U.S. agency funding for climate and health research falls short.

Interdisciplinary teams struggle to find a home in siloed federal grant-funding system.

Indigenous food production in a carbon economy.

Indigenous communities in the North American Arctic are characterized by mixed economies that feature hunting, fishing, gathering, and trapping activities-and associated sharing practices-alongside the formal wage economy. The region is also undergoing rapid social, economic, and climate changes, including, in Canada, carbon taxation, which is impacting the cost of fuel used in local food harvesting. Because of the importance of local foods to nutrition, health, and well-being in Arctic Indigenous communities, there is an urgent need to better understand the sensitivity of Arctic food systems to social, economic, and climate changes and to develop plans for mitigating potential adverse effects. Here, we develop a Bayesian model to calculate the substitution value and carbon emissions of market replacements for local food harvests in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Canada. Our estimates suggest that under plausible scenarios, replacing locally harvested foods with imported market substitutes would cost over 3.1 million Canadian dollars per year and emit over 1,000 tons of CO2-equivalent emissions per year, regardless of the shipping scenario. In contrast, we estimate that gasoline inputs to harvesting cost approximately $295,000 and result in 315 to 497 tons of emissions. These results indicate that climate change policies that fail to account for local food production may undermine emissions targets and adversely impact food security and health in Arctic Indigenous communities, who already experience a high cost of living and high rates of food insecurity.

Green finance growth prediction model based on time-series conditional generative adversarial networks.

Climate change mitigation necessitates increased investment in green sectors. This study proposes a methodology to predict green finance growth across various countries, aiming to encourage such investments. Our approach leverages time-series Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CT-GANs) for data augmentation and Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Networks (NARNNs) for prediction. The green finance growth predicting model was applied to datasets collected from forty countries across five continents. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test confirmed the non-stationary nature of the data, supporting the use of Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Networks (NARNNs). CT-GANs were then employed to augment the data for improved prediction accuracy. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. NARNNs trained with CT-GAN augmented data achieved superior performance across all regions, with R-squared (R2) values of 98.8%, 96.6%, and 99% for Europe, Asia, and other countries respectively. While the RMSE for Europe, Asia, and other countries are 1.26e+2, 2.16e+2, and 1.16e+2 respectively. Compared to a baseline NARNN model without augmentation, CT-GAN augmentation significantly improved both R2 and RMSE. The R2 values for the Europe, Asia, and other countries models are 96%, 73%, and 97.2%, respectively. The RMSE values for the Europe, Asia, and various countries models are 2.24e+2, 7e+2, and 2.07e+2, respectively. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Neural Network (NARX-NN) exhibited significantly lower performance across Europe, Asia, and other countries with R2 values of 74%, 52%, and 86%, and RMSE values of 1.11e+2, 3.63e+2, and 1.8e+2, respectively.

Inland recreational fisheries contribute nutritional benefits and economic value but are vulnerable to climate change.

Inland recreational fishing is primarily considered a leisure-driven activity in freshwaters, yet its harvest can contribute to food systems. Here we estimate that the harvest from inland recreational fishing equates to just over one-tenth of all reported inland fisheries catch globally. The estimated total consumptive use value of inland recreational fish destined for human consumption may reach US$9.95 billion annually. We identify Austria, Canada, Germany and Slovakia as countries above the third quantile for nutrition, economic value and climate vulnerability. These results have important implications for populations dependent on inland recreational fishing for food. Our findings can inform climate adaptation planning for inland recreational fisheries, particularly those not currently managed as food fisheries.

Climate Change and Mental Health.

This JAMA Insights discusses the adverse effects of climate change on mental health and proposes solutions to help mitigate those effects.

Opportunities and challenges for financing women's, children's and adolescents' health in the context of climate change.

Women, children and adolescents (WCA), especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), will bear the worst consequences of climate change during their lifetimes, despite contributing the least to global greenhouse gas emissions. Investing in WCA can address these inequities in climate risk, as well as generating large health, economic, social and environmental gains. However, women's, children's and adolescents' health (WCAH) is currently not mainstreamed in climate policies and financing. There is also a need to consider new and innovative financing arrangements that support WCAH alongside climate goals.We provide an overview of the threats climate change represents for WCA, including the most vulnerable communities, and where health and climate investments should focus. We draw on evidence to explore the opportunities and challenges for health financing, climate finance and co-financing schemes to enhance equity and protect WCAH while supporting climate goals.WCA face threats from the rising burden of ill-health and healthcare demand, coupled with constraints to healthcare provision, impacting access to essential WCAH services and rising out-of-pocket payments for healthcare. Climate change also impacts on the economic context and livelihoods of WCA, increasing the risk of displacement and migration. These impacts require additional resources to support WCAH service delivery, to ensure continuity of care and protect households from the costs of care and enhance resilience. We identify a range of financing solutions, including leveraging climate finance for WCAH, adaptive social protection for health and adaptations to purchasing to promote climate action and support WCAH care needs.

Climate finance opportunities for health and health systems.

Climate change poses significant risks to health and health systems, with the greatest impacts in low- and middle-income countries - which are least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. The Conference of Parties 28 at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference led to agreement on the need for holistic and equitable financing approaches to address the climate and health crisis. This paper provides an overview of existing climate finance mechanisms - that is, multilateral funds, voluntary market-based mechanisms, taxes, microlevies and adaptive social protection. We discuss these approaches' potential use to promote health, generate additional health sector resources and enhance health system sustainability and resilience, and also explore implementation challenges. We suggest that public health practitioners, policy-makers and researchers seize the opportunity to leverage climate funding for better health and sustainable, climate-resilient health systems. Emphasizing the wider benefits of investing in health for the economy can help prioritize health within climate finance initiatives. Meaningful progress will require the global community acknowledging the underlying political economy challenges that have so far limited the potential of climate finance to address health goals. To address these challenges, we need to restructure financing institutions to empower communities at the frontline of the climate and health crisis and ensure their needs are met. Efforts from global and national level stakeholders should focus on mobilizing a wide range of funding sources, prioritizing co-design and accessibility of financing arrangements. These stakeholders should also invest in rigorous monitoring and evaluation of initiatives to ensure relevant health and well-being outcomes are addressed.

Le changement climatique fait peser des risques considérables sur la santé et les systèmes de santé, affectant principalement les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire ­ alors qu'ils contribuent le moins aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique de 2023, la 28e Conférence des Parties a abouti à un accord sur la nécessité d'adopter des approches de financement équitables et holistiques pour résoudre la crise climatique et sanitaire. Le présent document offre un aperçu des dispositifs de financement climatique existants ­ à savoir des fonds multilatéraux, des mécanismes de marché volontaires, des micro-taxes et une protection sociale adaptative. Nous évoquons la possibilité de recourir à ces approches en vue de promouvoir la santé, de générer des ressources supplémentaires pour le secteur de la santé et de renforcer la viabilité et la résilience des systèmes de santé; nous nous intéressons également aux défis que représente leur mise en œuvre. Nous suggérons que les professionnels de la santé publique, les responsables politiques et les chercheurs profitent de cette occasion pour obtenir des fonds climatiques afin d'améliorer la santé et de développer des systèmes de santé durables et adaptés au changement climatique. Souligner tout l'intérêt, pour l'économie, d'investir dans la santé peut aider à inscrire la santé en priorité dans les initiatives de financement climatique. Réaliser des progrès significatifs implique que la communauté internationale prenne conscience des enjeux sous-jacents en matière d'économie politique, enjeux qui ont jusqu'à présent limité le potentiel du financement climatique dans l'atteinte des objectifs de santé. Pour y remédier, nous devons restructurer les institutions financières afin d'accroître l'autonomie des communautés en première ligne face à la crise climatique et sanitaire, et de faire en sorte que leurs besoins soient satisfaits. Les efforts des parties prenantes à l'échelle nationale et mondiale doivent porter sur la mobilisation d'un large éventail de sources de financement, en mettant l'accent sur la conception conjointe et l'accessibilité des modalités financières. Ces parties prenantes doivent en outre investir dans un suivi étroit et une évaluation rigoureuse des initiatives pour veiller à obtenir des résultats pertinents en termes de santé et de bien-être.

El cambio climático plantea riesgos importantes para la salud y los sistemas sanitarios, con mayores impactos en los países de ingresos bajos y medios, que son los menos responsables de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La 28.ª Conferencia de las Partes en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2023 condujo a un acuerdo sobre la necesidad de enfoques de financiación holísticos y equitativos para abordar la crisis climática y sanitaria. Este documento ofrece una visión general de los mecanismos de financiación climática existentes, es decir, los fondos multilaterales, los mecanismos voluntarios basados en el mercado, los impuestos, los microimpuestos y la protección social adaptable. Analizamos el uso potencial de estos enfoques para promover la salud, generar recursos adicionales para el sector sanitario y mejorar la sostenibilidad y la resiliencia de los sistemas sanitarios. Sugerimos que los profesionales de la salud pública, los responsables de formular las políticas y los investigadores aprovechen la oportunidad de utilizar la financiación climática para mejorar la salud y los sistemas sanitarios sostenibles y resilientes al cambio climático. Destacar los beneficios más amplios de invertir en salud para la economía puede ayudar a priorizar la salud dentro de las iniciativas de financiación climática. Para lograr avances significativos será necesario que la comunidad mundial reconozca los problemas de economía política subyacentes que hasta ahora han limitado el potencial de la financiación para abordar los objetivos de salud. Para superar estos desafíos, necesitamos reestructurar las instituciones financieras para empoderar a las comunidades que se encuentran en primera línea de la crisis climática y sanitaria y asegurar que se satisfacen sus necesidades. Los esfuerzos de las partes interesadas a nivel mundial y nacional deben centrarse en movilizar una gran variedad de fuentes de financiación y priorizar el diseño conjunto y la accesibilidad de los acuerdos de financiación. Estas partes interesadas también deben invertir en la supervisión y evaluación rigurosas de las iniciativas para garantizar que se abordan los resultados pertinentes en materia de salud y bienestar.

Unequal climate impacts on global values of natural capital.

Ecosystems generate a wide range of benefits for humans, including some market goods as well as other benefits that are not directly reflected in market activity1. Climate change will alter the distribution of ecosystems around the world and change the flow of these benefits2,3. However, the specific implications of ecosystem changes for human welfare remain unclear, as they depend on the nature of these changes, the value of the affected benefits and the extent to which communities rely on natural systems for their well-being4. Here we estimate country-level changes in economic production and the value of non-market ecosystem benefits resulting from climate-change-induced shifts in terrestrial vegetation cover, as projected by dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) driven by general circulation climate models. Our results show that the annual population-weighted mean global flow of non-market ecosystem benefits valued in the wealth accounts of the World Bank will be reduced by 9.2% in 2100 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP2-6.0 with respect to the baseline no climate change scenario and that the global population-weighted average change in gross domestic product (GDP) by 2100 is -1.3% of the baseline GDP. Because lower-income countries are more reliant on natural capital, these GDP effects are regressive. Approximately 90% of these damages are borne by the poorest 50% of countries and regions, whereas the wealthiest 10% experience only 2% of these losses.

Actividades socioeconómicas en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica y posibles efectos de la variabilidad climática / Socio-economic activities at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica and possible effects of climate variability

Socioeconomic activities and their gross income in Isla del Coco National Park have been poorly evaluated and systematized, as well as the effects on them climate variability may have. A methodology that combines cluster analysis with a dynamic value chain was developed to identify the most important socioeconomic activities and quantify the gross income derived by the existence of Isla del Coco National Park. The possible effects of climate variability on these activities were also analyzed. A detailed literature review, consultation and interviews with researchers, entrepreneurs and tourists were conducted in order to apply the methodology. The main clusters of activities around this park are leisure and spiritual experiences, research and education, economic activities and park management. An approximation of the gross income from the activities carried out around the National Park in 2010 was calculated. The gross income generated at the national level was $5.7 million dollars and at the international level was $2.5 million dollars. The overall gross income was approximately $8.3 million dollars. But, if the natural resources being visited by tourists degrade due to the effects of climate variability these benefits could decrease by 30%.

Las actividades socioeconómicas y sus ingresos en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco han sido poco evaluados y sistematizados, al igual que los efectos que sobre ellos pueda tener la variabilidad climática. empleó una metodología que combina análisis de conglomerados con una dinámica de valor agregado en una cadena productiva, para identificar las actividades socioeconómicas más importantes y cuantificar los ingresos que obtienen por la existencia del PNIC, además se analizó los posibles efectos de la variabilidad climática sobre estas actividades. Para lo anterior, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica detallada, consulta con empresarios, investigadores y turistas. Se obtuvo que los principales conglomerados de actividades alrededor del PNIC son la recreación y la vivencia espiritual, la investigación, las actividades económicas y la gestión y manejo del Parque. Se realizó una aproximación de las contribuciones de la existencia del PNIC en estos cuatro conglomerados en el 2010, y se obtuvo que la contribución el ámbito nacional fue de US$5.7 millones de dólares, el internacional de US$2.5 millones de dólares, el global del PNIC ascendió aproximadamente a US$8.3 millones de dólares. También se obtuvo que si los recursos naturales objeto de la visita de los turistas disminuyen debido a efectos de la variabilidad climática esto ingresos podrían disminuir en 30%.

El papel del fitoplancton en el cambio climático: ¿cuánto depende nuestro destino de unas pequeñas microalgas? / The role of phytoplankton in climate change: depends our future of some small microalgae?

Hoy en día estamos viviendo un período de cambio global rápidoen el cual alrededor de 30.000 especies llegan a extinguirse anualmentedebido a las actividades humanas que están alterando los procesosbiogeoquímicos a nivel de la biosfera. Los ciclos de la biosfera tal vezlleguen a ser menos predictibles si los microorganismos esencialessucumben al cambio climático y a las actividades antropogénicas. Enparticular, las microalgas y cianobacterias juegan un importante rol en elcontrol del cambio global pues son los principales productores primariosde los ecosistemas acuáticos, produciendo alrededor del 50% de lafotosíntesis total. El equilibrio entre respiración-oxidación (C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇒ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) y fotosíntesis (6 CO2 + 6 H2O ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 O2)marca la pauta del CO2 y consecuentemente del cambio climático.Investigar la capacidad diferencial de respuesta del fitoplancton alforzamiento ambiental inducido por los humanos ha llegado a ser clavepara entender las futuras repercusiones sobre el funcionamiento de losecosistemas a nivel planetario. Nuestros estudios muestran que losdiferentes grupos funcionales del fitoplancton (p.e. fitoplancton oceánico,costero, simbionte de corales, continental…) tienen muy diferentecapacidad de adaptarse al cambio global. La capacidad de las diferentesmicroalgas puede explicarse en relación a la estructura genética de lapoblación, tasa de crecimiento, tasa de mutación, ploidía, preferencia dehábitat y grupo taxonómico. Las poblaciones de microalgas oceánicas sonlas que muestran la mínima capacidad de adaptación al cambio. Como elocéano es el mayor ecosistema de la Tierra, las perspectivas futuras noson buenas(AU)

The role of phytoplankton in climate change: depends our future ofsome small microalgae?Nowadays, we are living in a rapid global change period in whicharound 30,000 species go extinct annually due to those human activitiesthat are altering biosphere-level biogeochemistry processes. Biospherelevel cycles may become less predictable as essential microbes succumbto climatic change and anthropogenic activities. In particular, sincemicroalgae and cyanobacteria play an important role in control of globalchange because they are the principal primary producers of aquaticecosystems producing around 50% total photosynthesis. Balance betweenrespiration -oxidation (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ⇒ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) andphotosynthesis (6 CO2 + 6 H2O ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 O2) is the pacemaker ofCO2 and consequently of climatic change. Investigating the differentialcapacity of the response of phytoplankton to human-inducedenvironmental forcing has become a key issue to understanding furtherthe future repercussions on the functioning of ecosystems at planetarylevel. Our studies show that different functional phytoplanktonic groups(ie. oceanic, coastal, coral-simbionts, continental phytoplankton…) havevery different capability for adaptation to global change. The capacity ofdifferent microalgal species to adapt to global change can be explained inrelation to population genetics structure, growth rate, mutation rate,ploidy, habitat preference and taxonomic group. Populations of oceanicmicroalgae showed the minimal capacity to adapt to change. Since openocean is the biggest ecosystem on the Earth, future perspectives are notgood(AU)

Relatório sobre o desenvolvimento mundial 2010: desenvolvimento e mudança climática / World Development Report 2010: development and climate change

Com base nas interconexões entre as disciplinas de economia do desenvolvimento, ciência, energia, tecnologia, finanças e regimes internacionais efetivos e governança, a obra apresenta iniciativas de financiamento para ajudar os países a lidar com a situação ambiental e mecanismos de incentivo a ações presentes que tragam resultados futuros. Também mostra como integrar as realidades de desenvolvimento no contexto da política internacional em acordos, ou seja, instrumentos para gerar economia de carbono e medidas para promover a inovação e difusão de novas tecnologias. Ao trazer dados em tabelas, quadros, mapas e indicadores, o Relatório sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial trabalha com a ideia de sustentabilidade e pensamento "verde" em cada indivíduo, dinamizando ações que resolvam os problemas gerados pela mudança climática. Reforça assim a imagem de um mundo "inteligente com relação ao clima", que só será alcançado se todos agirem agora, juntos e de modo diferente. Isto porque nenhum país está imune às alterações climáticas e nem é capaz de enfrentar, sozinho, os desafios que surgirem ao longo dos anos, já que isso envolve decisões políticas, mudanças tecnológicas e conseqüências de grande abrangência. A preocupação central são os países em desenvolvimento, que devem absorver de 75% a 80% dos custos relacionados a danos causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Tendo a perspectiva de que a redução da pobreza e o desenvolvimento sustentável continuam a ser prioridades globais, o relatório destaca que são justamente os países em desenvolvimento que mais dependem diretamente dos recursos naturais sensíveis ao clima para gerar renda e bem-estar, além de serem os que mais carecem de capacidade técnica e financeira para gerenciar o risco climático. Riscos que prejudicam não só os ganhos conquistados como também as perspectivas de desenvolvimento, tornando ainda mais difícil que se alcance as Metas de Desenvolvimento do Milênio.