Ceguera legal unilateral y liposucción. Revisión de la literatura y reporte del primer caso en México, octavo en el mundo / Liposuction and unilateral legal blindness. Literature review and first case report in Mexico, eight in the world

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 años que desarrolló ceguera legal posterior a liposucción y mamoplastia de aumento, evolucionando con anemia transitoria y disminución progresiva de la agudeza visual del ojo izquierdo (20/200). A pesar de la corrección de la anemia y la mejoría del estado general, continuó durante 2 meses con sintomatología ocular. Se estableció diagnóstico de neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica (NOIA) de acuerdo con los hallazgos oftalmológicos. Revisamos las publicaciones previas para neuritis óptica isquémica anterior después de liposucción y las recomendaciones para prevenir dicha patología

We present the case of a 32-year-old woman who developed legal blindness posterior to liposuction and augmentation mammoplasty, with postoperative anemia and decreased vision of the left eye (20/200). Despite the correction of the anemia and improvement of the general status, the patient continued with vision loss for 2 months. According to ophthalmologic studies we could establish the diagnosis of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). We review the previous reports in the literature for anterior ischemic optic neuritis after liposuction and the recommendations to prevent this complicatio

Strategies to prevent ischemic optic neuropathy following major spine surgery: A narrative review.

Postoperative vision loss following a major spine operation is a rare but life-changing event. Most of reports have been linked to ischemic optic neuropathy, and patients undergoing surgery for scoliosis correction or posterior lumbar fusion seem to be at the highest risk. Despite that some key risk factors have been identified, much of the pathophysiology still remain unknown. In fact, whereas only a minority of patients at high risk will present this complication, others with similar risk factors undergoing different procedures may not develop it at all. On the other hand, even when all preventive measures have been taken, ischemic optic neuropathy may still occur. Therefore, it is appropriate for clinicians involved in these cases to inform their patients about the existence of a small but unpredictable risk of vision loss. Since ischemic optic neuropathy is deemed to be the leading cause of vision loss in the context of major spine surgery in prone position, this review will be focused on its main aspects related to the frequency, diagnosis, predisposing factors, and prevention. Regrettably, no treatment has been proved to be effective for this condition.

mTOR regulates neuroprotective effect of immunized CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in optic nerve ischemia.

The therapeutic potential of targeting CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains controversial under the condition of neuroinflammation. This study aims to explore the neuroprotective role of Tregs in optic nerve ischemia (ONI) and evaluate the therapeutic strategy of Tregs transfer with a focus on targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Intraocular pressure was transiently increased in adult C57BL/6 mice to induce ONI. Mucosal tolerance of myelin basic protein (MBP) markedly increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after ONI through enhanced Tregs suppression. mTOR inhibition significantly promoted the frequency of MBP-immunized Tregs in vitro with increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transient rapamycin treatment highly promoted the immunosuppressive capacity of Tregs and inhibited retinal inflammation in ONI animals. Intravenous infusion of MBP-immunized Tregs, instead of regular Tregs, beneficially modulated immune activities of host retinal CD11b+ cells and CD4+ effector T cells, leading to significant improvement of RGC survival. Importantly, rapamycin treatment further enhanced the neuroprotective effect of Tregs transfer. Taken together, these findings reveal a fine regulation of mTOR signaling on immunized Tregs after acute retinal injury. Adoptive transfer with targeting-mTOR strategy markedly improves neuronal recovery after ONI, supporting the therapeutic potentials of Tregs in acute and chronic neurological disorder.

Perioperative Vision Loss in Spine Surgery and Other Orthopaedic Procedures.

Perioperative vision loss is a rare complication of orthopaedic surgery and has been documented after spine, knee, hip, and shoulder procedures. It is associated with several ophthalmologic diagnoses, most commonly ischemic optic neuropathy. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, current evidence suggests that systemic hemodynamic compromise and altered balance of intraocular perfusion contribute to the development of ischemic optic neuropathy. Although vision recovery has been reported, the prognosis of perioperative vision loss is poor, and no proven effective treatment is available. Perioperative vision loss is unpredictable and can occur in healthy patients. Associated risk factors include pediatric or elderly age, male sex, obesity, anemia, hypotension or hypertension, perioperative blood loss, prolonged surgical time, and prone positioning. Preventive strategies include avoiding direct pressure to the eye, elevating the head, optimizing perioperative hemodynamic status, and minimizing surgical time with staged surgical procedures as appropriate.

Grosor coroideo macular en la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica / Macular choroidal thickness in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy

OBJETIVO: Analizar el grosor coroideo macular (GCM) en la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica (NOIA-NA). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 22 pacientes diagnosticados de NOIA-NA (22 ojos) y 42 sujetos sanos (42 ojos) fueron estudiados usando tomografía de coherencia óptica con técnica Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI-OCT). Se realizó un escáner de una línea horizontal centrado en la fóvea 3 meses después del inicio de NOIA-NA. Se tomaron 3 medidas desde la parte posterior del epitelio pigmentario hasta la unión esclerocoroidea a intervalos de 500 μm en las 1.500 μm centrales de la mácula. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente comparando la media de GCM entre grupos y correlacionando el GCM con otros parámetros oculares y sistémicos. RESULTADOS: Excepto en el error refractivo (p = 0,01), no hubo diferencias significativas en longitud axial (p = 0,53), edad (p = 0,88) ni en otros parámetros oculares ni epidemiológicos entre grupos. La media de GCM en la NOIA-NA y en el grupo control fue 236,21 ± 63,29 μm y 269,13 ± 52,28, respectivamente. La media del GCM fue significativamente más delgada en ojos con NOIA-NA que en sanos (p = 0,03). El adelgazamiento del GCM estuvo asociado con el diagnóstico de NOIA-NA después de ajustar por error refractivo (p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: Los ojos afectos con NOIA-NA mostraron un GCM significativamente más adelgazado que en sujetos sanos, después de ajustar por error refractivo

OBJECTIVE: To analyse macular choroidal thickness (MCT) in non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis was made on 22 patients diagnosed with NAION (22 eyes) and 42 healthy controls (42 eyes) using enhanced-depth imaging of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A horizontal raster scan centred on the fovea was obtained per eye 3 months after the onset of NAION. Three measurements of MCT were obtained from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid-sclera junction at 500 μm intervals. Statistical analysis was used to compare the mean MCT and to correlate MCT with other ocular and systemic parameters. RESULTS: Except for refractive error (P=.01), there were no statistically significant differences between both groups in axial length (P=.53), age (P=.88) and other epidemiological and ocular parameters. Mean MCT in NAION eyes and control group was 236.21 ± 63.29 μm and 269.13 ± 52.28, respectively. Mean MCT was significantly thinner in NAION eyes than in healthy eyes (P=.03). Thinner MCT, adjusted for refractive error, was associated with the diagnosis of NAION (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes affected by NAION showed significantly thinner MCT compared with healthy control eyes after adjusting for refractive error

Isquemia retiniana y proliferación fibrovascular tardía asociada a coloboma de nervio óptico / Retinal ischaemia and delayed fibrovascular proliferation associated with an optic nerve coloboma

CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente con coloboma de nervio óptico izquierdo, que desarrolla tardíamente (a los 15 años de edad) proliferación fibrovascular vitreorretiniana y desprendimiento de retina traccional (DRT). Se realiza fotocoagulación retiniana sectorial con regresión del tejido proliferativo y la exudación asociada. DISCUSIÓN: Las anomalías congénitas del nervio óptico pueden asociar avascularidad e isquemia retiniana significativa y proliferación fibrovascular de aparición tardía. El tratamiento láser es efectivo para obtener la regresión del tejido neovascular y prevenir la progresión del DRT

CASE REPORT: A patient with a left optic nerve coloboma with late development (at 15 years of age) of vitreoretinal fibrovascular proliferation and tractional retinal detachment (TRD). Sectorial retinal photocoagulation was performed with regression of the proliferative tissue and exudation. DISCUSSION: Congenital optic nerve anomalies may be associated with significant retinal avascularity, ischaemia and late fibrovascular proliferation. Laser is effective for regression of the neovascular tissue and preventing TRD progression

[Bilateral amaurosis after spinal trauma]. / Beidseitige Amaurose nach Wirbelsäulentrauma.

This article presents the case of a 72-year-old male patient who suffered severe trauma of the spinal column. The patient developed persistent, bilateral, complete blindness after prolonged emergency neurosurgical treatment in a prone position. A bilateral surgical posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) was diagnosed, which is a rare but severe complication of prolonged non-ocular surgery with circulatory stress. The massive, mostly bilateral, irreversible visual loss up to complete blindness leads to severe and permanent impairment of affected patients.

Effect of Head Position on Intraocular Pressure During Lumbar Spine Fusion: A Randomized, Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic optic neuropathy resulting in visual loss is a rare but devastating complication of spine surgery. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) results in decreased perfusion and possibly ischemic optic neuropathy. We performed a randomized, prospective trial to evaluate the effect of head positioning on IOP during lumbar spine fusion. METHODS: The study included fifty-two patients treated at one institution. Inclusion criteria were a lumbar spine fusion and an age of eighteen to eighty years. Exclusion criteria were a diagnosis of tumor, infection, or traumatic injury or a history of eye disease, ocular surgery, cervical spine surgery, chronic neck pain, or cervical stenosis. The control group underwent the surgery with the head in neutral and the face parallel to the level operating room table whereas, in the experimental group, the neck was extended so that the face had a 10° angle of inclination in relation to the table. IOP measurements were recorded along with the corresponding blood pressure and PCO2 values at the same time points. The primary outcome measure was the change in intraocular pressure (ΔIOP, defined as the maximum IOP minus the initial IOP). RESULTS: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for categorical risk factors, and regression analysis was used for continuous risk factors. The mean ΔIOP, corrected for duration of surgery, was significantly (p = 0.0074) lower in the group treated with the head elevated than it was in the group treated with the head in neutral (difference between the two groups, 4.53 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 7.79 mm Hg]). No patient sustained visual loss or any cervical-spine-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Head elevation for adult lumbar spine fusion performed with the patient prone resulted in significantly lower IOP measurements than those seen when the operation was done with the patient's head in neutral. As lower IOP correlates with increased optic nerve perfusion, this intervention could mitigate the risk of perioperative blindness after spine surgery done with the patient prone.

Patient positioning and prevention of injuries in patients undergoing laparoscopic and robot-assisted urologic procedures.

Positioning injuries in the perioperative period are one of the inherent risks of surgery, but particularly in robot-assisted urologic surgery, and can result in often unrecognized morbidity. Injuries such as upper or lower extremity peripheral neuropathies occur via neural mechanisms and injuries such as compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and acute arterial occlusion occur via vascular mechanisms. The risk of injury may be exacerbated by operative and patient-related risk factors. Patient-related risk factors include ASA class and BMI, while surgery-related risk factors include physical orientation of the patient and operative length. These injuries can be prevented or reduced by joint effort of the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and operating room staff.

Obstructive sleep apnea and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: evidence for an association.

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most prevalent optic nerve disorder among patients over 50 years of age, characterized by sudden onset, painless visual loss, with an accompanying relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc edema. Although the pathophysiology of NAION has not been fully elucidated, several risk factors have been considered, including advanced age, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and certain optic disc morphologies. An association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and NAION has also been recognized. One prospective cohort study indicated that the relative risk of OSA among patients with NAION was 4.9; a later retrospective cohort study demonstrated that patients with OSA not treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) had a 16% increased hazard of developing NAION compared to patients without OSA.The following review will discuss the most recent understanding of the relationship between OSA and NAION, with implications for further research and prevention strategies.

[Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy following EHEC sepsis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. / Bilaterale anteriore ischämische Optikusneuropathie nach EHEC-Sepsis und hämolytisch-urämischem Syndrom.

After emerging from a coma caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) sepsis with severe neurological and renal involvement a 53-year-old female patient complained of blurred vision. Due to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) the patient also suffered from dialysis-dependent acute kidney failure. Horizontal visual field defects of the lower hemifield and corresponding segmental optic disc pallor were found in both eyes. Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) was diagnosed presumably caused by high volume shifting and hypotonia due to sepsis and dialysis. The literature revealed that bilateral AION is often seen after complex surgical procedures or in patients with severe metabolic disorders. This ophthalmologic complication should always be taken into consideration because of the serious permanent visual damage.

Protection of mouse retinal ganglion cell axons and soma from glaucomatous and ischemic injury by cytoplasmic overexpression of Nmnat1.

PURPOSE: The Wlds mutation affords protection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in retinal ischemia and in inducible and hereditary preclinical models of glaucoma. We undertook the present study to determine whether the Nmnat1 portion of the chimeric protein provides axonal and somatic protection of RGCs in models of ischemia and glaucoma, particularly when localized to nonnuclear regions of the cell. METHODS: The survival and integrity of RGC axons and soma from transgenic mice with confirmed cytoplasmic overexpression of Nmnat1 in retina and optic nerve (cytNmnat1-Tg mice) were examined in the retina and postlaminar optic nerve 4 days following acute retinal ischemia, and 3 weeks following the chronic elevation of intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Ischemia- and glaucoma-induced disruptions of proximal segments of RGC axons that comprise the nerve fiber layer in wild-type mice were both robustly abrogated in cytNmnat1-Tg mice. More distal portions of RGC axons within the optic nerve were also protected from glaucomatous disruption in the transgenic mice. In both disease models, Nmnat1 overexpression in extranuclear locations significantly enhanced the survival of RGC soma. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of Nmnat1 in the cytoplasm and axons of RGCs robustly protected against both ischemic and glaucomatous loss of RGC axonal integrity, as well as loss of RGC soma. These findings reflect the more pan-cellular protection of CNS neurons that is realized by cytoplasmic Nmnat1 expression, and thus provide a therapeutic strategy for protecting against retinal neurodegeneration, and perhaps other CNS neurodegenerative diseases as well.

Case of ischemic optic neuropathy developed eleven days after an aortic arch replacement.

We present a case of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) developed 11 days after an aortic arch replacement in a 59 year-old male who had a history of untreated hypertension. Thoracic CT revealed severe stenosis of the right common carotid artery with poor blood flow. Aortic clamping time was 96 minutes, and selective cerebral perfusion time was 48 minutes. The lowest hemoglobin concentration of venous blood during cardiopulmonary bypass was 8.1 g/dl and the lowest arterial pressure was 60 mmHg. Due to pulmonary congestion, artificial ventilation was required until 11 post-surgical days. After removal of ventilator, the patient's consciousness was clear with no motor paralyses evident. However, the patient complained of blurred vision on that day. Bilateral papillae of the optic fund were pale. Atrophy of the papillae was also noted. Visual evoked potential was bilaterally flat suggesting bilateral optic nerve disturbance. The diagnosis of ION was made by ophthalmologist and neurologists. We speculated that low hemoglobin level during cardiopulmonary bypass was not the sole etiology of ION. Untreated hypertension, low blood flow through internal carotid artery and prolonged mechanical ventilation were also deteriorating factors of ION in this patient. We should be alert to prevent ION in such a complicated case.

Ischemic optic neuropathy: are we any further?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Postoperative vision loss (POVL) as related to spinal surgery and the prone position has garnered increasing attention in the US over the last 15 years, resulting in an increase of litigations submitted to the legal system. It might be associated with the development of new surgical techniques involving complex instrumentation of the spine. By 2000, the magnitude of this problem was such that the American Society of Anesthesiologists developed a Postoperative Visual Loss Registry in an effort to better understand and evaluate this devastating operative complication. RECENT FINDINGS: The cause of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) as the most complex entity of POVL is still unclear. Retrospective studies show that although it can strike patients of any age, there is an increased incidence in patients less than 18 and more than 65 years of age. Significant risk factors include male sex, anemia, surgery lasting over 6 h, and intraoperative hypotension. Profound anatomical knowledge and new animal studies have helped to define possible mechanisms underlying ION. SUMMARY: ION is still poorly understood and risk factors remain speculative. Given that there is no known treatment, increased understanding should help to prevent this postoperative complication.

Possible neuroprotective effect of brimonidine in a mouse model of ischaemic optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of brimonidine following induction of ischaemic optic neuropathy in rodents (rAION). METHODS: Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of brimonidine 48, 24 or 0 h before rAION induction or eye drops for 5 days after rAION induction. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and expression of genes involved in the angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], pigment epithelium-derived factor [PEDF], The epidermal growth factor homology domains-2 [Tie-2]), ischaemia (haem oxygense-1 [HO-1], hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha[HIF-1alpha], endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase-1 [SOD-1], glutathione peroxidase-1 [GPX-1]) response to ischaemic damage were compared with sham or rAION-untreated mice. RESULTS: No RGC loss was detected in the brimonidine-treated mice. Effect of post-rAION eye drops: day 1--no decrease in retinal mRNA levels of angiogenesis-related genes, increase in ischaemia- and oxidative stress-related genes except HIF-1alpha; day 3--baseline or higher levels of oxidative and ischaemia-related genes except HIF-1alpha, increase in VEGF, decrease in PEDF; day 21--no change in angiogenesis-related genes. Effect of pre-rAION injection: baseline levels of angiogenesis-related genes with all injection schedules; increase in ischaemia-related genes with 48-h and 0-h pretreatment; decrease in HO-1 and eNOS with 24-h pretreatment; increase in oxidative-related genes except GPX-1. In optic nerve tissue, HO-1, HIF-1alpha and SOD-1 decreased on day 1 after topical administration and were still below baseline on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in HO-1 associated with rAION is mitigated with brimonidine treatment, especially when administered intraperitoneally. Topical brimonidine apparently reduces VEGF, Tie-2, HIF-1alpha and GPX-1 expression on day 21. These results agree with published data and may have therapeutic implications for patients diagnosed with AION in the acute phase.