Preventive program based on multiple intelligences to promote oral health in disabled children from Chiclayo, Peru / Programa preventivo basado en inteligencias múltiples para promover la salud bucal en niños discapacitados de Chiclayo, Perú

Introduction: Children with physical disabilities often present deficient oral hygiene and eating habits that threaten optimal oral health. Objective: To evaluate the result of a preventive program based on multiple intelligences to pro-mote oral health care in children with physical disabilities in Chiclayo - Peru. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, quan-titative, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out from the year 2020, to test a preventive intervention based on multiple intelligences (MI), comparing it with an intervention with traditional methodology, whose purpose was in both cases promote preventive oral health care in 167 boys and girls with physical disabilities from four Special Basic Education Centers (CEBES) in Chiclayo. For the pre- and post-test evaluation using a dental record of oral hygiene practices, oral hygiene index and dietary exposure to sugary carbohydrates, the Mann Whitney U test was required, with a confidence level of 95%. Results: After not very encouraging findings in the pretest for both groups, significant changes were observed in the posttest in favor of the IM-based program, for which 58% of schoolchildren registered an adequate oral hygiene index, 69.2% brushed twice to three times a day and that only 35.8% present regular exposure to carbohydrates. Statistical significance was evidenced in favor of the MI-based intervention for the three indicated variables (p= 0.000). Conclusions: The application of the IM-based program achieved better results in the significant promotion of oral hygiene practices with a favorable record of the IHO and by reducing the exposure to carbohydrates in a vulnerable population.Keywords: Health promotion; Oral health; Preventive dentistry; Health education; Children with disabilities.

Efecto del tratamiento de la morfología oclusal con materiales para restauraciones preventivas / Effect of treating occlusal morphology with materials for preventive restorations

Introducción: las fosas y fisuras son áreas formadas por delgadas irregularidades de la capa del esmalte de la superficie oclusal. La compleja morfología en dientes posteriores es un determinante biológico asociado al desarrollo de caries. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diversas formas de tratar la morfología oclusal en la adaptación y penetración de materiales utilizados en restauraciones preventivas. Material y métodos: diseño experimental e in vitro. Sesenta terceros molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: surco sin ameloplastia y con ameloplastia; además, contaban con acondicionamiento del esmalte que se subdividió en tres subgrupos: 1) sellador de fosas y fisuras, 2) adhesivo/sellador de fosas y fisuras y 3) adhesivo/ resina Flow. Resultados: los subgrupos adhesivo/sellador y adhesivo/ Flow alcanzaron mayores valores de adaptación íntima a las paredes del surco. Las diferencias fueron significativas entre los materiales (p = 0.0009). Las mayores zonas de desadaptación resultaron para el sellador sin y con ameloplastia. La penetración de los materiales fue mayor en los surcos con ameloplastia. En los surcos tratados con ameloplastia, el adhesivo/Flow reveló el mayor porcentaje de penetración y la mejor adaptación a las paredes del surco. Conclusiones: la penetración del material está positivamente correlacionada con la profundidad del surco. El sellador con y sin ameloplastia mostró pobre adaptación a las paredes del surco (AU)

Introduction: pits and fissures are areas formed by fine irregularities in the enamel layer of the occlusal surface. The complex morphology in posterior teeth are biological determinants associated with the development of caries. Objective: to evaluate the effect of various ways of treating occlusal morphology on the adaptation and penetration of materials used in preventive restorations. Material and methods: experimental design, in vitro. Sixty third molars were randomly distributed into two groups: groove without ameloplasty and with ameloplasty, with enamel conditioning with three subgroups: 1) pit and fissure sealer, 2) adhesive/pit and fissure sealer, 3) adhesive/resin flow. Results: the adhesive/sealant and adhesive/flow subgroups reached higher values of intimate adaptation to the furrow walls. The differences were significant between the materials (p = 0.0009). The largest areas of maladjustment were found for the sealant without and with ameloplasty. The penetration of the materials was greater in the grooves with ameloplasty. In the grooves treated with ameloplasty, the adhesive/flow revealed the highest percentage of penetration and the best adaptation to the walls of the groove. Conclusions: the penetration of the material is positively correlated with the depth of the furrow. The sealant with and without ameloplasty showed poor adaptation to the sulcus walls (AU)

Prevención cuaternaria desde la visión odontológica / Quaternary prevention from a dental point of view

Introducción: El personal de salud debe comprender que el paciente es la figura central en el proceso salud-enfermedad, por lo que, para pro- teger su salud y atender de manera eficaz la enfermedad, se debe partir desde los principios básicos de prevención. La frase «prevenir es mejor que curar¼ debe ser considerada una máxima en salud y una metodología para atender enfermedades desde factores de riesgo, hacer partícipe a los pacientes y a la población en general a llevar a cabo estilos de vida saludables, con actividades preventivas que incrementen su importancia en la atención médica. Conclusiones: La prevención cuaternaria es una forma nueva para llamar al viejo principio de la medicina «lo primero es no hacer daño¼, que da origen al principio bioético de la no male- ficencia, este concepto se refiere a todas aquellas valoraciones que se deben hacer ante cualquier tipo de intervención diagnóstica, terapéutica y preventiva. Esto tiene especial importancia en la población sana, en la cual la prevención será siempre la mejor herramienta, pero se debe siempre tener presente la prevención cuaternaria (AU)

Introduction: Health personnel should understand that the patient is the central figure in the health-disease process and that to protect their health and effectively treat the disease starting from the basic principle of prevention. The phrase «prevention is better than cure¼ from being considered a maxim in health and a methodology to address diseases from risk factors, involving patients and the general population to carry out healthy lifestyles, with preventive activities that increase its importance in medical care. Conclusions: Quaternary prevention is a new way to call the old principle of medicine «first do no harm¼, which gives rise to the bioethical principle of non-maleficence, this concept refers to all those assessments that should be made before any type of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive intervention. This is especially important in the healthy population, in which prevention will always be the best tool, but quaternary prevention should always be kept in mind (AU)

Comparación del desempeño técnico-asistencial en programas escolares con diferentes modalidades de implementación / Comparison of technical-assisstance performance in school programs with different implementation modalities

Se comparó el desempeño técnico-asistencial de 2 programas de atención odontológica con iguales protocolos de atención y diferente modalidad de implementación. Ambos programas se caracterizaron por un perfil preventivo-promocional; uso de protocolos validados según riesgo biológico, atención odontológica adaptada a sedes no convencionales, recursos asignados por método de necesidades; ejecución por recurso humano pre-profesional supervisado y modulación por altas. La modalidad de implementación difirió en la densidad/concentración de las actividades realizadas: en el Programa Extensivo (PE) las acciones se implementaron con frecuencia semanal; en el Programa Intensivo (PI) las acciones se concentraron en una semana en el año. Cobertura anual: PE = 120 escolares de 6 a 9 años de edad; PI = 180 escolares y preescolares de 3 a 12 años de edad. Se midió la cantidad de prestaciones, sesiones y tiempo -en minutos- hasta alcanzar el Alta Básica Operativa (ABO). Para comparar grupos (PI y PE) se utilizaron los tests: U de Mann Whitney, t de Student para mues-tras independientes, chi cuadrado y comparación de proporciones. La razón de prestaciones/sesión fue significativamente mayor (p=0,000) en el programa intensivo. El número de prestaciones hasta el alta (ABO) y la razón tiempo/sesión no mostraron diferencias entre programas (p=0,8 p=0,087), mientras que se evidenció una mayor razón tiempo/prestación y tiempo en alcanzar el alta (ABO) en la modalidad extensiva (p=0,000). La modalidad intensiva mostró mayor eficiencia en el desempeño técnico asistencial que la extensiva (AU)

Aim: To compare technical-care performance of 2 dental care programs with the same care protocols and different implementation modalities. Both programs shared the following features: preventive-promotional profile; use of validated clinical protocols according to biological risk, dental care adapted to non-conventional settings, allocation of resources by needs method; supervised pre-professional human resource and modulation by discharges. The implementation mode differed in the density/concentration of the activities: in the extensive program (EP) the actions were implemented on a weekly basis along the year; in the intensive program (IP) the actions were concentrated in one week in the year. Annual coverage of the programs: 180 schoolchildren and preschoolers (3 -12 years old); EP = 120 schoolchildren (6 - 9 years old). We measured the following variables: the number of dental services performed, the number of sessions and the time, in minutes, to reach the basic operating discharge (BOD). We used the following tests to compare groups (IP and EP): Mann Whitney U; Student's t for independent samples, chi square and comparison of proportions test. The action per session ratio was significantly higher (p=0.000) in the intensive program. The number of actions performed until discharge (BOD) and the time per session ratio did not show differences between programs (p=0.8 p=0.087). In the extensive mode, compared to intensive mode, it took longer to reach discharge (BOD) (p=0.000) The program implemented with intensive modality (PI) showed greater efficiency regarding technical-care performance when compared to the extensive mode (AU)

Preparation and application of chitosan biomaterials in dentistry.

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polysaccharide that has a wide range of applications in the field of dentistry due to its functional versatility and ease of access. Recent studies find that chitosan and its derivatives can be embedded in materials for dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement, tissue regeneration, and antimicrobial agent to better manage oral diseases. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on the preparation, applications, and major breakthroughs of chitosan biomaterials. Furthermore, incorporation of chitosan additives for the modification and improvement of dental materials has been discussed in depth to promote more advanced chitosan-related research in the future.

Expansion of Dental Care for Low-Income Children Through a Mobile Services Program.

BACKGROUND: Although access to dental care has improved over time, many children still face difficulty in obtaining services. One strategy to increase access is through mobile dental services, often in collaboration with schools, Head Start programs, and school-based health centers. This study evaluates a large mobile dental care program based in Minnesota. METHODS: Thematic analysis of interview data collected during a 2-day site visit and multivariate regression analysis of electronic records of patients (adults and children) that received care from 2000 through 2015, representing 84,279 unique patients. RESULTS: The number of patients increased from 5558 in 2000 to 13,863 in 2015. There was a decline in the share of preventive procedures over this period, from 45.7% to 29.4%, and an increase in the share of patients seen at fixed sites. The interview data revealed that program growth relied on relationships with school leaders, expanded scope of practice for dental assistants and dental therapists, and high Medicaid reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile dental care programs can increase both preventive and restorative dental care for individuals who otherwise would not easily access oral health care services; mobile dental programs could be an option in many other communities and schools.

[Preventive dentistry 10. Erosive tooth wear]. / Preventieve tandheelkunde 10. Erosieve gebitsslijtage.

Erosive tooth wear has recently been at the centre of attention and its prevalence of erosive tooth wear among adolescents in the Netherlands appears to be rising. The multifactorial nature of the aetiology of the condition makes it difficult to identify the relevant causal factors, both in individual cases and within the general population. Preventive intervention is indicated in those cases where (active) erosive tooth wear is diagnosed. Early diagnosis is important, especially in younger patients. Preventive measures, such as dietary advice and the use of fluoride, are recommended but the scientific evidence for their effectiveness is still limited. In cases where acid reflux disease is the cause, treatment with medicines can have the effect of reducing the progression of tooth wear. Recognising a non-active condition, for example after successful preventive treatment, is difficult, but will be supported with digital methods in the near future.

Evaluación propia en mujeres gestantes al respecto de opiniones, hábitos y estado de su salud oral en una población del sur de Galicia / Self-assessment of opinions, habits and oral health status by pregnant women in the south of Galicia, Spain

Se ha constatado en el embarazo la asociación entre problemas de salud oral y complicaciones obstétricas. Por ello, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar en embarazadas la percepción de salud oral, hábitos y creencias relativas. Se diseñó un cuestionario para obtener información de las embarazadas que acudían a la consulta de Obstetricia del Hospital Comarcal Valdeorras y Odontología de atención primaria del Centro de Salud Valle Inclán (n=96). Se encontró que la percepción propia de muchas gestantes era padecer algún problema en la cavidad oral. Además, se reflejó que las gestantes tenían hábitos relativos a salud oral adecuados; en adición, creían que su embarazo iba a traer implícitamente problemas a su boca. Las gestantes son capaces de comprender la relación entre su salud oral, su salud sistémica y la de su futuro hijo. Se detectaron una serie de hábitos y creencias en las que sería conveniente incidir para reducir problemas sanitarios

An association has been found between oral health problems and obstetric complications during pregnancy. The main aim of this study was to assess the perception by pregnant women on their oral health and related habits and beliefs. A questionnaire was designed in order to obtain information from 96 pregnant women attending the Valdeorras Local Hospital and the primary health dental practice in the Valle Inclan Health Center. It was found that many pregnant women perceived they were suffering from some kind of problem affecting their mouth. It was shown that pregnant women had adequate habits regarding oral health, but they believed that their pregnancy would implicitly cause them to have mouth problems. Pregnant women are able to understand the impact of their oral health on their general well-being and the health of their unborn child. It has been detected that a series of habits and beliefs would ideally need to be acted upon in order to reduce health problems

The Evidence for Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA®).

A system for Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA®) has been developed in California. The purpose of this article is to summarize the science behind the methodology, the history of the development of CAMBRA, and the outcomes of clinical application. The CAMBRA caries risk assessment (CRA) tool for ages 6 y through adult has been used at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), for 14 y, and outcome studies involving thousands of patients have been conducted. Three outcomes assessments, each on different patient cohorts, demonstrated a clear relationship between CAMBRA-CRA risk levels of low, moderate, high, and extreme with cavitation or lesions into dentin (by radiograph) at follow-up. This validated risk prediction tool has been updated with time and is now routinely used at UCSF and in other settings worldwide as part of normal clinical practice. The CAMBRA-CRA tool for 0- to 5-y-olds has demonstrated similar predictive validity and is in routine use. The addition of chemical therapy (antibacterial plus fluoride) to the traditional restorative treatment plan, based on caries risk status, has been shown to reduce the caries increment by about 20% to 38% in high-caries-risk adult patients. The chemical therapy used for high-risk patients is a combination of daily antibacterial therapy (0.12% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse) and twice-daily high-concentration fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm F), both for home use. These outcomes assessments provide the evidence to use these CRA tools with confidence. Caries can be managed by adding chemical therapy, based on the assessed caries risk level, coupled with necessary restorative procedures. For high- and extreme-risk patients, a combination of antibacterial and fluoride therapy is necessary. The fluoride therapy must be supplemented by antibacterial therapy to reduce the bacterial challenge, modify the biofilm, and provide prevention rather than continued caries progression.

Evaluation of patients' compliance in different age groups: preventive methodology.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SSRD Department of University of Milan PREVENTION PROGRAM between subjects of different sex and ages. METHODS: Prevention Program is divided into six stages, in which specific and standardized procedures are effected on patient; then checkups are planned after three months. Ninety patients (48 females, 42 males) were included. Subjects were divided into three ages groups: 6-9, 10-12 and over 12 years old. Plaque Index, Bleeding Index, and quantitative and qualitative variations of bacterial plaque were considered. RESULTS: Remarkable results were obtained regarding both the effective reduction of bacterial oral flora and patient's compliance and learning, especially in the group of patients older than 10 years. The new values of parameters recorded at the end of the study showed that all the subjects included in the sample had an improvement of compliance in oral hygiene, in particular: 1) P.I. level 3, 10-12 age, female; 2) B.I. level 4, males over 10, female 6-9 age; 3) quantitative and qualitative variations of bacterial plaque, level 4, all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patient instruction and motivation allow to obtain optimal results in particular in patients aged more than 10 years.

Clinical Inquiries: What is the optimal frequency for dental checkups for children and adults?

IT IS UNCLEAR, but studies suggest that it should be based largely on individual risk. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends a 6-month interval for preventive dental visits (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, expert opinion), but a 24-month interval does not result in an increased incidence of dental caries in healthy children and young adults or increased incidence of gingivitis in healthy adults (SOR: B, a single randomized controlled trial [RCT]). In adults with risk factors (eg, smoking or diabetes), visits at 6-month intervals are associated with a lower incidence of tooth loss (SOR: C, a retrospective cohort study). Children with risk factors (eg, caries) may benefit from a first dental visit by age 3 years (SOR: C, a retrospective cohort study).

Core outcomes in periodontal trials: study protocol for core outcome set development.

BACKGROUND: There are a large number of clinical outcome measures used to assess the effectiveness of prevention and management strategies of periodontal diseases. This heterogeneity causes difficulties when trying to synthesise data for systematic reviews or clinical guidelines, reducing their impact. Core outcome sets are an agreed, standardised list of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all trials in specific clinical areas. We aim to develop a core outcome set for effectiveness trials investigating the prevention and management of periodontal disease in primary or secondary care. METHODS: To identify existing outcomes we screened the Cochrane systematic reviews and their included studies on the prevention and management of periodontal diseases. The core outcome set will be defined by consensus of key stakeholders using an online e-Delphi process and face-to-face meeting. Key stakeholders involved in the development will include: patients, dentists, hygienists/therapists, specialists, clinical researchers and policy-makers. Stakeholders will be asked to prioritise outcomes and feedback will be provided in the next round(s). Stakeholders will have an opportunity to add outcomes found in the Cochrane review screening process at the end of the first round. If consensus is not reached after the second round we will provide feedback prior to a third round. Remaining outcomes will be discussed at a face-to-face meeting and agreement will be measured via defined consensus rules of outcome inclusion. DISCUSSION: The inclusive consensus process should provide a core outcome set that is relevant to all key stakeholders. We will actively disseminate our findings to help improve clinical trials, systematic reviews and clinical guidelines with the ultimate aim of improving the prevention and management of periodontal diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: COMET ( http://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/265?result=true ). Registered on August 2012.

[Preventive dentistry 6. Prevention of caries in frail older people]. / Preventieve tandheelkunde 6. Preventie van cariës bij kwetsbare ouderen.

Many older people have a bad oral health, with (root) caries a prevalent cause. Alarming results of research projects raise the question whether sufficient preventive measures are being taken to prevent the development and progress of (root) caries in frail older people. A review of the recent literature revealed that in frail older people and physically or cognitively impaired adults, daily use of a 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste and quarterly application of chlorhexidine or sodium fluoride can decrease by half the risk of root caries. In the Netherlands, toothpaste containing 5,000 ppm fluoride is not (yet) on the market. At the present time, only the advice brochure 'Prevention of root caries' is available. Another measure to prevent deterioration of oral health among frail older people is paying attention to frail older people who do not visit their dentist on a regular basis due to physical limitations and care dependency. When this is the case, it is necessary to intensify professional oral healthcare with instructions to personal caregivers and professional care providers in order to fight (root) caries.

Oral Health and Dental Care in Older Asian Americans in Central Texas.

OBJECTIVES: To examine factors associated with dental health insurance, self-rated oral health, and use of preventive dental care services in older Asian Americans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: The Asian American Quality of Life Survey was conducted with 2,614 Asian Americans living in central Texas using questionnaires available in English and six Asian languages. PARTICIPANTS: Asian American Quality of Life Survey participants aged 60 and older (N = 533; mean age = 69.4 ± 6.9). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were asked whether they had insurance that covered the cost of any dental visit, how they would rate their overall oral health status, and whether they had visited a dental clinic for a routine examination in the past 12 months. Information was also collected on sociodemographic and immigration-related variables. RESULTS: More than 61% of the sample had no dental health insurance, 45% reported that their oral health was fair or poor, and 44% had not used preventive dental care services. A series of logistic regression analyses identified factors posing a significant risk to oral health and dental care. For example, those with limited English proficiency were 3.5 times as likely to lack dental health insurance and 3.2 times as likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor. The odds of not using preventive dental care services were 6.4 times as great in those without dental health insurance. CONCLUSION: The overall findings call attention to efforts to promote oral health and dental care in older Asian Americans.

The Impact of an Interprofessional Oral Health Curriculum on Trainees.

PURPOSE: Despite the prevalence of oral disease, the subject of oral health historically has been absent from medical education. We have developed an interprofessional curriculum in collaboration with our school of dentistry to teach oral health in the primary care setting to physician assistant (PA) students. The goal was to create and assess the impact of a curricular model that would be adaptable to various academic settings. METHODS: A blend of classroom, clinical skills lab, observations in the dental clinic, and observed structured clinical examinations was used to teach oral health to first-year (didactic year) PA students. The objectives were created in collaboration between the medical and dental faculties and included topics on general oral health, oral cancer, geriatrics, pediatrics, and fluoride varnish. RESULTS: A total of 12 hours of instructional time was delivered to 23 students over 3 semesters from 2014 to 2015. Pretesting and posttesting demonstrated long-term knowledge retention that was 14% better than baseline at 8 months (P < .001). Student surveys demonstrated that satisfaction levels were high and that the students felt better prepared and motivated to incorporate oral health into their practice of medicine. Analyses of students' write-ups of the history and the physical examination demonstrated that the students incorporated oral health concepts. CONCLUSIONS: A significant impact on trainees can occur after a short, focused amount of instructional time in oral health. Students demonstrate enthusiasm and begin using oral health skills early on. A focused interprofessional oral health curriculum can likely be successfully integrated into various academic settings with a positive effect on learning and improved patient care.

Education About Dental Hygienists' Roles in Public Dental Prevention Programs: Dental and Dental Hygiene Students' and Faculty Members' and Dental Hygienists' Perspectives.

In 2005, Public Act No. 161 (PA 161) was passed in Michigan, allowing dental hygienists to practice in approved public dental prevention programs to provide services for underserved populations while utilizing a collaborative agreement with a supervising dentist. The aims of this study were to assess how well dental and dental hygiene students and faculty members and practicing dental hygienists have been educated about PA 161, what attitudes and knowledge about the act they have, and how interested they are in additional education about it. University of Michigan dental and dental hygiene students and faculty members, students in other Michigan dental hygiene programs, and dental hygienists in the state were surveyed. Respondents (response rate) were 160 dental students (50%), 63 dental hygiene students (82%), 30 dental faculty members (26%), and 12 dental hygiene faculty members (52%) at the University of Michigan; 143 dental hygiene students in other programs (20%); and 95 members of the Michigan Dental Hygienists' Association (10%). The results showed that the dental students were less educated about PA 161 than the dental hygiene students, and the dental faculty members were less informed than the dental hygiene faculty members and dental hygienists. Responding dental hygiene faculty members and dental hygienists had more positive attitudes about PA 161 than did the students and dental faculty members. Most of the dental hygiene faculty members and dental hygienists knew a person providing services in a PA 161 program. Most dental hygiene students, faculty members, and dental hygienists wanted more education about PA 161. Overall, the better educated about the program the respondents were, the more positive their attitudes, and the more interested they were in learning more.

Potentially preventable dental care in operating rooms for children enrolled in Medicaid.

BACKGROUND: In this study, the authors examined the prevalence and cost of care for children enrolled in Medicaid for potentially preventable dental conditions who receive surgical care in hospital operating rooms (ORs) or ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). METHODS: The authors analyzed Medicaid data from 8 states to find cases in which children aged 1 to 20 years received surgical care in ORs or ASCs in 2010 and 2011 for potentially preventable diagnoses, as defined with diagnostic codes. RESULTS: For 6 states with complete data, there were 26,373 cases in 2011 in which children received OR or ASC surgical care for potentially preventable conditions. These cases represent approximately 0.5% of all children enrolled in Medicaid in these states and approximately 1% of children enrolled in Medicaid who received any dental care. There were $68 million in total Medicaid payments for these cases, with an average of $2,581 per case. Diagnostic codes indicated that 98% of cases were related to treatment of dental caries. More than two-thirds of the cases (71%) were children aged 1 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Extrapolation to the United States suggests that approximately $450 million in additional expenditures occurred in 2011 because of OR or ASC surgical care for potentially preventable pediatric dental conditions, primarily related to early childhood caries. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Strategies to improve prevention of early childhood caries, including community- and family-based education, and to increase access to timely and early dental care for low-income children could reduce the burdens and costs of these dental problems.