Immunohistochemical Expression of CD-117 (c-KIT), P-53 and Ki-67 in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Palate.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumor of salivary glands characterized histopathologically by biphasic epithelial tumor comprised of myoepithelial and ductal cells. There is a paucity of the literature regarding the immunohistochemical labelling of ACC arising in minor salivary glands. This paper reports an additional case of palatal ACC with an emphasis on its immunohistochemical staining using three different markers. Immunohistochemistry allows a better differentiation of ACC with its closest imitators, like polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA), considering that the latter is lesser aggressive and demands a lesser aggressive treatment approach.

Palatal ancient schwannoma: optical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study with literature review.

Schwannoma or neurilemmoma is a benign encapsulated slow-growing tumor that originates from a Schwann cell of a nerve, and is rare at intraoral locations. Different histological variants of schwannomas have been described, of these degenerative or ancient schwannoma is probably one of the least common in the oral cavity with only 16 previously reported cases, of which only one has been described in palatal location. Although ancient schwannoma shows particular characteristics, it is difficult to diagnose based on clinical and imaging appearance alone; as a result, morphological examination assisted by ancillary techniques is necessary to establish a definite diagnosis. We present a clinicopathological description of this rare variant of schwannoma, located in an unusual intraoral site, of a 26-year-old female. We illustrate the optical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization that aid diagnosis, as well as providing a review of the relevant published data of this unusual tumor.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma of hard palate: a case report with literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Lymphomas are diverse group of neoplasm affecting the lymphoreticular system. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most frequently diagnosed type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is the fifth most frequent malignancy, accounting for about 40% of cases reported. In the present case report a 40 year old female patient complains of swelling on right side of face since 45 days and gradually increased to present size. Intra-orally an ulcero-proliferative growth was present on the right side of hard palate. Incisional biopsy was suggestive of Lymphoproliferative disorder. Panel of immunohistochemical antibodies were used; which showed positivity for CD45, PAX5, Bcl2, Ki67, CD138 and negativity for CD3, CD10, CD20 and CD30. Therefore through routine standard hematoxylin and eosin staining a clear cut diagnosis of specific lymphoma was difficult to obtain and thus immunohistochemistry plays an important role in confirming the pinpoint diagnosis.

Gastric metastases from invasive primary mucosal epithelioid malignant melanoma of the hard palate: report of the first case in the English literature.

Melanocytes arise from the neural crest and migrate to the epidermis, meninges, uveal tract and ectodermal mucosa. Normal gastric mucosa lacks melanocytes. A 64-year-old woman presented to us with nausea and vomiting. She had a past history of invasive primary mucosal epithelioid malignant melanoma of the hard palate 21 months ago, treated by a wide surgical excision. Gastroscopy revealed multiple punched out ulcers involving the stomach and the first part of duodenum. Immunohistology and clinicopathologic correlation established the diagnosis of metastatic gastric malignant melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English literature about gastric metastases arising from primary palatal mucosal melanoma.

Primary myoepithelial carcinoma of palate.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to present a rare neoplasm, Primary myoepithelial carcinoma arising from the palate, and to review its diagnostic criteria, pathologic and clinical characteristics, treatment options and prognosis. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: Myoepitheliomas are tumors arising from myoepithelial cells mainly or exclusively. Myoepitheliomas mostly occur in salivary glands, as well as in breast, skin, and lung. Case of myoepitheliomas in palate has rarely been reported. Myoepithelial carcinoma is malignant counterpart of myoepitheliomas. Adenomyoepithelioma is also a different disease from myoepitheliaomas. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells of myoepithelial carcinoma express not only epithelial markers such as cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), but also markers of smooth muscle origin such as calponin. The immunohistochemical criteria of myoepithelial differentiation are double positive for both cytokeratins and one or more myoepithelial immunomarkers (i.e., S-100 protein, calponin, p63, GFAP, maspin, and actins). Myoepithelial carcinomas of salivary and breast demonstrate copy number gains and gene deletion. The overall prognosis of myoepithelial carcinoma is poor. There is rarely recurrence or metastasis in benign myoepithelial tumors. Complete excision with tumor-free margin is always the preferred treatment, while local radiation therapy and chemotherapy are suggestive treatment options. Here, a rare case of myoepithelial carcinoma arising from the palate has been described and discussed for the treatment and outcome. Pathological and clinical characters of myoepitheliomas are also compared and discussed. CONCLUSION: The case report serves to increase awareness and improve the index of diagnosis and treatment of myoepitheliomas.

Plasmacytoid myoepithelioma of the palate: case report.

Myoepitheliomas are extremely rare benign neoplasms of salivary glands. They represent 1-1.5% of all salivary gland tumors. They occur, principally, in the parotid gland and infrequently in minor salivary glands. There are distinct histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor which aid in the diagnosis. Myoepithelioma of the palate is uncommon and only a limited number of cases has been reported in the English literature. Herein, a case of plasmacytoid type of myoepithelioma of the palate in an adult female is presented along with review of the literature.

Oncocytoma of the salivary glands: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study.

We present a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 21 Chinese patients with oncocytoma of salivary gland origin, a rare benign tumour composed exclusively of large epithelial cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm (oncocytes). The median age was 60.1 years with a male predominance (67%). All the tumours occurred in the parotid except one in the palate. A painless mass was the most common feature, although intermittent pain was complained of in four cases. All the patients were treated by superficial parotidectomy, with no recurrence or metastasis. Histologically, most tumours displayed an encapsulated nodular growth pattern, but one case presented with an aggressive growing tendency. Typical oncocytes were observed in all cases, with one clear cell variant found. The oncocytes were arranged in solid sheets, trabecular or duct-like structures. Rarely, small foci of hemorrhage or lymphoid stroma were observed, but germinal centres were always absent. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin staining illustrated dark-blue cytoplasmic granules, demonstrated as mitochondria by electron microscopy. All the tumours showed immunoreactivity for CK5/6, CK8/18, CK10/13, CK19 and EMA, but were negative for SMA or S-100. MIB-1 antibody, used to identify the dividing cells by staining of the nucleus, was found to stain the cytoplasm of the oncocytes. In summary, clinical diagnosis for an oncocytoma is challenging for its similar features to other benign tumours. Histopathological diagnosis is reliable with histochemical and electron microscopic conformation of the oncocytes, but differential diagnosis is still challenging. MIB-1 immunostaining might be considered as a diagnostic aid.

MASPIN subcellular localization and expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

MASPIN, a member of serpin superfamily, has multifaceted biological functions and an unique tumour suppressing activity. Experimental evidences showed that MASPIN suppresses tumour growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Only a very limited number of studies considered MASPIN expression in the upper aero-digestive tract carcinomas. It was recently found that nuclear localization of MASPIN was significantly associated with lower recurrence rate and longer disease-free interval in laryngeal carcinoma. The present study investigated the biological and prognostic role of MASPIN in relation to its subcellular localization in oral carcinoma. Sub-cellular pattern of distribution of MASPIN, nuclear and cytoplasmic MASPIN expressions were immunohistochemically determined in 56 consecutive cases of oral carcinoma. Statistical analysis found a significant association between pN-stage and recurrence of disease (P=0.032) and a significantly longer disease-free interval in pN0 patients than in pN+ ones (P=0.038). None of the subcellular expressions of MASPIN was significantly correlated with recurrence of disease and disease-free interval in our series of oral carcinomas. Sixty-one percent of pN0 cases was strongly MASPIN-positive in the cytoplasm of primary carcinoma cells, 33% of the pN+ cases was MASPIN-positive in the cytoplasm. Statistical analysis found a significant association between MASPIN cytoplasmic expression and pN-stage (P=0.032). Negative MASPIN immunoreactivity in carcinoma cells cytoplasm may be useful to identify patients at risk of disease disseminating to neck lymph nodes. Further investigations are necessary to understand the biological role of cytoplasmic MASPIN localization in oral carcinoma.

Basement membrane-like substance in cytologic diagnosis in clear cell adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary gland of the palate. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the minor salivary gland accounts for < 1% of all tumors of the salivary gland. CASE: A 32-year-old woman with a history of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid 1 year earlier complained of pain on the left side of the neck. After a detailed examination, the patient underwent the resection of a tumor located at the palate. Imprint cytology of the tumor revealed cohesive tumor cells of uniform size containing an abundant clear cytoplasm and round nuclei with extra but fine granular chromatin and conspicuous nucleoli. A basement membrane-like substance (BMS) was stained in light green with Papanicolaou staining and was positive for laminin with immunohistochemical staining. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the trabecular or nest-like arrangement of the cells with the clear cytoplasm and BMS substance surrounded by tumor cells, which were positive for laminin and AE1 immunohistochemically. CONCLUSION: Although CCA of the palate is extremely rare, an accurate cytologic diagnosis can be made if the characteristic findings of CCA, including BMS, are imaged.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma arising on the anterior palatoglossal arch.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is very rare in the oral cavity, arising more frequently in the minor salivary glands. We present the case of a 57-year-old woman with a swelling on the anterior palatoglossal arch of 2x1 cm size. An incisional biopsy was taken and histological examination revealed typical clear cells arranged in anastomosing trabeculae, cords, nests, and solid sheets with a hyalinizing stroma. These clear cells were strongly positive to periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS) but were negative for mucicarmine. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were immunoreactive to pancytokeratin, focally positive to EMA, but negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin and S-100 protein, HMB45, CD68, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). These findings allowed us to define this tumor as a clear cell tumor of the anterior palatoglossal arch. The tumor was subjected to radical excision and the patient is doing well at twelve months after surgery. This report focuses on the heterogeneous group of clear cell neoplasms with the intent of pointing out some aspects that may contribute to forming a diagnosis of HCCC, and which, above all enable us to distinguish this neoplasm from other very similar forms occurring in the oral cavity.

[Metalloproteinase (MMP-1, 2 and 11), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and p53 expression in nasal-type angiocentric T/NK-cell lymphoma: an immunohistochemical study]. / Expresión inmunohistoquímica de metaloproteasas (MMP-1, 2 Y 11) e inhibidor de metaloproteasas de tejido-1 (TIMP-1), y expresión de p53 en linfomas angiocéntricos de células T/NK tipo nasal.

UNLABELLED: Twenty cases of extraganglionar Nasal-type T/NK-cell lymphomas were analyzed at the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. We studied immunophenotype of neoplastic cells, nuclear p53 expression, and enzymes as matrix metalloplroteinases participating in invasion, tissular destruction and metastases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Paraffin blocks from all cases were retrieved and analyzed by hermatoxilin and eosin. Histopathological features included cellular size and cytologic characteristics. We performed immunohistochemistry to determine CD3, CD56, p53 cellular type and expression of (MMPs-1, 2, 11) matrix metalloproteinases and one tissue inhibitor of TIMP-1 metalloproteinase. Demographic variables included, age, sex, primaony location, clinical stage, treatment and follow-up. STATISTIC ALANALYSIS: The association of different matrix metalloproteinases in epthial and tumoral cells, stroma, necrosis and endothelial cells were found to be significant using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: All studied cases were positive to cytoplasmic CD3, CD56 (NK cells), 19 of them were positive to p53, five of them with nuclear overexpression of p53 in more than 50% of neoplastic cells. There was significant expression of MMP-1 in tumoral cells; the epithelium displayed significant expression of TIMP-1 and MMP-11. Patients with p53 overexpression displayed a poorer prognosis. Three of them had undergone radiotherapy and died within the first month of treatment. DISCUSSION: This type of lymphoma is a common neoplasm in Asia, Latin America and Mexico. It is worth noting it has has been linked to Epstein-Barr virus with T/NK-cell phenotype, which often displays cellular atypia, an angiocentric growth pattern and necrosis. It is clinically expressed by progressive destruction of midline facial soft tissue and has a poor prognosis.

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the hard palate.

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma (EES) is a rare soft tissue tumor morphologically indistinguishable from the more common Ewing's sarcoma of bone. We report a case of EES arising in the hard palate of 34-yr-old male patient. Microscopically, the monotonous small round cells without neuronal differentiation showed membranous positive immunoreactivity for MIC2/CD99 and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed a few intracytoplasmic organelles without evidence of neurosecretory granules or neurofilaments. The EWS-FLI1 chimeric gene was identified using the nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Expresión inmunohistoquímica de metaloproteasas (MMP-1, 2 y 11) e inhibidor de metaloproteasas de tejido-1 (TIMP-1), y expresión de p53 en linfomas angiocéntricos de células T/NK tipo nasal / Metalloproteinase (MMP-1, 2 and 11), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and p53 expression in nasal-type angiocentric T/NK-cell lymphoma. An immunohistochemical study

Se analizan 20 casos de linfomas extraganglionares de células T/NK de tipo nasal, estudiados en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México, D. F., para su expresión inmunohistoquímica de las células neoplásicas, expresión nuclear de la proteína supresora de tumor p53, así como de enzimas que participan en invasión, destrucción tisular y metástasis: metaloproteasas. Material y métodos: Se estudió el material quirúrgico de estos casos y se efectuó tinción con hematoxilina y eosina analizando sus características histopatológicas: tamaño celular y detalle citológico. Se realizó estudio de inmunohistoquímica para corroborar el tipo celular, así como CD3 (células T), CD56 (células NK), expresión nuclear de la proteína supresora de tumor p53, y la expresión de metaloproteasas tipo 1, 2, 11 (MMP-1, 2, 11) y un inhibidor de metaloproteasas 1 (TIMP-1). Se analizaron variables demográficas, como edad del paciente, sexo, localización del tumor primario, etapa clínica, tratamiento en general y seguimiento. Estudio estadístico: Se analizó la prueba exacta de Fisher para correlacionar la expresión entre las metaloproteasas y su diferencial entre las células epiteliales, tumorales, estromales, necrosis y células endoteliales. Resultados: Los 20 casos fueron positivos CD3 citoplásmico, CD56, 19 de ellos positivos a p53, cinco de ellos con positividad nuclear mayor al 50% de las células neoplásicas. Hubo una mayor expresión citoplásmica tumoral de MMP-1; mayor expresión citoplásmica en el epitelio de TIMP1 y MMP-11. Los pacientes con sobreexpresión de p53 tuvieron un curso clínico fatal. Tres de ellos recibieron únicamente radioterapia falleciendo dentro del primer mes del tratamiento. Discusión: Los linfomas angiocéntricos de células T/NK tipo nasal son neoplasias frecuentes en los países de Asia, Latinoamérica, incluyendo a México. Frecuentemente esta patología se asocia a VEB con expresión fenotípica de células T/NK, cuyas características histológicas son: atipia celular linfoide, angioinvasión y necrosis, reflejado en los pacientes con destrucción progresiva de los tejidos blandos del macizo facial y curso clínico fatal.

Twenty cases of extraganglionar Nasal type T/NK cell lymphomas were analyzed at the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. We studied immunophenotype of neoplastic cells, nuclear p53 expression, and enzymes as matrix metalloproteinases participating in invasion, tissular destruction and metastases. Material and Methods: Paraffin blocks from all cases were retrieved and analyzed by hematoxilin and eosin. Histopathological features included cellular size and cytologic characteristics. We performed immunohisto chemistry to determine CD3, CD56, p53 cellular type and expression of (MMPs-1, 2,11) matrix metalloproteinases and one tissue inhibitor of TIMP 1 metalloproteinase. Demographic variables included, age, sex, primary location, clinical stage, treatment and follow up. Statistical analysis: The association of different matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial and tumoral cells, stroma, necrosis and endothelial cells were found to be significant using Fisher s exact test. Results: All studied cases were positive to cytoplasmic CD3, CD56 (NK cells), 19 of them were positive to p53, five of them with nuclear overexpression of p53 in more than 50% of neoplastic cells. There was significant expression of MMP-1 in tumoral cells; the epithelium displayed significant expression of TIMP 1 and MMP-11. Patients with p53 overexpression displayed a poorer prognosis. Three of them had undergone radiotherapy and died within the first month of treatment. Discussion: This type of lymphoma is a common neoplasm in Asia, Latin America and Mexico. It is worth noting it has has been linked to Epstein Barr virus with T/NK-cell phenotype, which often displays cellular atypia, an angiocentric growth pattern and necrosis. It is clinically expressed by progressive destruction of midline facial soft tissue and has a poor prognosis.

A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma with melanin pigmentation manifested in the palate.

This paper describes the first documented case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) with melanin pigmentation manifested in the palate. Histopathological sections showed a neoplasm composed of epidermoid, mucous-producing and intermediate cells. Numerous large cells contained dark pigmented materials. Fontana Masson staining revealed dendritic melanocytes and melanin granules. HMB-45, Melan A and S-100 protein were all positive for melanocytes. Histopathological examination was not typical for malignant melanoma; the lesion was diagnosed as a low-grade MEC with melanin pigmentation.

P53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. A clinico-pathologic study of 21 cases with long-term follow-up.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an indolent tumor that pursues a protracted clinical course with recurrences and late metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of p53, bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67 in 21 cases of ACC of the palate, all with a minimum of 10 years and a maximum of 22 years of clinical follow-up. These results were also analyzed with regard to different clinical prognoses of the histologic subtypes of ACC. High expression of p53 and bcl-2 was noted in 19 out of 21 ACC cases (90%), in which most tumor cells (from 66% to 99%) proved to be immunopositive. A relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival was not found. Therefore, the high immunoreactivity against these oncoproteins in the same tumor cells suggests that these two oncogenes may be involved since the early stage of carcinogenesis. Loss of function of the p53 protein combined with bcl-2 upregulation might give the tumor cells a double growth advantage, because uncontrolled proliferation is combined with a reduced cell death rate. The interaction with other oncogenes may then trigger a multistep process able to promote tumor progression. The low labeling index Ki-67 was detected in nine out of 21 cases (42%), with a low percentage of tumor cells (from 3% to 15%) being positive, whereas the remaining 12 cases were negative. We found no relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival; however, the low proliferation rate could explain the natural course of tumor.