Seroprevalence and determinants of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle in Burkina Faso.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides. This disease affects ruminants mainly cattle with respiratory disorders as predominant symptoms. In Burkina Faso, this condition has been considered as enzootic since several years but data on its seroprevalence remains scares. This study aimed to establish the serological prevalence and determinants of CBPP in Burkina Faso in 2017. For this purpose, 3969 serum samples have been collected following a stratified sampling plan based on vaccination coverage in 12 regions, 84 communes, and 210 villages and analyzed using c-ELISA test. Individual seroprevalence was 16.91% (95% CI: 15.74-18.07%), while 84.5% (95% CI: 60.46-80.02%) of communes, chosen as epidemiological units were found positive. The individual prevalence was found to be associated with agro-ecological area (p < 0.05) and a prevalence of 18.70% (95% CI: 16.74-20.66%) was noted in Sahelian areas, while 15.79% (95% CI: 14.34-17.23%) was found in Soudanian areas. The prevalence was also significantly associated with vaccination coverage (p < 0.05) with a prevalence of 13.92% (95% CI: 11.66-16.18%), 19.21% (95% CI: 16.66-20.75%) and 11.61%(95% CI: 9.00-14.23%) for high, moderate, and low vaccination coverage respectively. The individual prevalence was respectively 16.97 (95% CI: 15.56-18.39%) and 17.13% (95% CI: 15.93-18.33%) for female and animals more than 2 years old. According to regions, the highest seroprevalence was found in Plateau Central region (38.18%, 95% CI: 29.1-47.26%), while the lowest was found in Centre-Est Region (7%, 95% CI: 4.5-9.5%). These prevalence data will allow us to adapt the ongoing strategy to control CBPP in Burkina Faso.

Identification of targets of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit adhesion and growth in Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides.

Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) adhesion is tissue and host specific. Inhibition of adhesion will prevent Mmm from binding to lung cells and hence prevent colonization and disease. The aim of this study was to develop a panel of Mmm monoclonal antibodies against Mmm and use these antibodies to investigate their inhibitory effect on the adherence of Mmm to bovine lung epithelial cells (BoLEC), and to further identify an antigen to any of the inhibitory antibodies. Thirteen anti-Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (AMMY) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibited adhesion by at least 30% and ten of the mAbs bound to multiple bands on Western blots suggesting that the antibodies bound to proteins of variable sizes. AMMY 10, a previously characterized Mmm- capsular polysaccharide (CPS) specific antibody, inhibited growth of Mmm in vitro and also caused agglutination of Mmm total cell lysate. AMMY 5, a 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase acyltransferase (Catalytic domain) (MSC_0267) specific antibody, was identified and polyclonal rabbit serum against recombinant MSC_0267 blocked adhesion of Mmm to BoLEC by 41%. Antigens recognized by these antibodies could be vaccine candidate(s) and should be subsequently tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response in vivo.

Capsular polysaccharide from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides shows potential for protection against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) which is widespread in Africa. The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) of Mmm is one of the few identified virulence determinants. In a previous study, immunization of mice against CPS generated antibodies, but they were not able to prevent multiplication of Mmm in this model animal. However, mice cannot be considered as a suitable animal model, as Mmm does not induce pathology in this species. Our aim was to induce antibody responses to CPS in cattle, and challenge them when they had specific CPS antibody titres similar or higher than those from cattle vaccinated with the live vaccine. The CPS was linked to the carrier protein ovalbumin via a carbodiimide-mediated condensation with 1-ethyl-3(3-imethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Ten animals were immunized twice and challenged three weeks after the booster inoculation, and compared to a group of challenged non-immunized cattle. When administered subcutaneously to adult cattle, the vaccine elicited CPS-specific antibody responses with the same or a higher titre than animals vaccinated with the live vaccine. Pathology in the group of immunized animals was significantly reduced (57%) after challenge with Mmm strain Afadé compared to the non-immunized group, a figure in the range of the protection provided by the live vaccine.

Development of a Novel Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Field-Applicable Lateral-Flow Rapid Test for Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease that is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, a bacterium belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. In the absence of an efficient CBPP vaccine, improved and easy-to-use diagnostic assays for recurrent testing combined with isolation and treatment of positive animals represent an option for CBPP control in Africa. Here we describe the comprehensive screening of 17 immunogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides proteins using well-characterized bovine sera for the development of a novel cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for laboratory use. Two recombinant Mycoplasma immunogens, MSC_0136 and MSC_0636, were used to set up a standardized cocktail ELISA protocol. According to the results from more than 100 serum samples tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the novel cocktail ELISA were 85.6% and 96.4%, respectively, with an overall diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-prescribed serological assays. In addition, we provide a proof of principle for a field-applicable, easy-to-use commercially produced prototype lateral-flow test for rapid (<30-min) diagnosis of CBPP.

Recombinant Mycoplasma mycoides proteins elicit protective immune responses against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a devastating respiratory disease mainly affecting cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. The current vaccines are based on live-attenuated Mmm strains and present problems with temperature stability, duration of immunity and adverse reactions, thus new vaccines are needed to overcome these issues. We used a reverse vaccinology approach to identify 66 Mmm potential vaccine candidates. The selection and grouping of the antigens was based on the presence of specific antibodies in sera from CBPP-positive animals. The antigens were used to immunize male Boran cattle (Bos indicus) followed by a challenge with the Mmm strain Afadé. Two of the groups immunized with five proteins each showed protection after the Mmm challenge (Groups A and C; P<0.05) and in one group (Group C) Mmm could not be cultured from lung specimens. A third group (Group N) showed a reduced number of animals with lesions and the cultures for Mmm were also negative. While immunization with some of the antigens conferred protection, others may have increased immune-related pathology. This is the first report that Mmm recombinant proteins have been successfully used to formulate a prototype vaccine and these results pave the way for the development of a novel commercial vaccine.

Morphological characterization and immunohistochemical detection of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-17A, and TNF-α in lung lesions associated with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a severe respiratory disease, is characterized by massive inflammation of the lung especially during the acute clinical stage of infection. Tissue samples from cattle, experimentally infected with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Afadé, were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination in order to provide insight into innate immune pathways that shape inflammatory host responses. Lung lesions were characterized by vasculitis, necrosis, and increased presence of macrophages and neutrophils, relative to uninfected animals. The presence of three cytokines associated with innate inflammatory immune responses, namely, IL-1ß, IL-17A, and TNF-α, were qualitatively investigated in situ. Higher cytokine levels were detected in lung tissue samples from CBPP-affected cattle compared to samples derived from an uninfected control group. We therefore conclude that the cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß, which are prevalent in the acute phase of infections, play a role in the inflammatory response seen in the lung tissue in CBPP. IL-17A gets released by activated macrophages and attracts granulocytes that modulate the acute phase of the CBPP lesions.

Experimental evaluation of inactivated and live attenuated vaccines against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides.

The current control method for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Africa is vaccination with a live, attenuated strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). However, this method is not very efficient and often causes serious adverse reactions. Several studies have attempted to induce protection using inactivated mycoplasma, but with widely contradictory results. Therefore, we compared the protective capacity of the live T1/44 vaccine with two inactivated preparations of Mmm strain Afadé, inoculated with an adjuvant. Protection was measured after a challenge with Afadé. The protection levels were 31%, 80.8% and 74.1% for the formalin-inactivated, heat-inactivated and live attenuated preparations, respectively. These findings indicate that low doses of heat-inactivated Mmm can offer protection to a level similar to the current live attenuated (T1/44) vaccine formulation.

Changes in pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains revealed by comparative genomics analysis.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. A pathogenic strain BEN-1 was isolated from bovine lung and underwent continuous passages in rabbits for 468 generations. During this process, the strain's strong virulence became weak and, gradually, it lost the ability to confer protective immunity in cattle but developed virulence in rabbits. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms behind the reduction in virulence and the loss of immunogenicity, we sequenced five representative strains of the BEN series, including the original strain (BEN-1), the strain generation that first acquired virulence in rabbits (BEN-50), the two vaccine strain generations (BEN-181 and BEN-326), and the strain generation showing the greatest loss of immunogenicity (BEN-468). The gene mutation rate in the four different propagation stages varied greatly, and over half of variations observed in each generation were removed during the propagation process. However, the variation maintained in the BEN-468 generation might contribute to its changes in virulence and immunogenicity. We thus identified 18 genes associated with host adaptation, six genes contributing to virulence in cattle, and 35 genes participating in conferring immunity in cattle. These findings might help us optimize the vaccine to obtain more effective immunization results.

A contagious bovine pleuropneumonia outbreak on a research farm in Ethiopia, and its dynamics over an eight-month period.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was recognised on Bako Agricultural Research Farm, in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, for the first time on 5 May 2011. The outbreak was investigated by combining recognition of clinical signs, post-mortem examination, mycoplasma isolation and serological testing using competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The clinical cases were monitored for eight months; sick animals were treated with a range of antibiotics and isolated if necessary. The outbreak of CBPP was confirmed both bacteriologically and serologically and had spread to almost the entire herd (96.7%) within the eight-month observation period. Of the animals that recovered after antibiotic treatment, 12.3% fell sick again, showed typical signs of CBPP and were considered to be carriers. The role of treatment in the prevention of the spread of CBPP was minimal. Newly purchased animals that were not tested and quarantined before being introduced onto the farm were suspected to have been the most probable source of infection.

La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB) a été détectée pour la première fois dans la Ferme de recherches agricoles de Bako, dans l'Oromia (Éthiopie) le 5 mai 2011. Des investigations ont été conduites sur le foyer, au cours desquelles ont été réalisés des examens cliniques, des autopsies, des tentatives d'isolement de mycoplasmes et des tests sérologiques recourant à l'épreuve immuno-enzymatique de compétition (c-ELISA). Les cas cliniques ont été suivis pendant huit mois. Les animaux atteints ont été traités par antibiothérapie et mis à l'isolement si nécessaire. Le diagnostic de PPCB a été confirmé par les résultats tant bactériologiques que sérologiques ; le foyer s'est propagé dans tout le troupeau (96,7 %) au cours des huit mois de la période d'observation. Parmi les animaux ayant réagi au traitement antibiotique, 12,3 % ont eu une rechute accompagnée de signes cliniques caractéristiques de PPCB et ont donc été considérés comme porteurs. Le traitement n'a pas permis de prévenir significativement la propagation de la PPCB. Des animaux achetés et introduits dans la ferme peu de temps avant l'apparition du premier cas, sans avoir été préalablement testés ni soumis à une quarantaine, constituent la source la plus probable de l'infection.

El 5 de mayo de 2001 se detectó por primera vez perineumonía contagiosa bovina en la Granja de Investigación Agrícola de Bako, sita en la región etíope de Oromia. Para estudiar el brote se combinó la observación de signos clínicos con la realización de necropsias, el aislamiento de micoplasmas y pruebas serológicas con un ensayo inmunoenzimático de competición (ELISAc). Durante ocho meses se hizo un seguimiento de los casos clínicos, y los animales enfermos fueron tratados con diversos antibióticos y aislados en caso necesario. Tanto bacteriológica como serológicamente se confirmó la presencia de un brote de perineumonía contagiosa bovina, que en el curso de los ocho meses de observación se había propagado a la casi totalidad del rebaño (96,7%). De los animales que se recobraron tras recibir terapia antibiótica, un 12,3% recayeron con signos típicos de la enfermedad y fueron considerados portadores. El tratamiento tuvo un efecto mínimo para prevenir la diseminación del brote. Según se piensa, lo más probable es que la infección tuviera su origen en un conjunto de animales recién adquiridos que a su llegada a la granja no fueron sometidos ni a pruebas de detección ni a cuarentena.

Analysis of immune responses to recombinant proteins from strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Current contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccines are based on live-attenuated strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). These vaccines have shortcomings in terms of efficacy, duration of immunity and in some cases show severe side effects at the inoculation site; hence the need to develop new vaccines to combat the disease. Reverse vaccinology approaches were used and identified 66 candidate Mycoplasma proteins using available Mmm genome data. These proteins were ranked by their ability to be recognized by serum from CBPP-positive cattle and thereafter used to inoculate naïve cattle. We report here the inoculation of cattle with recombinant proteins and the subsequent humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses to these proteins and conclude that a subset of these proteins are candidate molecules for recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines for CBPP control.

Serological prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in agro-pastoral areas of Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), an infection of cattle caused by the small colony biotype of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (MmmSC), is a significant constraint to improved pastoral cattle productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate serological prevalence of CBPP and identify risk factors for herd sero-positivity within agro-pastoral areas of Nigeria. RESULTS: The herd level prevalence of CBPP was 54.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.7-62.0), and proportion of animals with detectable MmmSC monoclonal antibody was 30.2% (95% CI = 26.3-34.4). Herds were more likely to be sero-positive if they were potentially exposed to recent CBPP outbreaks (odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% CI = 2.4-10.1) or of larger sizes (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.5). Herds vaccinated against the disease had lower odds of being sero-positive (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.6) than unvaccinated herds. CONCLUSIONS: CBPP is endemic to agro-pastoral areas, and it is doubtful if the current control strategies are making real impact in reducing production losses. Although eradication is more likely to be achieved through regional approaches, enhanced vaccination coverage supported with targeted surveillance and a trace back system based on cattle trade and movement records will sustain effective control of the disease in the Nigerian cattle population.

Vaccination of cattle with the N terminus of LppQ of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides results in type III immune complex disease upon experimental infection.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a serious respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Current vaccines against CBPP induce short-lived immunity and can cause severe postvaccine reactions. Previous studies have identified the N terminus of the transmembrane lipoprotein Q (LppQ-N') of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides as the major antigen and a possible virulence factor. We therefore immunized cattle with purified recombinant LppQ-N' formulated in Freund's adjuvant and challenged them with M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Vaccinated animals showed a strong seroconversion to LppQ, but they exhibited significantly enhanced postchallenge glomerulonephritis compared to the placebo group (P = 0.021). Glomerulonephritis was characterized by features that suggested the development of antigen-antibody immune complexes. Clinical signs and gross pathological scores did not significantly differ between vaccinated and placebo groups. These findings reveal for the first time the pathogenesis of enhanced disease as a result of antibodies against LppQ during challenge and also argue against inclusion of LppQ-N' in a future subunit vaccine for CBPP.

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Mali.

A serological survey to determine the prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Mali was carried out by using the competitive enzyme linked-immunosorbent test (c-ELISA) on 8007 serum samples systematically collected from 199 cattle herds collected throughout the whole country. Results showed a national prevalence of 18.11 % at the individual level and 85.93 % at the herd level. Significant variations in the individual prevalence were observed between regions of the country and ranged from 4.63 % in Tombouctou to 54.88 % in Kidal. At the herd level, although there were variations between regions, a high prevalence was constantly observed ranging from 60 to 100 %, hence confirming the endemic nature of the disease across the country. The CBPP risk varied also between regions and was very low in Tombouctou (odds ratio (OR) = 0.4) but very high in Kidal (OR = 9.8). Similarly, the risk seemed higher in the animals of the over 3-year age group (OR = 1.6) compared to the other age groups. It was also observed that there was a slightly higher risk (OR = 1.3) in the females than in the males. This study confirms the presence of CBPP across the country and should help to elaborate strategies for the effective control of the disease.

An adenoviral vector expressing lipoprotein A, a major antigen of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, elicits robust immune responses in mice.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (MmmSC), is a devastating respiratory disease of cattle. In sub-Saharan Africa, where CBPP is enzootic, live attenuated vaccines are deployed but afford only short-lived protection. In cattle, recovery from experimental MmmSC infection has been associated with the presence of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that secrete interferon gamma in response to MmmSC, and in particular to the lipoprotein A (LppA) antigen. In an effort to develop a better vaccine against CBPP, a viral vector (Ad5-LppA) that expressed LppA was generated from human adenovirus type 5. The LppA-specific immune responses elicited by the Ad5-LppA vector were evaluated in mice, and compared to those elicited by recombinant LppA formulated with a potent adjuvant. Notably, a single administration of Ad5-LppA, but not recombinant protein, sufficed to elicit a robust LppA-specific humoral response. After a booster administration, both vector and recombinant protein elicited strong LppA-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses. Ex vivo stimulation of splenocytes induced extensive proliferation of CD4(+) T cells for mice immunized with vector or protein, and secretion of T helper 1-associated and proinflammatory cytokines for mice immunized with Ad5-LppA. Our study - by demonstrating the potential of a viral-vectored prototypic vaccine to elicit prompt and robust immune responses against a major antigen of MmmSC - represents a first step in developing a recombinant vaccine against CBPP.

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro properties of capsulated and noncapsulated variants of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strain Afadé: a potential new insight into the biology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) strain Afadé had previously been shown to undergo spontaneous phase variations between an opaque capsulated variant and a translucent (TR) variant devoid of a capsule but able to secrete cell-free exopolysaccharides. This phase variation is associated with an ON/OFF genetic switch in a glucose permease gene. In this study, in vivo and in vitro assays were conducted to compare the virulence of the two variants and their abilities to resist host defence. Capsulated variants were shown, in a mouse model, to induce longer bacteraemia that was correlated with better serum resistance in vitro. In contrast, TR variants displayed better ability to adhere to an inert support, linked to the absence of a capsule, changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and increased resistance to antimicrobial peptide and hydrogen peroxide. The switch from one variant population to another, which was observed both in vivo and in vitro under stress conditions, is further discussed as a means for Mmm to modulate its interactions with animal hosts during different stages of the disease.

High antibody titres against predicted Mycoplasma surface proteins do not prevent sequestration in infected lung tissue in the course of experimental contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a severe respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is endemic in many African countries due to fragmented veterinary services and the lack of an efficient vaccine and sensitive diagnostics. More efficient tools to control the disease are needed, but to develop the tools, a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions is necessary. The aim of this study was to characterize the kinetics of the humoral immune response against 65 Mmm surface antigens for an extended period in cattle that survived a primary infection with Mmm. We describe clinical and haematological outcomes, and dissect the humoral immune response over time, to specific antigens and compared the antibody responses between different pathomorphological outcomes. No antigen-specific antibodies correlating with protection were identified. Interestingly we found that animals that developed Mycoplasma-containing sequestra had significantly higher antibody levels against proteins comprising the surface proteome than the animals that cleared Mycoplasma from their lungs. Based on these data we suggest that high antibody titres might play a role in the establishment of pathomorphological changes, such as vasculitis, which should be investigated in future studies. Beneficial antibody specificities and cellular immune responses need to be identified in order to foster the development of an improved vaccine in the future.

Development of an improved vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: an African perspective on challenges and proposed actions.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is an economically very important cattle disease in sub-Saharan Africa. CBPP impacts animal health and poverty of livestock-dependent people through decreased animal productivity, reduced food supply, and the cost of control measures. CBPP is a barrier to trade in many African countries and this reduces the value of livestock and the income of many value chain stakeholders. The presence of CBPP also poses a constant threat to CBPP-free countries and creates costs in terms of the measures necessary to ensure the exclusion of disease. This opinion focuses on the biomedical research needed to foster the development of better control measures for CBPP. We suggest that different vaccine development approaches are followed in parallel. Basic immunology studies and systematic OMICs studies will be necessary in order to identify the protective arms of immunity and to shed more light on the pathogenicity mechanisms in CBPP. Moreover a robust challenge model and a close collaboration with African research units will be crucial to foster and implement a new vaccine for the progressive control of this cattle plague.

Proteomic approach for identification of immunogenic proteins of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.

In this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to identify immunodominant proteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri isolates. Membrane proteins, extracted through TX-114 phase partitioning, were separated using mono- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and detected by Western blotting with pooled sera from naturally infected goats. A total of 27 immunoreactive spots, corresponding to 13 different proteins, were identified using nanoLC-ESI-MSMS. Function annotation revealed that most of these proteins were metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The immunogenic proteins identified in this study: pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, phosphate acetyltransferase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, adenine phopshoribosyltransferase, transketolase, translation elongation factor G, translation elongation factor Ts, FMN-dependent NADH-azoreductase, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, inorganic diphosphatase and trigger factor may be used as biomarkers for the serological diagnosis of contagious agalactia caused by M. mycoides subsp. capri.

[Reemergence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Senegal]. / Réémergence de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine au Sénégal.

The authors have described an epizootic infection of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony (MmmSC), that has affected Ndama bovine in Lounthy village, a locality based in Bala city in the Eastern part of Senegal, during the post-rainy season in November 2012. After the cessation of vaccination, a hotbed of suspicion of CBPP was identified on November 3rd 2012 in the village of Lounthy: out of the total of 98 cattle, 13 animals were sick and 5 of them died. These studies have been done according to clinical aspects, serological, bacteriological and molecular analysis of the samples. This reemergent disease will give new orientations for CBPP control in Senegal, where it was supposed the disease has been eradicated since 2005.

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia at export quarantine centers in and around Adama, Ethiopia.

A cross sectional study was undertaken from October 2010 to March 2011 to determine the seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and its related risk factors in export quarantine centers. A total of 3,111 cattle sera were collected from different export quarantine farms located in and around Adama, namely, Bekero, Jogo, Kedir, and Dera farms, and tested for the presence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colonies antibody using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Of the total 3,111 cattle sera examined, 124 (4 %) were found positive for CBPP. Among the potential predisposing factors assessed, origin, transportation condition, confinement level, and stay time of the animals in quarantine center were not found significantly (P > 0.05) associated with the occurrence of the disease. Whereas age was found significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the occurrence of the disease in which a high seroprevalence was recorded in aged (9.5 %) animals than young (3 %). Generally, this study showed that CBPP is a threat for Ethiopian livestock export market and a well established disease in Borana and Bale areas, where the animals originated.