Provider Acceptance And Beneficiary Access Under TRICARE's PPO Health Plan.

TRICARE provides health benefits to more than nine million beneficiaries (active duty and retired military members and their families). Complaints about access to civilian providers in TRICARE's preferred provider organization (PPO) plan led Congress to mandate surveys of beneficiaries and providers to identify the extent of the problem and the reasons for it. The beneficiary survey asked about beneficiaries' perceived access to care, and the provider survey asked about providers' acceptance of TRICARE patients. TRICARE's civilian PPO plans are required to maintain provider networks wherever TRICARE's health maintenance organization option (known as Prime) is offered. For the years 2012-15, we describe beneficiary access and utilization and provider participation in TRICARE's PPO plans in Prime and non-Prime markets. We also compare individual market rankings for access and acceptance. In both market types, most providers reported participating in TRICARE's PPO network, and most PPO users reported using network providers. In areas where Prime is not offered, PPO users reported slightly better access, and providers were more likely to accept new PPO patients. Areas with low access and acceptance, or where multiple access measures indicate problems, may be fruitful for in-depth investigation.

Patient responsiveness to a differential deductible: empirical results from The Netherlands.

Health insurers may use financial incentives to encourage their enrollees to choose preferred providers for medical treatment. Empirical evidence whether differences in cost-sharing rates across providers affects patient choice behavior is, especially from Europe, limited. This paper examines the effect of a differential deductible to steer patient provider choice in a Dutch regional market for varicose veins treatment. Using individual patients' choice data and information about their out-of-pocket payments covering the year of the experiment and 1 year before, we estimate a conditional logit model that explicitly controls for pre-existing patient preferences. Our results suggest that in this natural experiment designating preferred providers and waiving the deductible for enrollees using these providers significantly influenced patient choice. The average cross-price elasticity of demand is found to be 0.02, indicating that patient responsiveness to the cost-sharing differential itself was low. Unlike fixed cost-sharing differences, the deductible exemption was conditional on the patient's other medical expenses occurring in the policy year. The differential deductible did, therefore, not result in a financial benefit for patients with annual costs exceeding their total deductible.

Managing for Quality Rather than Profit.

HealthPartners is a collection of medical, dental, pharmacy, hospital, and health promotion and research units in the upper Midwest. The dental component includes 24 dental clinics and a network of 2,500 dentists in a PPO plan, supported by a quality management team. An important feature of this network of clinics and dentists is the opportunity for pooling and analyzing data on oral health- care outcomes. These data are used to mentor the entire office team, to drive systemwide improvements in treatment protocols, and as part of providers' compensation. The management function is centralized but entirely within our very large group practice.

Hospice care in a commercial preferred provider organization population in Tennessee.

This study was undertaken to examine two aspects of care at the end of life. First, we wanted to see whether the cost savings demonstrated repeatedly in the US Medicare hospice population would also be observed in a commercial population in Tennessee. They were. The second primary interest we had was whether there were certain medical services that seemed to presage death. We found four categories of services that profoundly increase in number as the end of life is approached: primary care, hospital-based specialist, non-hospital based specialist, and oncologist services. It is hoped that these findings could lead to a simple predictive model based on readily available claims data to help identify candidates for Hospice Care earlier.

Value-based cost sharing in the United States and elsewhere can increase patients' use of high-value goods and services.

This article reviews efforts in the United States and several other member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to encourage patients, through cost sharing, to use goods such as medications, services, and providers that offer better value than other options--an approach known as value-based cost sharing. Among the countries we reviewed, we found that value-based approaches were most commonly applied to drug cost sharing. A few countries, including the United States, employed financial incentives, such as lower copayments, to encourage use of preferred providers or preventive services. Evidence suggests that these efforts can increase patients' use of high-value services--although they may also be associated with high administrative costs and could exacerbate health inequalities among various groups. With careful design, implementation, and evaluation, value-based cost sharing can be an important tool for aligning patient and provider incentives to pursue high-value care.

Development and implementation of a dental office assessment program.

This paper summarizes steps taken by a large U.S. commercial dental plan to meet measurement challenges through development of a program designed to assess and improve the practices of dentists enrolled in a large preferred provider network. Data collected by trained evaluators who assessed 1,428 dental offices using a structured office assessment instrument were subjected to psychometric analysis by UCLA researchers. Results suggested that the optimal structure for an office assessment instrument consisted of 71 items organized into 10 scales (clusters of measures) reflecting key aspects of dental practice.

Channeling consumers to preferred providers and the impact of status quo bias: does type of provider matter?

CONTEXT: To effectively bargain about the price and quality of health services, health insurers need to successfully channel their enrollees. Little is known about consumer sensitivity to different channeling incentives. In particular, the impact of status quo bias, which is expected to differ between different provider types, can play a large role in insurers' channeling ability. OBJECTIVE: To examine consumer sensitivity to channeling strategies and to analyze the impact of status quo bias for different provider types. DATA SOURCES/STUDY DESIGN: With a large-scale discrete choice experiment, we investigate the impact of channeling incentives on choices for pharmacies and general practitioners (GPs). Survey data were obtained among a representative Dutch household panel (n = 2,500). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Negative financial incentives have a two to three times larger impact on provider choice than positive ones. Positive financial incentives have a relatively small impact on GP choice, while the impact of qualitative incentives is relatively large. Status quo bias has a large impact on provider choice, which is more prominent in the case of GPs than in the case of pharmacies. CONCLUSION: The large impact of the status quo bias makes channeling consumers away from their current providers a daunting task, particularly in the case of GPs.

Retail clinic versus office setting: do patients choose appropriate providers?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether health plan members who used retail clinics chose that setting for minor conditions and continued to see other providers for more complex conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of claims data in a commercially insured population. METHODS: Health plan enrollment data were used to identify and describe the analysis population. Episode Treatment Groups were used to identify members with chronic conditions and to analyze reasons for retail clinic use, complexity of retail clinic visits, and care for chronic conditions in non-retail clinic settings. Logistic regression was used to study predictors of retail clinic use. RESULTS: Retail clinic users differed significantly from nonusers. The most significant predictors of retail clinic use were age, sex, and proximity to a retail clinic. Episodes of care treated in the retail clinic appeared to be less complex than similar episodes treated in other settings. Chronically ill members who used the retail clinic saw another provider for their chronic condition at rates similar to or higher than those of members who did not use the retail clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals may be able to identify when conditions are minor enough to be treated in a retail clinic and serious enough to be treated by a traditional provider.

Which preferred providers are really preferred? Effectiveness of insurers' channeling incentives on pharmacy choice.

Efficient contracting of health care requires effective consumer channeling. Little is known about the effectiveness of channeling strategies. We study channeling incentives on pharmacy choice using a large scale discrete choice experiment. Financial incentives prove to be effective. Positive financial incentives are less effective than negative financial incentives. Channeling through qualitative incentives also leads to a significant impact on provider choice. While incentives help to channel, a strong status quo bias needs to be overcome before consumers change pharmacies. Focusing on consumers who are forced to choose a new pharmacy seems to be the most effective strategy.

The effect of managed care on hospitals' provision of uncompensated care.

This study examines the effect of managed care on hospitals' provision of uncompensated care, using a new measure of managed care that is hospital-specific, rather than measured for the area as a whole, and which includes payment by preferred provider organizations (PPOs) as well as by health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Based on data for Florida hospitals in the period 1998-2002, the results indicate that a higher percentage of private managed care patient-days was associated with a decrease in uncompensated care as a percentage of total operating expenses, holding net profit margin and other factors constant. The results suggest that spillover effects on uncompensated care should be taken into account when considering increases in managed care payment.