Traditional Versus Water-resistant Short Leg Casting: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing fiberglass short leg casts with traditional cast padding to similar casts with water-resistant cast padding and recorded the opinion of the patient/caregiver and Orthopaedic Technicians (Ortho Techs) that applied and removed the casts. METHODS: Subjects with an injury that would be treated with a short leg cast were enrolled and randomized into a traditional cast or a water-resistant cast. Following cast application, the Ortho Tech that applied the cast completed a questionnaire asking their opinion on ease of application, moldability, padding level, and time taken for application. Following the removal of the study cast, the Ortho Tech that removed the cast completed a questionnaire that included an assessment of skin condition and evidence of the patient poking items inside the cast, as well as their opinion of ease of padding removal, padding durability and longevity, and an overall quality assessment of the cast padding. Following cast removal, the patient (or caregiver) also completed a questionnaire asking for their assessment of comfort, the weight of the cast, itchiness, heat/sweat, smell, and satisfaction. Patients who were treated with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene cast were also asked about their happiness with the cast's water resistance and asked how long the cast took to dry. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included in this study, thirty in each group. The water-resistant casts took longer to apply than the traditional casts (12.4±4.0 vs. 8.2±3.2 min, P <0.001). The Ortho Techs favored the traditional cast when it came to ease of application ( P <0.001), moldability ( P =0.003), ease of padding removal ( P <0.001), padding durability ( P =0.006), padding longevity ( P =0.005), and their overall impression ( P =0.014). The patients/caregivers responded similarly among the 2 groups for each survey question. CONCLUSIONS: Patients randomized into each cast type tolerated their cast similarly; however, the Ortho Techs involved in this study preferred the traditional cast.

Biobased polyester versus synthetic fiberglass casts for treating stable upper limb fractures in children: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Stable upper limb fractures, such as radius, ulna, or distal humerus fractures, are common pediatric orthopedic traumas that are traditionally managed with cast immobilization. The commonly used synthetic fiberglass cast is light and water resistant but may promote skin itchiness during casting, which is a common complaint of patients. In addition, these diisocyanate-based casts have been proven to be toxic and may cause asthma. Herein, we introduce a novel biobased polyester cast to compare its clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction with conventional synthetic fiberglass casts. METHODS: From Feb 2022 to Nov 2022, we undertook a single-center prospective randomized trial involving 100 children with cast-immobilized stable upper limb fractures. These patients were randomized into either biobased polyester or synthetic fiberglass groups. All patients were regularly followed up till the cast removal which occurred approximately 3-4 weeks after immobilizing. Objective clinical findings and subjective patient questionnaire were all collected and analyzed. RESULTS: According to the radiographs taken on the day of cast removal, there was no loss of reduction in both groups. The incidence of skin problems was 3.4 times higher in the synthetic fiberglass group than in the biobased polyester group. For the subjective questionnaire, the biobased polyester cast was preferred in every sub-item. CONCLUSIONS: Our study strongly suggested that the novel biobased polyester cast provides matching stability to conventional fiberglass casts and improves patient satisfaction in an eco-friendlier and safer way. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System ( https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ ; ID: NCT06102603; Date: 26/10/2023).

Efficacy of DIY Cast Covers: An In Vivo Study.

BACKGROUND: Casting is routinely used in orthopaedics. Preventing a wet cast is crucial for maintaining structural integrity and reducing unwanted complications like unnecessary skin irritation/ulceration, bacterial overgrowth, and unnecessary emergency department visits. Using experimental models, studies have tested various contemporary methods to prevent a wet cast. One such study found that in comparison the most effective and cost-conscious approach was to use a Do-It-Yourself cast cover using a double-bag technique sealed with tape. There is a paucity of literature on the utility of this technique in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the Do-It-Yourself cast cover on human test subjects. METHODS: Ten volunteers for the study were obtained. Each received one short arm cast and one short leg cast. Each cast was removed after they were deemed dry. These casts were subsequently weighed until they achieved a stable weight. Each cast was then reapplied to the subject's arm and held together with Scotch tape. A trash bag was then applied around the cast and then secured with Duct tape to the skin. This was repeated to create a double seal. These covered, reapplied casts were submerged under water for 2 minutes. After submersion, the cover was removed, and the cast was reweighed. The casts were then submerged completely without any protection for 2 minutes and their fully saturated weight was recorded. Efficacy was determined by comparing the postsubmersion and full-submersion weights. Data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The percentage of water absorption prevention ranged from 96.8% to 99.9%, with an average of 99.6% across the entire study sample ( P <0.0001). No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: Our findings conclude that the double-bag with Duct-tape method is effective at preventing external water absorption. This in vivo study demonstrates that almost all external water absorption can be prevented using this simple and inexpensive technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Neuromuscular Dysfunction in Clubfeet Associated With Constriction Band Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Constriction band syndrome (CBS) is a congenital limb anomaly frequently associated with clubfoot. Clubfeet in CBS patients may be associated with peroneal nerve dysfunction in the involved lower extremity; however, the etiology of this neuromuscular dysfunction is not clear. We sought to characterize the distribution of constriction bands on lower extremities with clubfoot and determine if neuromuscular deficit (NMD), defined here as having absent ankle dorsiflexion, was associated with ipsilateral proximal bands. Our secondary aim was to compare the treatment and outcomes of clubfeet with NMD to those without NMD. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients with CBS and clubfoot presenting to our facility between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2018. Treatment with the Ponseti method, at least 1 year of follow-up at this facility, and a detailed physical exam describing lower extremity neuromuscular function and the presence and location of constriction bands were required for inclusion in the study cohort. RESULTS: Twenty children with 26 clubfeet were included. Forty-six percent (12/26) of the clubfeet had NMD. Clubfeet with and without NMD had ipsilateral thigh or leg constriction bands at similar rates [42% (5/12) vs. 43% (6/14), P =0.106], and the majority (7/12) of clubfeet with NMD did not have an ipsilateral thigh or leg band. While children with an NMD clubfoot tended toward more casts, relapses, and surgical procedures, these differences did not reach statistical significance. The use of a daytime AFO beyond age four was higher in the NMD clubfeet [58% (7/12) vs. 14% (2/14), P =0.04]. CONCLUSION: Clubfeet with neuromuscular deficits may occur in the absence of proximal ipsilateral constriction bands, suggesting they may be caused by mechanisms other than direct damage from visible constriction bands to underlying nerves. They can also coexist with arthrogrypotic conditions. Clubfeet with an NMD tended toward more casts, relapses, and surgeries than those without NMD, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. These patients often elect long-term use of a daytime AFO.

The Pressure Is on: Dorsal Versus Volar Univalves for Long-arm Casts.

BACKGROUND: Fiberglass casts are routinely used to treat fractures of the upper extremity. When posttraumatic edema is anticipated, the cast is often valved to hopefully prevent potential complications, especially compartment syndrome. Due to volar forearm compartments being most involved with upper extremity compartment syndrome, volar skin surface pressures (SSP) are paramount. Despite past literature showing that a univalved cast will retain a 3-point mold better than a bivalved cast, there is a paucity of information analyzing the effects of univalving on the volar SSP. We hypothesized that a volar univalve technique would have a greater decrease in the volar skin surface pressures compared to a dorsal univalve in long-arm casts. METHODS: A 100-mL saline bag attached to an arterial line pressure transducer was placed between a long-arm cast and the skin along the volar forearm of a single adult volunteer. Fourteen casts were applied by a single certified orthopaedic technologist with 30 years of experience and assigned randomly to receive either a volar or dorsal univalve. We calculated the change in volar forearm SSP on each cast in 4 stages: isolated univalve, with a 3-mm cast spacer, with a 6-mm spacer, and with bivalve. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: When comparing volar versus dorsal univalve, volar SSP significantly dropped by a mean of 32.00 versus 20.43 mm Hg ( P value=0.001) in stage I, 45.14 versus 38.00 mm Hg in stage II ( P value=0.026), and 56.53 versus 49 mm Hg in stage III ( P value=0.001). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups after a bivalve was performed at stage IV ( P value=0.318). CONCLUSION: Our findings support that a volar univalve with a 6-mm spacer will provide the greatest reduction of skin surface pressure while theoretically maintaining the cast's structural integrity and biomechanical properties when compared to a bivalved cast. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Waterproof Hip Spica Casts for Pediatric Femur Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Hip spica casting is the treatment of choice for femur fractures in children ages 6 months to 5 years. Traditional spica (TS) casting utilizes cotton padding that precludes patient bathing. Waterproof (WP) casting has inherent advantages, including clearance for bathing and improved family satisfaction. This study examines the safety and efficacy of WP hip spica casting for the treatment of pediatric femur fractures. METHODS: This is a retrospective, matched cohort study of patients ≤5 years with a femur fracture treated with hip spica casting. Patients with WP casts were matched to patients with TS casts by age, sex, and fracture type. TS casts utilize a Goretex liner and cotton padding, while WP spicas utilize fully WP materials and can be completely submerged in water. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included (25 WP, 25 TS) without differences between cohorts in age, weight, or sex. There were no differences in operative time, length of stay, or length of time in cast. Patient charges were significantly lower in the WP group ($230 vs. $301, P <0.001). At cast-off, coronal/sagittal alignment and shortening were similar, while 9 TS patients had minor skin and/or cast complications that required outpatient repair versus only 1 WP patient ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a matched comparison, WP spica casting significantly reduces skin and cast complications traditionally associated with cotton-based spica casting, with significantly lower charges for WP cast materials. Fracture healing rate, alignment, and shortening at cast-off are similar in WP versus TS casts. WP spica casting is safe and efficacious for pediatric femur fractures, with the inherent advantage of clearance for bathing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

Tuina in a Frozen Shoulder Rat Model: An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol.

Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common condition with no defined optimal therapy. Tuina therapy, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) technique used to treat FS patients in Chinese hospitals, has demonstrated excellent results, but its mechanisms are not fully understood. Building on a previous study, this work aimed to develop a Tuina protocol for an FS rat model. We randomly divided 20 SD rats into control (C; n = 5), FS model (M; n = 5), FS model Tuina treatment (MT; n = 5), and FS model oral treatment (MO; n = 5) groups. This study used the cast immobilization method to establish the FS rat model. The effect of Tuina and oral dexamethasone on the glenohumeral range of motion (ROM) was evaluated, and the histological findings were assessed. Our study showed that Tuina and oral dexamethasone were able to improve shoulder active ROM and preserve the structure of the capsule, with Tuina therapy proving to be more effective than oral dexamethasone. In conclusion, the Tuina protocol established in this study was highly effective for FS.

Distal radial fractures in adults: 4 versus 6 weeks of cast immobilisation after closed reduction, a randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aim to evaluate whether the functional outcome of Distal Radius Fractures (DRFs) could be enhanced by shortening the period of immobilisation from six weeks to four weeks. METHODS: This study is a single blinded randomised controlled trial. Four week plaster cast immobilisation was compared with six week plaster cast immobilisation in adult patients (older than 18 years) with adequately reduced DRFs. The primary outcome parameters were functional outcome measured by Quick DASH score after 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes were: Quick DASH after three months, 6 months, range of motion, and complications (such as number of re-interventions, secondary displacement, delayed and non-union). RESULTS: 80 patients (16 male and 64 female, mean age, 61.76 years) were included and randomized. 65 patients completed the 1-year follow-up. After 1-year follow up, no significant differences were found between the two groups in the QUICK DASH score (P = 0.55). Moreover, no significant differences in DASH Score after three and six months (P = 0.24, 0.28, respectively). The complication rate among both cohorts was almost similar, (P = 0.51). CONCLUSION: Reduction in the time of cast immobilisation in patients with DRFs in accepted position reported similar outcomes. Of note, the complication rate in the four and six weeks was also the same. Thus, 4 weeks in cast is a safe immobilisation period. Clinical Trials Number Trial registration number and date of registration for prospectively registered trials at http://ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05012345), on 19/08/2021.

Anesthetic Complications in Children Undergoing Mehta Spine Casting: A Case Series.

Elongation-derotation flexion casting, commonly referred to as Mehta casting, is a relatively new treatment for infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Surgeons have noted remarkable, sustained improvement in scoliosis following treatment with serial Mehta plaster casts. There is scant literature regarding anesthetic complications during Mehta cast placement. This case series examines 4 children who underwent Mehta casting at a single tertiary institution. Complications included endotracheal tube obstruction, hypothermia, pressure point injuries, and prolonged exposure to general anesthesia (GA) that potentially increases the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental delay.

Use of cast immobilization versus removable brace in adults with an ankle fracture: two-year follow-up of a multicentre randomized controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the longer-term outcomes of operatively and nonoperatively managed patients treated with a removable brace (fixed-angle removable orthosis) or a plaster cast immobilization for an acute ankle fracture. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing adults with an acute ankle fracture, initially managed either by operative or nonoperative care. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either a cast immobilization or a fixed-angle removable orthosis (removable brace). Data were collected on baseline characteristics, ankle function, quality of life, and complications. The Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) was the primary outcome which was used to measure the participant's ankle function. The primary endpoint was at 16 weeks, with longer-term follow-up at 24 weeks and two years. Overall, 436 patients (65%) completed the final two-year follow-up. The mean difference in OMAS at two years was -0.3 points favouring the plaster cast (95% confidence interval -3.9 to 3.4), indicating no statistically significant difference between the interventions. There was no evidence of differences in patient quality of life (measured using the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire) or Disability Rating Index. This study demonstrated that patients treated with a removable brace had similar outcomes to those treated with a plaster cast in the first two years after injury. A removable brace is an effective alternative to traditional immobilization in a plaster cast for patients with an ankle fracture.

Suitability of skin traction combined with braces for treating femoral shaft fractures in 3-5 years old children.

BACKGROUND: In children aged 3-5 years, femoral fractures are common and are frequently treated using flexible intramedullary nails (FIN) or spica casting. Recently, more surgeons have been relying on FIN surgery because of the high rate of complications associated with spica casts, such as skin irritation and re-adjustment surgery. We aimed to evaluate the effect of skin traction combined with braces in 3-5 years old children at our hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 125 children aged 3-5 years with femoral shaft fractures treated at our hospital between January 2010 and December 2020. We assigned 68 patients who underwent FIN surgery to Group A and 57 patients treated with skin traction and braces to Group B. Comparative analysis included the children's age, sex, side of the affected limb, cause of fracture, function of the knee joint, healing time of the fracture, duration of hospitalization, cost of hospitalization, and complications. The complications evaluated included joint dysfunction, pain, infection, pressure ulcers, angular deformities, limb length differences, re-fractures, nonunion fractures, and delayed union. RESULTS: There were significant differences in and hospital costs (p = 0.001). Conversely, no statistically significant differences were observed in sex (p = 0.858), injury type (p = 0.804), age (p = 0.231), hospitalization time (p = 0.071), bone healing time (p = 0.212), and complications. Pressure ulcers, nonunion fractures, and delayed union did not occur in both groups. CONCLUSION: Both methods had similar therapeutic effects and postoperative complications in children aged 3-5 years with femoral shaft fractures. Therefore, skin traction combined with braces is recommended for this population and for patients hospitalized in institutions where several beds are available, with a consequent possibility of prolonged hospitalization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Current Complications of Cast Removal with Oscillating Saws and a Novel Method for Reducing Such Complications: A Comparative Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the complications associated with conventional methods of cast removal and to compare them with the complications associated with a novel method involving the use of externally guided aids for skin protection. METHODS: Two hundred and eight cooperative patients ≥5 years of age who had no experience with cast removal were included in the study. Patients were selected arbitrarily and were divided into 2 groups. In Group 1 (106 patients [115 casts]; 60% male; average age, 20 years), conventional protection methods were used. In Group 2 (102 patients [108 casts]; 62% male; average age, 26 years), tong-shaped, externally guided, steel plate aids were used for skin protection. After the insertion of the protective part between the skin and the cast materials, the outer portion of the aid guided the operator to stay in a safe cutting line. The cast removal procedures in each group were documented, and skin injuries, burns, patient anxiety, operator anxiety, and processing time were noted. RESULTS: In Group 1, the skin mark/scratch rate was 18%, the full-thickness skin laceration rate was 0.9%, the burn sensation rate was 22%, and the rate of first/second-degree burns was 2.5%. Anxiety was classified as moderate by 57% of the patients and as severe by 8%. Moderate anxiety was reported by 20% of the cast operators. In Group 2, only 6% of the patients experienced moderate anxiety and the removal time was reduced by >25%. When the groups were compared with regard to severe complications such as skin laceration (resulting in bleeding), visible burn, and severe anxiety, the former 2 complications were eliminated in Group 2 but the difference between the groups was statistically significant in the last category only (p = 0.325, p = 0.247, p = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Eliminating saw blade-to-skin contact with a tong-like, externally guided flexible steel aid provides a high level of safety, decreases removal time by 5 to 10 minutes (depending on cast length), and makes cast removal a better experience for both patients and operators. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Less malunion and shorter bone union time with titanium elastic nail treatment for isolated femoral shaft fractures in three- to six-year-old children.

PURPOSE: Titanium elastic nail (TEN) is a good option for femoral shaft fractures in school-age children, whereas a spica cast is favored for younger patients. We aimed to compare these treatment modalities in a group of children aged three to six years. METHODS: 34 patients aged 3-6 years with an isolated closed femoral shaft fracture treated with TEN or one-leg spica cast immobilization were retrospectively assessed. Age, gender, weight, mechanism of injury, hospital stay time, bone union time, radiographic shortening, malunion, and complications were compared between the treatment groups. RESULTS: 16 (47.1%) patients who were treated with TEN (Group T) and 18 (52.9%) patients with spica casting (Group S) were included with a mean of 51 (24-94) months follow-up. The mean age was 4.98 years and statistically similar between both groups (mean, 5.2 vs. 4.8 years; p = 0.234). The patients in Group T were heavier (mean, 19.3 vs. 17.2 kg; p < 0.001) and were more likely to have a higher-energy mechanism of injury (p = 0.006). The mean late femoral shortening of Group S patient's was 6.5 ± 3.5 mm and significantly higher than Group T, which was 2.0 ± 2.9 (p = 0.050). However, effective late femoral shortening rates were not statistically different between groups (p = 0.347). Malunion was seen in six (33.3%) patients in Group S, whereas none of the patients in Group T had malunion at the last follow-up examination and were statistically different (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Our study identified radiographic evidence favoring TEN over spica cast immobilization in treating preschool-age children with an isolated femoral shaft fracture in terms of malunion.

Back to Basics: Pediatric Casting Techniques, Pearls, and Pitfalls.

Cast application is a critical portion of pediatric orthopaedic surgery training and is being performed by a growing number of non-orthopaedic clinicians including primary care physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs). Given the tremendous remodeling potential of pediatric fractures, correct cast placement often serves as the definitive treatment in this age population as long as alignment is maintained. Proper cast application technique is typically taught through direct supervision from more senior clinicians, with little literature and few resources available for providers to review during the learning process. Given the myriad complications that can result from cast application or removal, including pressure sores and cast saw burns, a thorough review of proper cast technique is warranted. This review and technique guide attempts to illustrate appropriate upper and lower extremity fiberglass cast application (and waterproof casts), including pearls and pitfalls of cast placement. This basic guide may serve as a resource for all orthopaedic and non-orthopaedicproviders, including residents, APPs, and medical students in training. Level of Evidence: IV.

The Role of Patient and Parent Education in Pediatric Cast Complications.

Cast immobilization remains the standard of care in managing pediatric fractures. Cast complications often result in emergency department visits, office calls and visits, or lasting patient morbidities that burden the healthcare institution from a time and economic standpoint. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to create a multimodal cast care education protocol with an aim of decreasing cast complications over a 6-week period. Qualified patients (0-18) placed in cast immobilization received a quick response (QR) code sticker on their casts linked to a custom cast care website with text, pictures, and video instructions. Incidence of cast complications, complication type, effect(s) on workflow, and patient demographics were recorded. The complication rate declined 7.6%, but it was not statistically significant. Continuous access to clinic-specific cast instructions demonstrates decreased cast complications in pediatric populations, and this approach to patient education can be easily utilized across all medical specialties.

"It's Not Just a Plaster Cast, My Leg Is in It!": Patient Experiences: A Qualitative Study.

Plaster casts have been used in the treatment of fractures since 1850, and they play an important role in the healing of extremity injuries and operative repairs. Despite the high incidence of fractures and the widespread use of plaster casts in patients with fractures, the quality of counseling in patients with plaster casts has been neglected. There are few studies on the quality of this patient advisement and the nonmedical experiences of patients with plaster casts. We believe that understanding the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of patients who have had plaster casts will contribute to holistic patient care and will guide the planning of such care. The aim of this study was to describe some of the nonmedical experiences of being in a plaster cast and to illustrate these difficulties through patient quotes. This qualitative research study used a qualitative, descriptive approach guided by phenomenology to explore and describe the subjective experiences of patients with plaster casts. Participants consisted of 10 patients with lower extremity fractures, all of whom had been in a plaster cast for at least 6 weeks. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews using semistructured questionnaires. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) was used in structuring and reporting the study. Six themes that described the experiences of patients with a plaster cast were determined in the study. These themes were the basic physiological and functional concern, self-image challenges, social roles, dependence/independence, emotions, and the experience of being in a plaster cast. We determined that many aspects of the lives of patients had been affected by being in a plaster cast and that they had experienced not only physiological issues but also psychological, social, emotional, and aesthetic issues. In addition, all the participants stated that they sought solutions to these issues by requesting support from a person or persons around them. Understanding the experiences of individuals with a plaster cast will contribute to the holistic healthcare of individuals who suffer fractures, allowing it to be more patient-centered. This understanding will also support the planning and implementation of patient-centered counseling and education.

The Integrity of Cartilage Hinge in Song 2/3 Lateral Humeral Condylar Fractures in Children: A Retrospective Radiological Study in Two Centers.

OBJECTIVE: For pediatric lateral condylar fractures (LCFs) of the humerus, it is often hard to determine the stability of the fracture based on the Song classification, especially for those categorized as Song stages 2 and 3. This study aims to define the characteristics of cartilage injury and assess the stability of LCFs classified as Song stages 2 and 3 on post-traumatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This was a retrospective study based on imaging data, conducted with a short follow-up period. From January 2016 to May 2019, data of all patients with Song 2 and Song 3 LCFs treated at two institutions were collected. Based on the inclusion criteria, a total of 62 patients with Song stage 2/3 LCF were included. All radiographs were selected for observation and classification for comparison by two observers, both experienced pediatric orthopedic surgeons. MRIs scans for comparison were analyzed in three consecutive coronal sections and cross-sections. Patients were treated conservatively with casting or surgically with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). RESULTS: Altogether 62 cases between 1.5 to 9 years old were included. Reliability analysis revealed poor, moderate, or good agreement between the two observers (range, 0.149-0.633). Both observers showed moderate or good consistency (range, 0.413-0.611). Among the 62 patients diagnosed with Song stages 2 and 3 fractures on initial radiographs, only two patients (3%) had complete fractures with complete disruption of the cartilage hinge as seen on MRI. The hinge was generally located in the posterior-inferior region of the distal humeral cartilage as indicated on MRI. There was no significant difference between Song stages 2 and 3 with regard to ratio of hinge to total values in any cross-sections, nor was there any significant difference in the completeness of the coronal sections (P > 0.05). Of the 62 patients treated, 50 were managed conservatively with casting and 12 underwent CRPP. Forty-nine of the remaining 60 patients (97%) with incomplete fractures were managed conservatively, while the remaining 11 patients were managed with CRPP. All patients with incomplete fractures showed bone healing and no evidence of lateral condyle displacement on follow-up radiographs. CONCLUSIONS: The Song stage 2 or 3 classification is not entirely accurate and is inadequate at guiding treatment outcomes. The cartilage hinge was most likely located posteroinferiorly within the distal humeral epiphysis. According to our findings, conservative treatment with an effective cast or splint may be sufficient for bone healing in case of incomplete cartilage fractures.

Assessment of complications associated with casting of acute distal radius fractures in adults.

PURPOSE: Controversy exists regarding the closed treatment of distal radius fractures. Circumferential casting of acute distal radius fractures has been shown to be safe in children, however, little research has demonstrated its safety in adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of complications associated with casting acute distal radius fractures in adult patients. METHODS: Patients with a distal radius fracture treated by a single hand surgeon at a level 1 trauma center were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period. Patients were evaluated in the emergency room and were provisionally immobilized either with short-arm fiberglass casts or with splints. Patients were followed for a minimum of 4 weeks. Complication rates associated with casting were recorded, including rates of compartment syndrome and acute carpal tunnel syndrome. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were included in this study. A total of 30 patients met inclusion criteria for placement of a short arm cast in the Emergency Department. Mean patient age was 63.2 years. The majority of patients sustained their injuries from a ground level fall. A minority of patients had radiographic evidence of intra-articular extension or underwent a reduction prior to casting. There were no patients who developed compartment syndrome or acute carpal tunnel syndrome as a result from the casting. The majority of patients did not require a cast change for at least 4 weeks. None of our patients went on to surgery. CONCLUSION: There were no major complications associated with casting of acute, low energy distal radius fractures in this series of 30 adult patients. While further studies with larger numbers of patients are necessary to establish safety of casting, this study suggests that casting may be a safe and effective treatment for low-energy distal radius fractures in adult patients presenting with a normal neurovascular exam. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective comparative study, Level III.

Weight gain and gastrostomy tube safety during serial body casting for early onset scoliosis.

PURPOSE: Serial casting has been shown to improve curve deformity for patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS). However, despite prior literature demonstrating the importance of weight and nutrition in EOS patients, there is limited information regarding complications and weight gain ability for children undergoing serial casting. Additionally, parents of patients undergoing serial casting often have concerns regarding weight gain and patient comfort, which tend to be amplified in patients with gastrostomy tubes (g-tubes). We aim to understand changes in weight, g-tube complications, and cast-related complications in patients being treated with serial casting. METHODS: A single center retrospective review of all EOS patients less than 6 years old treated with serial casting was performed. Patient weight out of cast throughout their treatment was converted to a percentile based on CDC growth charts. Patients with documented calls regarding cast concerns, complications requiring cast removal, or g-tube procedures were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients treated with serial casting were included with four having g tubes. Overall, the average weight percentile increased from pre-casting to post-casting (27-38%, p < 0.001) with 21 patients showing an increase. Of the 22 patients with a starting weight below the 25th percentile, 14 (64%) demonstrated an increase. Patients with g tubes increased an average of 4.2 kg during casting compared to 3.0 kg in patients without g tubes (p = 0.588). 18 parents registered a cast concern during the treatment and 5 patients required at least one early cast removal. No difference in cast concerns (p = 0.597) or cast removals (p = 0.488) was observed when comparing patients with g tubes to those without. There were no instances of g-tube dysfunction during casting. CONCLUSION: While the average weight percentile for patients initiating serial casting is below average, the majority increased their weight percentile during treatment. Patients with and patients without g tubes were able to maintain or gain weight during casting treatment. While it was common for parents to contact providers with cast concerns, patients with g tubes did not appear to have a greater risk of cast or g tube-related complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Analysis of risk factors for re-displacement of pediatric tibia fractures: A retrospective study of 196 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the factors that may cause loss of reduction (LOR) in pediatric tibia diaphysis and distal third fractures treated with closed reduction and casting (CRC) and (2) to determine the effectiveness of cast index (CI), gap index (GI), and three-point index (TPI) in prediction of LOR. METHODS: The patients aged 0-16 years who were admitted to the emergency department between January 2014 and January 2018, with tibia diaphysis or distal third fractures and treated with CRC were included the study. A total of 196 pediatric patients (41 females, 155 males) were retrospectively evaluated. The radiographs on admission were analyzed in terms of fracture type, location of the fracture, presence/location of the fibula fracture as well as initial angulation in both planes, translation, and the time of definitive cast. On radiographs taken after closed reduction and final casting, angulation in the coronal and sagittal planes, amount of translation (%), CI, GI, and TPI were measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors of re-displacement. RESULTS: Of 196 patients, 46 developed re-displacement (23%). Age (P : 0.029), initial translation (P : 0.006), post-reduction translation (P : 0.001), and post-reduction AP angulation (P : 0.002) were found statistically significant. Mean CI and GI were higher in re-displacement group (P : 0.033, 0.036, respectively). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis postreduction AP angulation, post-reduction translation, and cast index were found independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: One should carefully evaluate patients who underwent CRC due to tibia fracture with CI > 1.02, post-reduction AP angulation > 3.4°, and post-reduction translation > 24.3° in terms of occurrence of re-displacement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic Study.