Novel Approach to Risk Stratification in Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Using A Combined Cardiac Imaging and Plasma Biomarker Approach.

Background Left ventricular non-compaction remains a poorly described entity, which has led to challenges of overdiagnosis. We aimed to evaluate if the presence of a thin compacted myocardial layer portends poorer outcomes in individuals meeting cardiac magnetic resonance criteria for left ventricular non-compaction . Methods and Results This was an observational, retrospective cohort study involving individuals selected from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation cardiac magnetic resonance database (N=26 531). Between 2000 and 2018, 328 individuals ≥12 years, with left ventricular non-compaction or excessive trabeculations based on the cardiac magnetic resonance Petersen criteria were included. The cohort comprised 42% women, mean age 43 years. We assessed the predictive ability of myocardial thinning for the primary composite end point of major adverse cardiac events (composite of all-cause mortality, heart failure hospitalization, left ventricular assist device implantation/heart transplant, ventricular tachycardia, or ischemic stroke). At mean follow-up of 3.1 years, major adverse cardiac events occurred in 102 (31%) patients. After adjusting for comorbidities, the risk of major adverse cardiac events was nearly doubled in the presence of significant compacted myocardial thinning (hazard ratio [HR], 1.88 [95% CI, 1.18‒3.00]; P=0.016), tripled in the presence of elevated plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (HR, 3.29 [95% CI, 1.52‒7.11]; P=0.006), and increased by 5% for every 10-unit increase in left ventricular end-systolic volume (HR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00‒1.01]; P=0.041). Conclusions The risk of adverse clinical events is increased in the presence of significant compacted myocardial thinning, an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide or increased left ventricular dimensions. The combination of these markers may enhance risk assessment to minimize left ventricular non-compaction overdiagnosis whilst facilitating appropriate diagnoses in those with true disease.

Anticoagulation Therapy in Specific Cardiomyopathies: Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

In 2 distinct entities, left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) and peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), routine anticoagulation therapy is often used in current practices. However, our systematic review showed that LVNC itself was not associated with the increase in thromboembolism event rates and therapeutic anticoagulation therapy should not be considered only for LVNC, unless there is risk factor for thromboembolism. Current literature justifies prophylactic therapeutic anticoagulation in LVNC with low left ventricular ejection fraction (EF < 40%) and/or atrial fibrillation. Although not specifically studied, the presence of intracardiac thrombi by echocardiography or other imaging studies should also prompt anticoagulation therapy. There is limited evidence available for the use of anticoagulation in patients with PPCM, but our systematic review showed that anticoagulation should be recommended only for patients with PPCM especially with an EF < 35% until EF is recovered, as well as for patients with PPCM treated with bromocriptine.