Chondromyxoid Fibroma Arising in Craniofacial Sites: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 25 Cases.

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare benign tumor, usually arising in the metaphysis of long bones in young adults. Occurrence in craniofacial bones presents a particular diagnostic challenge given its unusual location and resemblance to malignant mimics. We describe the clinicopathologic features of 25 cases of craniofacial CMF identified between 1999 and 2017. Patients were 14 men and 11 women, with median age of 44 years (range, 5 to 83 y). Sites of involvement were sphenoid (7), ethmoid (5), maxilla (3), occipital (2), nasal septum (2), palatine (2), temporal (2), orbit (1), and undisclosed skull (1). Tumor size ranged from 0.8 to 6.0 cm (median, 2.0 cm). Of the 21 tumors with available radiology, 15 arose on the bone surface with expansion into adjacent sinuses; 6 were intraosseous. Bony erosion/destruction was present in most (13/16) cases, and 7/12 showed calcification on imaging. Microscopically, most tumors showed a lobulated growth pattern with hypocellular central chondromyxoid areas and peripheral hypercellularity, though many samples were fragmented. Tumor cells had ovoid to tapered nuclei and abundant palely eosinophilic cytoplasm, frequently with stellate cell processes. Mitoses ranged from 0 to 2 per 10 high-power fields (median count, 0). None showed necrosis. Significant atypia was present in 2 cases, 1 of which was a previously radiated recurrence. Bone infiltration was present in 6 cases. Thirteen tumors had focal calcification, and 2 had foci of hyaline cartilage. All tumors were negative for keratin and GFAP (0/24), with frequent positivity for SMA (7/7) and occasional staining for EMA (5/24) and S-100 (2/24). Most patients underwent piecemeal excision or curettage (5/5 positive margins when reported). Follow-up data were available for 15 patients, and 5 suffered local recurrence. Craniofacial CMF poses diagnostic pitfalls including frequent aggressive radiologic features and lack of a specific immunophenotype. Tumors may recur, largely due to the difficulty of obtaining clear surgical margins in this anatomic region. Furthermore, propensity for local destruction and invasion can create significant morbidity.

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor of the brain without tumor-induced osteomalacia in an 8-year-old girl: case report.

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (mixed connective tissue variant) (PMT-MCT) are tumors that may cause tumor-induced osteomalacia and rarely appear intracranially. The authors describe the case of an 8-year-old girl who was found to have PMT-MCT with involvement of the cerebellar hemisphere and a small tumor pedicle breaching the dura mater and involving the skull. This was removed surgically in gross-total fashion without further complication. Histologically the tumor was confirmed to be a PMT-MCT. There was no evidence of tumor-induced osteomalacia. At the 42-month follow-up, the patient is doing well, has no abnormalities, and is free of recurrence. PMT-MCTs are rare tumors that may involve the brain parenchyma. A gross-total resection may be effective to cure these lesions.

Multiple primary Ewing's sarcomas in cerebral cranium of a child: a case report and review of the literature.

Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common pediatric bone tumor. Primary Ewing's sarcoma occurring in the cerebral cranium is exceptionally rare, with only one reported case of multiple tumor lesions in adolescence to date. We report a case of a 5-year-old male patient with multiple primary Ewing's sarcomas associated with the cranial bones, the first pediatric case report to date. We also review 71 cases Ewing's sarcoma involving intracranial extension. The purpose of this article is to provide data concerning the clinical and therapeutic course of multiple primary Ewing's sarcomas in associated with cerebral cranium.

Skull metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma: report of three cases and review of literature.

Three patients' medical history, clinical manifestation, imaging characteristic, therapy and prognosis of calvaria metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing medical literature. In case one, the tumor in frontal bone and fossa orbital was total resected, no further treatment was performed, the patient gave up on therapy and died of extensive metastasis at 22 months after the initial operation. In case two, the tumor in parietal and occipital bone was total resected, the subtotal resection of bilateral thyroid gland and isthmus was performed and combined with therapy of Levothyroxine and (131)I radio-iodine therapy, no evidence of tumor recurrence at 30 months after the primary operation. In case three, the tumor in occipital bone was gross total resected, total resection of bilateral thyroid gland and clearance of lymph node was performed after two months, adjunctive therapy with Levothyroxine, (131)I radio-iodine and skull radiotherapy, no evidence of tumor recurrence at 21 months after the primary operation. Correct diagnosis of calvaria metastasis from FTC preoperative is difficult because it's rarity, patients can survive for years after synthetic therapy including total resection of metastatic tumor, radical operation of thyroid carcinoma, adjunctive therapy of Levothyroxine, (131)I radio-iodine and skull radiotherapy.

Microcystic meningioma of the calvarium: a series of 9 cases and review of the literature.

Meningiomas are one of the most common tumors that arise within the central nervous system; they represent up to 30% of all primary intracranial tumors. Extradural meningiomas are rare (<2% of all meningiomas), and most arise within the calvarium. Intraosseous calvarial meningiomas are usually easy to diagnose histologically if they are of the meningothelial type; however, they may cause diagnostic challenges when they manifest as unusual morphologic variants, such as the microcystic type. To address this issue we present a series of 9 cases of calvarial microcystic meningiomas arising in 7 female and 2 male patients; all patients were adults. The tumors had heterogenous findings on imaging studies and ranged in size from 1.1 to 4.3 cm in greatest dimension. The neoplasms were composed predominantly of stellate and spindle cells with long, thin interconnecting cytoplasmic processes arranged in a complex network. The resulting cellular architecture was "sieve-like" in appearance because of the formation of numerous small "cyst-like" spaces interposed between the cytoplasmic processes of the tumor cells. All of the neoplasms expressed the characteristic immunophenotype of meningiomas (EMA, PR positive). Most tumors were resected, and none of these have recurred during a follow-up period of 1 to 83 months (average 17 mo). The morphology of the tumors and their anatomic location generated problems in diagnosis, especially in 6 patients with a history of malignancy and for whom metastatic disease was suspected clinically. Intraosseous microcystic meningioma is uncommon, and this series, the largest reported to date, describes their clinicopathologic findings, biological behavior, and features that facilitate their accurate diagnosis.

Protuberant fibro-osseous lesions of the temporal bone: two additional case reports.

The most commonly encountered fibro-osseous lesions of the skull bone are fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma. Two cases of a unique "protuberant fibro-osseous lesion of the temporal bone" were first described by Selesnick and colleagues in 1999, and 2 further cases were reported in 2010 under the name "Bullough lesion". We recently found 2 new cases of this rare entity. Two Korean female patients aged 70 and 54 years presented with slow growing postauricular masses without pain or tenderness for 6 and 7 years, respectively. Computed tomography revealed a 2.9 cm calcified mass in the temporal bone of the first patient, and a 5.5 cm enhancing mass with internal cartilaginous matrix in the temporal bone of the second patient. Intramedullary or intracranial extension was not found in either case, and en bloc removals were performed. Microscopically, multiple round to oval osseous islands were scattered throughout the bland fibrous stroma in both cases. The osseous islands varied in size and were lamellar or woven, without osteoblastic rimming, and surrounded by fibroblastic bands. Neither patient has shown evidence of postoperative recurrence for 18 months. The location, histology, and clinical course of these 2 cases were identical to the 4 cases previously reported, although age and sex varied. The lesions were tested for the R201H mutation in the GNAS gene, which is present in fibrous dysplasia. No mutations were found, suggesting a different genetic background for these lesions.

Unusual multifocal intraosseous papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (Dabska tumor) of facial bones: a case report and review of literature.

Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) or Dabska tumor is extremely rare, and often affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues of children. Since its first description by Dabska, only a few intraosseous cases have been described in the literature and none of them presents with multifocal osteolytic lesion of bones. We present a case of unusual multifocal intraosseous PILA in facial bones occurring in a 1 year 3 month old male child. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multifocal osteolytic lesions were located at the left zygoma, left orbital bone and right maxillary. Histologically, the lesions were ill-defined and composed of multiple delicate interconnecting vascular channels with papillae formation which projected into the lumen lined by atypical plumped endothelial cells. The vascular channels were also lined by plump cuboidal endothelial cells with focal hobnailed or "match-head" appearance. In some areas, endothelial cells formed solid-appearing aggregates with vessel lumens. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were positive for CD31, CD34 and D2-40 at varying intensity. A final diagnosis of intraosseous PILA was made. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first case of primary multifocal osseous PILA. VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1919488629100787.

Primary lymphoma of the cranial vault: case report and a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Bone involvement is a common finding in many types of lymphoma. Cranial vault involvement is extremely rare, and the majority of patients are found at staging to have concurrent disease in lymph nodes. Thirty-eight cases of primary lymphoma of the cranial vault have been reported to date. METHODS: This article presents a rare case of primary cranial vault lymphoma and conducts a systematic review of the current literature. A total of 36 articles comprising 38 cases were included for analysis. The relevant demographic, clinical, and imaging characteristics, as well as the treatment and outcomes of this unique disease presentation were studied. RESULTS: The average patient age was 60 years. There was no significant difference in patient gender. The predominant patient complaint was a subcutaneous scalp mass. Of the patients, 11.7% were immunocompromised. CT scans showed signs of osteolysis in 74% of lesions and hyperostosis in 5%, and the cranial vault was observed as normal in 18% of cases. MRI was performed in 23 cases. There was a wide range of histological subtypes, with a slight predominance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Treatment consisted of surgery alone, surgery followed by radiotherapy, and surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The follow-up periods ranged from 5 months to 6 years, with a median value of 7 months. Sixteen patients were followed up to 12 months; 13 of them were alive at 1 year from diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Primary cranial vault lymphoma is an extremely rare finding. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of scalp masses. Although the analysis of outcome of the reported cases is difficult because of the small number of occurrences of this entity and the variability of follow-up, a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy seems to offer better outcomes.

Ewing's sarcoma family tumors mimicking primary central nervous system neoplasms.

Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) and embyronal tumors of the central nervous system are malignant primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) that can arise in the central nervous system, bones, or soft tissues. When ESFTs involve the central nervous system or nearby structures the diagnosis depends on cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry as these tumors can appear otherwise histologically identical to central PNETs. Correct diagnosis is essential as the treatment paradigms for both entities differ. We present two cases of isolated central nervous system presentations of ESFTs mimicking primary central nervous system neoplasms.

Calvarial metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma, mimicking a primary alveolar soft part sarcoma, in a young girl-a rare case report.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by an unpredictable clinical behavior. It has a tendency for early metastasis, which, at times is the initial presentation and therein poses a diagnostic challenge. We present a rare case of a disseminated RCC in a 15-year-old girl, who primarily presented with an occipital soft tissue mass. Computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed a soft tissue mass in the scalp, eroding the occipital bone and extending intracranially. Biopsy examination showed overlapping features of an alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) and a RCC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed diffuse positivity for CD10 and focal positivity for vimentin. Cytokeratin (CK) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were negative. The patient was recommended a clinical 'work-up' to rule out a possible primary in the kidneys. Her CT scan abdomen unraveled a large, lobulated, heterogeneous cystic mass, involving the middle and upper pole of the left kidney. Diagnosis of a metastatic RCC was ascertained. The present case represents a rare manifestation of a RCC metastasizing at an unusual location i.e. calvarium in the youngest patient known, so far and masquerading a primary ASPS. It also highlights the value of clinico-patho-radiological correlation, including CD10 as a useful IHC marker in diagnosing a RCC in young patients, especially when histopathological features overlap with ASPS.

Spontaneous leiomyosarcoma arising from the ethmoid turbinate of a rat.

Spontaneous leiomyosarcoma arising from the left ethmoid turbinate was observed microscopically in an 83-week-old male F344 rat. The tumor cells showed smooth-muscle differentiation with prominent nuclear pleomorphism and a small number of mitotic figures. The tumor cells were also immunohistochemically positive for smooth-muscle actin. The tumor protruded slightly into the nasal cavity and invaded the surrounding tissues. The present article is the first case of spontaneous leiomyosarcoma in the rat nasal cavity.

Temporal bone secretory meningioma presenting as a middle ear mass.

A 44-year-old woman presented with a history of increasing left hypoacusis and sporadic vertigo. CT scan revealed a tumor occupying the mastoid, middle ear, and external auditory canal. After surgical removal, a typical secretory meningioma was diagnosed. The histological hallmark and the immunohistochemical profile of secretory meningiomas are reviewed. The differential diagnosis of this tumor in this location is also commented on. As far as we know, primary temporal bone meningiomas with secretory histology have not been previously reported in the medical literature.

Primary Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor at the vertex of the skull with elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen: case report.

A primary Ewing's sarcoma arising in the skull is relatively rare. Although a small number of case reports noted elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, there is no report of Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with elevated serum levels of CEA. A 7-year-old boy who had episodes of headache and vomiting had noticed a solid mass in the vertex of the head. Imaging studies revealed a large intra- and extracranial tumor at the vertex of the skull. Hematological examination demonstrated high serum levels of CEA: 91.09 ng/ml. The patient initially underwent an embolization of the bilateral middle meningeal arteries with Gelfoam particles. One week later, the patient was operated on and a subtotal resection of the tumor was performed. On histopathological and molecular genetic examination, the tumor was diagnosed as a Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral PNET. Immunohistochemical study showed strongly positive staining for CEA in the tumor cells. The serum level of CEA was normalized at 0.83 ng/ml after the tumor was removed and the boy underwent radiotherapy and 3 courses of chemotherapy. This is the first reported case of a primary Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral PNET at the vertex of the skull with elevated serum CEA.

Neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the skull presenting after head trauma.

The presentation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma in bone is uncommon. We report a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the skull that was diagnosed after head trauma. Biopsy revealed significant destruction of the outer table of the frontal bone. Histopathologically, the initial evaluation suggested osteomyelitis because of a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with large numbers of neutrophils. However, several clusters and individual mononuclear cells were atypical. The tumor cells had large, pleomorphic nuclei; these cells stained positively with antibodies to Ki-1 (CD 30), ALK-1, and EMA. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed rearrangement of the ALK gene, which usually results from the t(2;5) translocation, present in most anaplastic large cell lymphomas. There was no evidence of systemic disease. The patient has tolerated chemotherapy and is free of disease 12 months later.

A chondromyxoid fibroma-like tumor of the cranial convexity: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.

A rare chondromyxoid fibroma-like tumor arising from the temporal bone in a 49-year-old man is described. This case appears to be only the second reported of a cranial lesion of the tumor for which diagnosis could be confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Intraoperative squash and touch cytology of chondroid chordoma of the skull base. Report of a case with immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical studies.

BACKGROUND: Chondroid chordoma is a rare variant of chordoma and is usually located in the sphenooccipital region. This tumor shows clinical and histologic features common to both conventional chordoma and low grade chondrosarcoma and has a better prognosis than either of those lesions. To our knowledge, there has been no English language report describing its cytologic features. CASE: The cytologic features of skull base chondroid chordoma observed in intraoperative crush and touch preparations from a 33-year-old female are reported. Touch cytology revealed round or stellate cells distributed in a mucoid background without a typical epithelial cordlike arrangement. The cells had variably vacuolated cytoplasm and round or oval nuclei and showed slight cellular pleomorphism. May-Giemsa staining was superior to Papanicolaou staining in demonstrating the mucoid matrix and vacuolated cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Additionally, crush preparations were effective in demonstrating well-differentiated chondroid elements. Immunocytochemistry with positivity for S-100 protein and cytokeratins was an essential adjunct in the cytologic diagnosis of chordoma and helped in distinguishing it from other chondrogenic tumors. CONCLUSION: It is possible and advantageous to diagnose chondroid chordoma with a combination of cytologic and immunocytochemical studies of intraoperative crush and touch preparations in conjunction with clinical and radiographic information.

Giant cell tumor in the skull of a 9-year-old child: immunohistochemistry to confirm a diagnosis rare for age and site.

Giant cell tumor of the bone is usually located within the epiphysis of a long bone, the majority of the lesions occurring in the third and fourth decades of life. We report an unusual case of giant cell tumor (GCT) arising in the parietal skull bone of a 9-year-old girl. The tumor exhibited histologic findings typical for GCT, with conspicuous intravascular giant cells. Based on microscopic features, not only conditions like aneurysmal bone cyst or bone changes associated with hyperparathyroidism but also tumors such as chondroblastoma or osteosarcoma had to be considered. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong reactivity of the tumor giant cells and normal bone osteoclasts with CD68 but not Mac-387; tumor stromal cells were uniformly negative for both. The stromal cells exhibited two immunohistochemically distinct phenotypes. One, involving 50-80% of the tumor cells, exhibited negative lysozyme staining with positivity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in about 30% of the nuclei. The other showed reactivity with lysozyme but negative PCNA staining. Immunohistochemistry thus helped to distinguish chondroblastoma and osteosarcoma, in which lysozyme positivity would reside in macrophages but not within stromal cells. Instead, chondroblastoma would exhibit protein S-100 positivity in the tumor cells. The biological behavior of GCT is difficult to predict based on morphology alone, although the malignant potential seems to rest in the stromal cells rather than the giant cells. Specifically, in reported cases, the intravascular occurrence of giant cells in GCT is not associated with an increased incidence of metastasis.

Chondroid chordoma. A hyalinized chordoma without cartilaginous differentiation.

"Chondroid chordoma" is a controversial and confusing entity that was originally described by Heffelfinger and colleagues as a biphasic malignant neoplasm possessing elements of both chordoma and cartilaginous tissue. Because the premise for this distinction was based strictly on histomorphologic criteria, the light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features of the chondroid and chordoid areas of five chondroid chordomas of the skull base were evaluated separately, and compared to five typical chordomas and six low grade chondrosarcomas. Using light microscopy, chondroid chordoma revealed areas that resembled typical chordoma (chordoid areas) and areas that resembled low grade chondrosarcoma (chondroid areas). However, both the chordoid and chondroid areas had an epithelial phenotype and stained strongly for cytokeratin and EMA as well as S-100. 5'-nucleotidase, an enzyme that has been described in chordoma but not in chondrosarcoma, was found in both the chordoid and chondroid areas of one chondroid chordoma. Electron microscopic studies of both the chordoid and chondroid areas in four of the tumors demonstrated both tonofibrils and desmosomes. Chordoma demonstrated immunohistochemical and electron microscopic features that were nearly identical to chondroid chordoma. Chordoma was cytokeratin, EMA, S-100, and 5'-nucleotidase positive. Ultrastructurally, chordoma exhibited variably-sized vacuoles, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and desmosomes with tonofilaments. In contrast to chondroid chordoma, chondrosarcoma consistently stained for only S-100 protein and was cytokeratin, EMA and 5'-nucleotidase negative. Ultrastructurally, chondrosarcoma demonstrated a flocculogranular matrix, glycogen, abundant RER, and scalloped cellular outlines, but lacked desmosomes with tonofilaments. These findings indicate that "chondroid chordoma" is a variant of chordoma with histologic features that may mimic chondrosarcoma. Despite the resemblance of these hyalinized areas to cartilaginous tissue, these tumors retain their epithelial phenotype. Biphasic differentiation is not present. These findings undermine the original premise for distinguishing "chondroid chordoma" from typical chordoma. The authors propose that these tumors be classified as "hyalinized chordomas," rather than "chondroid chordoma," to clarify their histogenesis and avoid confusion with chondrosarcomas of the base of the skull.

Leiomyosarcoma of the middle ear and temporal bone.

Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin. It is rarely encountered in the head and neck area. A patient with leiomyosarcoma of the middle ear and the temporal bone with unusual bone destruction is presented. To our knowledge it is the first report of a middle ear and temporal bone leiomyosarcoma.