Compromiso tumoral de vía aérea en pediatría / Pediatric airway compromise by tumors

Los tumores traqueo bronquiales son extremadamente infrecuentes en la edad pediátrica e incluyen lesiones benignas y malignas. Por la baja frecuencia en niños y sintomatología respiratoria inespecífica, la sospecha diagnostica es habitualmente tardía. El tratamiento de elección en la mayoría de ellos es la resección quirúrgica abierta, sin embargo, la remoción endoscopia podría estar indicada es casos muy seleccionados con histología benigna y de localización accesible.

Tracheobronchial tumors are extremely rare in children and include benign and malignant lesions. Due to the low frequency in children and nonspecific respiratory symptoms, diagnostic suspicion is usually late. The treatment of choice in most of them is open surgical resection, however, endoscopy removal could be indicated in highly selected cases with benign histology and accessible location.

Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: What is New in the 2017 WHO Blue Book for Tumours of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Parapharyngeal Space.

Chapter 3 "Tumours of the hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, and parapharyngeal space" of the World Health Organization (WHO) Blue Book 2017 "Classification of Head and Neck Tumours" shows a shortened list of entities, especially due to reducing the number of benign and malignant soft tissue tumours, malignant melanoma and some others, which are transferred to more frequently affected regions of the head and neck. The basic concept of the new edition is to assimilate all advances concerning the discussed tumours in a shorter framework, appropriate for daily work. The main emphasis is on the most frequent lesions and tumors originating from the covering squamous epithelium. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal conventional squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), its variants and precursor lesions, occupy a major part of the chapter. New data on etiopathogenesis, with the focus on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, are discussed in relation to the entities of the squamous epithelium. Although only a small fraction of these lesions are HPV-related, further studies are required for evaluation of the potential prognostic and therapeutic benefit of mRNA HPV determination. In contrast to earlier data, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal verrucous SCC, spindle cell SCC and basaloid SCC are not anymore considered as HPV-related tumours. New data on the pathogenesis of spindle cell SCC exhibiting divergent differentiation by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, are also briefly discussed. The most important innovation is brought by the section on precursor lesions, in which a unified two-tier classification, consisting of low- and high-grade dysplasia, is introduced. The proposed two-tier system can also be transformed into a three-tier classification for treatment purposes, with a distinction between carcinoma in situ and high-grade dysplasia. The reviewed morphological criteria of the proposed system are based on the amended Ljubljana classification. The section on laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) represents a considerable improvement in terminology and classification. NEC are divided into well-, moderate- and poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. The latter is additionally divided into small cell NEC and large cell NEC (LCNEC). It is of extreme importance that LCNEC, which was associated in the WHO 2005 edition with atypical carcinoid/moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, grade II, has now been transferred into the group of poorly differentiated NEC, grade III, displaying a specific morphology and poorer prognosis.

Pathology of tracheal tumors.

Malignant involvement of the trachea predominantly results from direct spread of neighboring tumors to the tracheal wall. Primary tracheal malignancies show a low incidence of approximately 0.1 in every 100,000 persons per year, squamous cell carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas accounting for about two-thirds of adult primary tracheal tumors. The etiology of squamous cell carcinoma and its premalignant lesions is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Patients with tracheal malignancies show an unfavorable prognosis, with reported 5- and 10-year survival rates of 5% to 15% and 6% to 7%, respectively, for all types of tracheal carcinoma.

La nueva clasificación de la O.M.S. 2005. Lesiones precursoras y los tumores de la laringe, hipofaringe y tráquea / The updated WHO Head and Neck Tumours Classification (2005). Epithelial precursor lesions and tumours of the larynx, hypopharynx and trachea

Se revisa la última clasificación de los Tumores de la Cabeza y Cuello de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) 2005 de las áreas de laringe, hipofaringe y traquea, especialmente en lo relativo a las nuevas entidades. Se comentan los aspectos específicos tanto de los tumores de células escamosas y sus variedades, así como de algunos otros de partes blandas y óseas. Además se trata acerca de las recomendaciones que aporta para su inclusión en los informes de patología así como la evaluación de los factores predictivos y pronósticos para cada tipo histológico. Se hace hincapié en el valor añadido de la nueva clasificación al integrar la anatomía y la patología convencional y la inmunohistoquímica con la epidemiología, etiología, el diagnóstico por imagen, la genética y los factores pronósticos y predictivos, todo ello encaminado al adecuado manejo clínico de estos tumores

We revise the last WHO 2005 Head and Neck Tumour classification, focusing on Larynx, Hypopharynx and Trachea, and especially on new entities. Specifically, we discuss about different aspects related to squamous carcinoma and its variants, soft tissue and bone tumours. The classification includes a predictive factor evaluation for each histological type, as well as recommendations about the inclusion of these changes in a pathology report. We further stress the value added by this new classification, as it integrates Anatomy and Histopathology with Immunohistochemistry, Epidemiology, Radiology and Genetics, leading to a better clinic handling of these tumours

Primary malignant tumors of the trachea - the Tata Memorial Hospital experience.

OBJECTIVE: Primary tumors of the trachea are extremely rare. Treatment methods vary considerably and few studies have sought to provide adequate guidelines. This study reviews the records of patients treated for tracheal cancer at the Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Mumbai, India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with primary tracheal malignancies were identified in the TMH database during the period from 1983 to 2000. They were predominantly males (87%) belonging to an older age-group (67% above 40 years). Common presenting symptoms were cough, hoarseness, hemoptysis and indications of airway obstruction. Squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest histologic subtype (40%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (27%). Ten patients received radical treatment. One patient underwent surgery (resection and anastomosis) and received postoperative radiotherapy. Another was explored but was found to be unresectable and was 1 of 2 patients treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Laser resections and radiotherapy were used in 2 patients while 4 patients were managed with radiotherapy alone. One patient was treated elsewhere. The majority of patients (8/9) were treated with locoregional fields and doses ranging from 40 to 60 Gy (median 50 Gy). Two patients also received intraluminal brachytherapy, 1 as part of initial treatment and another for recurrence. RESULTS: Only 5 patients treated at TMH (5/9) achieved local control of their disease. Follow-up times ranged from 1 month to 134 months, median of 38 months. Distant metastases were identified in 4 patients (bone n = 1 and lung n = 3). Median survival was 38 months. Overall survival at 5 years was 37% by Kaplan-Meier method, but this figure should be treated with caution since only 6 patients had a follow-up of more than 2 years. CONCLUSION: Tracheal cancer is a rare malignancy. Radiation therapy is a reasonably effective modality for unresectable disease.

Epithelial and soft tissue tumors of the tracheobronchial tree.

This article provides a broad overview of tumors that can involve the tracheobronchial tree. For the most part, the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic presentation of these rare tumors does not differ significantly from the more common tumors of the lung. Appropriate classification of many tracheobronchial tumors ultimately requires complete sampling and a thorough microscopic evaluation. The introduction of ancillary diagnostic techniques such as immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis will continue to refine tumor classification.

Metástasis en la tráquea y en los bronquios / Tracheobronchial metastases

Antecedentes: Las metástasis tráqueo-bronquiales (MB) de tumores distintos del carcinoma broncogénico, son muy rara ocurrencia. Por el momento, casi la totalidad de las comunicaciones de la literatura se refieren sobre todo a tratamientos paliativos para desobstrucción de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Informar sobre la incidencia de MB observadas en un instituto oncológico en relación a las broncofibroscopías (BFC) realizadas a pacientes neoplásicos y al número de MP estudiadas para evaluar su posible tratamiento quirúrgico, así como los resultados de los diferentes procedimientos locales para desobstrucción o control de hemorragias, realizados en enfermos derivados con tal propósito a un centro de intervencionismo endoscópico. Lugar de aplicación: a) Departamento de cirugía torácica de un instituto de oncología universitario público, y b) centro de intervencionismo endoscópico de un hospital de comunidad. Diseño: Trabajo retrospectivo. Población: En total, 56 casos de MB. Esta serie está integrada por: a) 19 pacientes con MB halladas entre 1677 enfermos con neoplasias broncopulmonares sometidos a BFC' (1,1 por ciento) y 669 pacientes con MP (2,8 por ciento) en plan de indicación quirúrgica, b) 37 pacientes tratados mediante procedimientos endoscópicos desobstructivos y/o hemostáticos. Método: Se analizaron manifestaciones clínicas, imágenes radiográficas, hallazgos endoscópicos, indicaciones terapéuticas, y procedimientos instrumentales aplicados para desobstruir o controlar sangrado en los casos que merecieron esa conducta. Resultados: En el centro oncológico público, durante el período 1986-2000, se observaron 19 MB, cuyos tumores primarios tenían las más diversas localizaciones y tipos histológicos. Once pacientes fueron asintomáticos. La Rx simple fue normal en 4. En tomografías se observaron atelectasias lobulares, o infiltrados. En 2 casos, el cuadro debido a MB precedió al descubrimiento del tumor primario luego de que la biopsia orientara investigaciones dirigidas. En 3 pacientes se hallaron focos bronquiales múltiples y en otro 2, MB sincrónicas traqueales y bronquiales. A 10 pacientes se les prescribió radioterapia, quimioterapia o ambas, en tanto a los otros 9 solamente recursos paliativos generales. En el centro de intervencionismo endoscópico, durante el período 1987-2000 se observaron 37 MB. El tratamiento endoscópico fue desobstructivo en 35 y hemostático en 2...

Metástasis en la tráquea y en los bronquios / Tracheobronchial metastases

Antecedentes: Las metástasis tráqueo-bronquiales (MB) de tumores distintos del carcinoma broncogénico, son muy rara ocurrencia. Por el momento, casi la totalidad de las comunicaciones de la literatura se refieren sobre todo a tratamientos paliativos para desobstrucción de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Informar sobre la incidencia de MB observadas en un instituto oncológico en relación a las broncofibroscopías (BFC) realizadas a pacientes neoplásicos y al número de MP estudiadas para evaluar su posible tratamiento quirúrgico, así como los resultados de los diferentes procedimientos locales para desobstrucción o control de hemorragias, realizados en enfermos derivados con tal propósito a un centro de intervencionismo endoscópico. Lugar de aplicación: a) Departamento de cirugía torácica de un instituto de oncología universitario público, y b) centro de intervencionismo endoscópico de un hospital de comunidad. Diseño: Trabajo retrospectivo. Población: En total, 56 casos de MB. Esta serie está integrada por: a) 19 pacientes con MB halladas entre 1677 enfermos con neoplasias broncopulmonares sometidos a BFC (1,1 por ciento) y 669 pacientes con MP (2,8 por ciento) en plan de indicación quirúrgica, b) 37 pacientes tratados mediante procedimientos endoscópicos desobstructivos y/o hemostáticos. Método: Se analizaron manifestaciones clínicas, imágenes radiográficas, hallazgos endoscópicos, indicaciones terapéuticas, y procedimientos instrumentales aplicados para desobstruir o controlar sangrado en los casos que merecieron esa conducta. Resultados: En el centro oncológico público, durante el período 1986-2000, se observaron 19 MB, cuyos tumores primarios tenían las más diversas localizaciones y tipos histológicos. Once pacientes fueron asintomáticos. La Rx simple fue normal en 4. En tomografías se observaron atelectasias lobulares, o infiltrados. En 2 casos, el cuadro debido a MB precedió al descubrimiento del tumor primario luego de que la biopsia orientara investigaciones dirigidas. En 3 pacientes se hallaron focos bronquiales múltiples y en otro 2, MB sincrónicas traqueales y bronquiales. A 10 pacientes se les prescribió radioterapia, quimioterapia o ambas, en tanto a los otros 9 solamente recursos paliativos generales. En el centro de intervencionismo endoscópico, durante el período 1987-2000 se observaron 37 MB. El tratamiento endoscópico fue desobstructivo en 35 y hemostático en 2...(AU)

Laser treatment of hemangiomas of the larynx and trachea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hemangiomas have a typical clinical course and may lead to life-threatening obstruction if the central respiratory tract is involved. STUDY DESIGN/PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was observed in 32 children over a period of 20 years. The radiation parameters and application procedure of Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet-laser (Nd:YAG-laser) therapy were adjusted for the degree of obstruction and the type of disease. RESULTS: The success rate was 93.8%, of which a maximum of one application was sufficient in 24 children (75.0%). Subglottic cicatricial stenosis was considered a laser-related complication. CONCLUSION: Nd:YAG-laser treatment is a safe and effective therapeutic measure for eliminating respiratory tract obstruction caused by hemangiomas.

Lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States, and its incidence has been rising for at least 50 years. Shifts in histologic type and differences in sex and race distribution have accompanied the increased incidence of lung malignancies. METHODS: Population-based data regarding lung cancer reported to the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the 15-year period 1973-1987 were analyzed. RESULTS: Results indicate that from 1973-1977 to 1983-1987, the age-adjusted rates of lung cancer increased by 30%, with the gain markedly greater in women (70%) than in men (17%). The largest percentage increases in age-adjusted rates were observed for small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 60% each), with a more modest change for squamous cell carcinoma (+ 14%). For squamous cell carcinoma, the age-adjusted rates increased substantially for black (65%) and white (70%) women and only slightly for black men (10%), whereas it decreased slightly in recent years for white men. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, adenocarcinoma has replaced squamous cell carcinoma as the most frequent histologic subtype for all sexes and races combined. These shifts in histologic types by sex and race may be related to differences in exposure to tobacco products, dietary factors, environmental or occupational carcinogens, and host characteristics. Increased use of transbronchial and needle biopsy may have also influenced these trends to some extent. Over the study period, 5-year relative survival rate did not change appreciably for lung cancer, suggesting that therapeutic advances have had little effect.

The World Health Organization's revised classification of tumours of the larynx, hypopharynx, and trachea.

A second edition of the Histological Typing of Upper Respiratory Tract Tumours in the WHO series International Histological Classification of Tumours was published in 1991. The new edition has been entitled Histological Typing of Tumours of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear. The task of revising the first edition, which was published in 1978, was undertaken at the WHO Center for Upper Respiratory Tract Tumours by K. Shanmugaratnam in collaboration with L. H. Sobin and pathologists in 8 countries. Several tumour types have been added to the classification, and some have been redefined in light of current knowledge. This presentation outlines the changes in the revised WHO classification as regards tumours of the larynx, hypopharynx, and trachea and discusses the grounds for said revisions.

The World Health Organization histological classification of tumours of the upper respiratory tract and ear. A commentary on the second edition.

The second edition of Histological Typing of Tumours of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear, in the World Health Organization series International Histological Classification of Tumours, provides a comprehensive classification of tumors and tumor-like lesions occurring in (1) the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; (2) the nasopharynx; (3) the larynx, hypopharynx, and trachea; (4) the external ear; and (5) the middle and inner ear. The classification includes several newly recognized entities and many that were omitted from the first edition on account of their rarity. The terminology and definitions of several tumor types have been revised in the light of experience gained during the past 12 years. This article discusses the revised classification with special reference to some of the major changes in the listings, terminology, and definitions.

Classification of human upper respiratory tract tumors.

An outline of human upper respiratory tumors is presented, based on the World Health Organization's classification of such tumors. The discussion and illustrations are devoted mainly to the nasal passages, and emphasis is placed on lesions that are potentially confusing because of problems of terminology or unusual histologic features.

Neoplastic and potentially prenoeplastic changes in the upper respiratory tract of rats and mice.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) database was examined for tumor incidences and chemicals producing tumors in the nasal cavity, larynx, or trachea. Slides from appropriate studies were then examined in an attempt to unify terminology and make comparisons between induced and spontaneous tumors and hyperplastic or preneoplastic lesions produced in the upper respiratory system. An attempt was also made to compare the species affected, route of administration, and tumor types produced by different chemicals. The results are not meant to be all inclusive of the NTP database but to be representative of observed trends. General conclusions that emerged from this review were that rats are much more susceptible to epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity than mice; that only mice have been reported to have chemically induced hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas of the nasal cavity; that tumors of the olfactory epithelium and squamous cell tumors of the respiratory epithelium are almost uniformly malignant and invasive, while other tumors of the respiratory epithelium are typically less invasive; that most chemically induced tumors of the olfactory region, either mesenchymal or epithelial, do not require an inhalation route of exposure but appear to occur by systemic targeting of this region; and that a uniform nomenclature for tumors of the nasal cavity is needed.

[Tracheal resection for tracheal tumors (excluding cancer)]. / Les résections trachéales pour tumeurs de la trachée (en dehors des cancers).

Tracheal resection was performed in 10 patients with non-malignant tracheal tumors. Clinical, histological, and technical features are discussed, particular emphasis being given to long-term results. These tumors, mostly cylindromas (7 out of 10 cases in this series) are amenable to very wide surgical resection of the resection-anastomosis type. Suggested treatment for cylindromas should include systematic postoperative irradiation, as this considerably improves long-term (10 and 15 years) results.