Assessment of KDIGO definitions in patients with histopathologic evidence of acute renal disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: AKI is a clinical syndrome with various causes involving glomerular, interstitial, tubular, and vascular compartments of the kidney. Acute kidney disease (AKD) is a new concept that includes both AKI and the conditions associated with subacute decreases in GFR (AKD/non-AKI). This study aimed to investigate the correlation between AKI/AKD defined by clinical presentation and diffuse histologic criteria for acute abnormalities based on renal biopsy. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: All 303 patients who were histologically diagnosed as having acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, cellular crescentic GN, acute thrombotic microangiopathy, or complex lesions on renal biopsy from January 2009 to December 2011 were enrolled in the study. The 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes AKD/AKI definitions were applied to classify patients as follows: AKI, AKD/non-AKI, non-AKD, or unclassified. RESULTS: A total of 273 patients (90.1%) met the AKD criteria; 198 patients (65.3%) were classified as having AKI according to serum creatinine (SCr) and urine output criteria. The urine output criteria added 4.3% to the SCr criteria and reclassified 6.7% of the AKI cases into higher stages. Of patients with ATN on pathology, 79.2% met AKI criteria; this was a higher percentage than for those who had other individual pathologic lesions (50%-64%). The major cause of not being defined as having AKI was a slower SCr increase than that required by the definition of AKI (98, 93.3%). Patients with AKI had more severe clinical conditions and worse short-term renal outcome than those in the non-AKI group. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse, acute abnormality defined by renal biopsy and AKI defined by clinical presentation are two different entities. Most patients who have diffuse acute histologic findings met the criteria for AKD, whereas only two thirds met the definition of AKI.

Patients with ischaemic, mixed and nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis in the intensive care unit--a homogeneous population?

INTRODUCTION: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is usually studied as a single entity, without distinguishing between ischaemic, nephrotoxic and mixed aetiologies. In the present study we evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of patients with ATN by aetiological group. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective comparison of clinical features, mortality rates and risk factors for mortality for the three types of ATN in patients admitted to the general intensive care unit of a university hospital between 1997 and 2000. RESULTS: Of 593 patients with acute renal failure, 524 (88%) were classified as having ATN. Their mean age was 58 years, 68% were male and 52% were surgical patients. The overall mortality rate was 62%. A total of 265 patients (51%) had ischaemic ATN, 201 (38%) had mixed ATN, and 58 (11%) had nephrotoxic ATN. There were no differences among groups in terms of age, sex, APACHE II score and reason for ICU admission. Multiple organ failure was more frequent among patients with ischaemic (46%) and mixed ATN (55%) than in those with nephrotoxic ATN (7%; P < 0.0001). The complications of acute renal failure (such as, gastrointestinal bleeding, acidosis, oliguria and hypervolaemia) were more prevalent in ischaemic and mixed ATN patients. Mortality was higher for ischaemic (66%; P = 0.001) and mixed ATN (63%; P = 0.0001) than for nephrotoxic ATN (38%). When ischaemic ATN patients, mixed ATN patients and all patients combined were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, the independent factors for mortality identified were different except for oliguria, which was the only variable universally associated with death (odds ratio [OR] 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.64-5.49 [P = 0.0003] for ischaemic ATN; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.04-3.68 [P = 0.036] for mixed ATN; and OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.60-3.76 [P < 0.001] for all patients combined]). CONCLUSION: The frequency of isolated nephrotoxic ATN was low, with ischaemic and mixed ATN accounting for almost 90% of cases. The three forms of ATN exhibited different clinical characteristics. Mortality was strikingly higher in ischaemic and mixed ATN than in nephrotoxic ATN. Although the type of ATN was not an independent predictor of death, the independent factors related to mortality were different for ischaemic, mixed and all patients combined. These data indicate that the three types of ATN represent different patient populations, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

Nephrotoxic tubular and interstitial lesions: morphology and classification.

Nephrotoxic renal injury, and especially drug nephrotoxicity is now a common cause of acute renal failure. The most common patterns of renal injury produced by nephrotoxins, tubular damage, and interstitial nephritis, are discussed here. Toxic agents which are primarily tubular toxins include certain antibiotics, cisplatinum, anesthetics, and radiocontrast agents. In tubules injured by toxins, alterations range from subtle ultrastructural abnormalities to extensive tubular necrosis. Mechanisms of tubular injury include direct tubular cell toxicity, and alterations in intrarenal blood flow producing secondary tubular damage. Other commonly used therapeutic agents, including the penicillins, other antibiotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, produce renal dysfunction by inducing interstitial nephritis. Long-term analgesic abuse is associated with a particularly striking interstitial damage with frank papillary necrosis. Criteria for differentiating primary tubular injury with inflammation and primary interstitial nephritis with tubular injury are discussed. Individual commonly-used therapeutic agents are considered in some detail, with discussion of both clinical and morphological aspects of drug nephrotoxicity.