína. Concluímos que a mepivacaína obteve melhores resultados no sucesso do BNAI para a realização da pulpectomia em molares inferiores com pulpite irreversível

The aim of this, double blind randomized study, was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) using 2% mepivacaine and 2% lidocaine both associated with adrenaline 1:100,000 in molars with irreversible pulpitis. The sample of these study consisted of forty-two healthy patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis actively experiencing pain. For blocking the IAN was established the following protocol: injection of one cartridge (1.8 mL) by the technique pterigomandibular of three indirect positions, expected 10 minutes and electric pulp test (EPT) Vitality Scanner®-SybronEndo, USA was accomplishment. If tooth sensitivity pain persisted another cartridge (plus 1.8 mL) was given by the same technique and the same methodology was performed. The pulpectomy was continued after the confirmation of pulpal anesthesia, which was established as the lack of response at maximum stimulation (80A) of EPT. In cases where the patient reported pain during pulpectomy even confirmed the blockage, a third cartridge was given by complementary techniques (intraligamentary or intrapulpal) to complete the endodontic procedure

The anesthetic efficacy in IANB was established when the pulpectomy was performed without report of pain and without complementation. For analysis and comparison of results we used the Fisher exact statistical test and ANOVA with significance level set at 5%. Regarding the effectiveness of the anesthetic with 1,8 mL mepivacaine, determined pulpar anesthesia (PA) was 52% (11/21), and success in IANB (pulpectomy) 55% (6/11), the most injection of 1,8 mL, increased 86% (18/21) for AP and success in IANB to 55% (10*/18). In the lidocaine group, with 1.8mL, AP rate was 33% (7/21), the IANB was 0%, with a further 1.8 mL (cartridge 2) the AP increased to 67% (14/21) and success was to IANB 14 % (2*/14), (*statistically difference p 0.05). Mepivacaine with smaller volume clinically provided a higher rate of pulpal anesthesia and most successful of IANB (pulpectomy total), allowing to reach nearest dental pulp than lidocaine. Concluded that mepivacaine performed better in success of IANB (pulpectomy) that lidocaine in molars with irreversible pulpitis