Research orientations related to guidance and counselling programmes: A content analysis study / Orientaciones de investigación relacionadas con los programas de orientación y asesoramiento: un estudio de análisis de contenido

Guidance and psychological counselling services, which are seen as an integral part of the education system, refer to the whole of systematic services offered in line with a certain plan and programme. Guidance and counselling programmes (G&CP) are of considerable importance in the provision of these services based on data and evidence and in obtaining the expected efficiency from the services. The aim of this study is to evaluate the studies on G&CP in terms of content analysis, to reveal the current situation and to determine the scientific research orientations related to these studies. With this study, it was aimed that field staff, educators and researchers should recognise the gaps in the G&CP field, gain different perspectives on their fields of study and shed light on new research in this field. The data related to this study, which was designed according to the descriptive survey model using qualitative research methodology, were obtained by document review method. In connection with the topic of re-search, 105 graduate thesis studies in the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database between 2007 and 2019 and 133 journal articles in the Web of Science database were examined. The obtained data were evaluated using the descriptive content analysis method. Studies on the subject have in-creased in recent years and more than half of the research has been carried out in the United States. It was observed that experimental studies were conducted using the most quantitative research methodology, that more emphasis was placed on the programme evaluation process and that sample groups at different levels, especially school counsellors, were studied. Additionally, there are some findings supporting that there are more studies concerning community-based preventive and intervention programmes than school-based studies, and also supporting the fact that school-related researches are especially paying attention to investigate the effects of the programme, perceptions and experiences of the programme, programme design and programme evaluation. Finally, the results from the research findings were interpreted and the recommendations for the researchers were presented

Los servicios de orientación y asesoramiento psicológico, que se consideran parte integrante del sistema educativo, se refieren al conjunto de servicios sistemáticos que se ofrecen de acuerdo con un determinado plan y programa. Los programas de orientación y asesoramiento (POA) son de considerable importancia en la prestación de estos servicios basados en datos y pruebas y en la obtención de la eficiencia esperada de los servicios. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los estudios sobre POA en términos de análisis de contenido, revelar la situación actual y determinar las orientaciones de investigación científica relacionadas con estos estudios. Con este estudio, se pretendía que el personal de campo, los educadores y los investigadores reconocieran los desajustes en el campo de POA, obtengan diferentes perspectivas sobre sus campos de estudio y arrojen luz sobre nuevas investigaciones en este campo. Los datos relacionados con este estudio, que fue diseñado según el modelo de encuesta descriptiva utilizando metodología de investigación cualitativa, se obtuvieron mediante el método de revisión de documentos. En relación con el tema de investigación, se examinaron 105 estudios de tesis de posgrado en la base de datos de tesis y disertaciones de ProQuest entre 2007 y 2019, y 133 artículos de revistas en la base de datos de Web of Science. Los datos obtenidos se evaluaron mediante el método de análisis de contenido descriptivo. Los estudios sobre el tema han aumentado en los últimos años y más de la mitad de las investigaciones se han realizado en Estados Unidos. Se observó que los estudios experimentales se realizaron utilizando la metodología de investigación más cuantitativa, que se puso más énfasis en el proceso de evaluación del programa y que se estudiaron grupos de muestra de diferentes niveles, especialmente orientadores escolares. Además, hay algunos hallazgos que respaldan que hay más estudios sobre programas de intervención y prevención basados en la comunidad que estudios basados en la escuela, y también respaldan el hecho de que las investigaciones relacionadas con la escuela están prestando especial atención a investigar los efectos, las percepciones y experiencias, el diseño y la evaluación del programa. Finalmente, se interpretaron los resultados de los hallazgos de la investigación y se presentaron las recomendaciones para los investigadores

Mental health in low-to-moderate risk preterm, low birth weight, and small for gestational age children at 4 to 5 years: the role of early maternal parenting.

OBJECTIVES: The majority of children born preterm, with low birth weight, or small for gestational age are born with low-to-moderate risk (LTM), yet most research focuses on the high-risk group. Little is known about whether children with LTM perinatal risk are at greater risk for mental health problems, or what the role of early maternal parenting is in determining these outcomes. METHOD: Longitudinal data were from a large nationally representative Australian cohort of 5,000 children, aged 0 to 1, 2 to 3, and 4 to 5 years of age. Participants were 354 children with LTM perinatal risk born at 33 to 36 weeks, with birth weight 1,501 to 2,499 grams, or born between the first and 10th percentiles for gestational age; and 2,461 children in the normal birth weight, term comparison group. Child mental health was measured by mother-report on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parenting irritability, warmth, self-efficacy, maternal separation anxiety, and overprotective parenting were measured when children were 0 to 1 and 2 to 3 years of age. RESULTS: Parents in the LTM perinatal risk group were more likely to experience parenting difficulties on one of eight parenting measures (irritable parenting at age 0-1 year) when adjusting for socio-demographic differences (odds ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.95, p < .02). This group difference was no longer apparent by age 2 to 3 years. Compared with healthy-term peers, there were small increases in Emotional Symptoms and Total Difficulties on the SDQ for the LTM perinatal risk group at age 4 to 5 years. When accounting for maternal-specific and socio-demographic factors, LTM perinatal risk group continued to predict Emotional Symptoms but not Total Difficulties at age 4 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Children with LTM perinatal risk were at a small increased risk for emotional difficulties but did not differ significantly from other children of similar social backgrounds in their risk for generalized mental health problems. These findings support a biological and socio-economic, rather than parenting, pathway to psychological risk in children born with LTM perinatal risk.

Los grupos sociales y el prejuicio intergrupal de los niños. ¿Cómo influyen las normas grupales? / Social groups and childre's intergroup prejudice: Just how influential are social group norms?

Teniendo como referencia la Teoría Evolutiva de la Identidad Social (SIDT, Nesdale, 2007), en este trabajo se presenta una serie de estudios en los que se examina la influencia de las normas grupales sobre el prejuicio intergrupal de los miembros del grupo. Los estudios 1 al 3, realizados en niños desde Educación Infantil hasta 9 años, mostraron que una norma interna de exclusión promueve la antipatía hacia el exogrupo mientras que una norma de inclusión promueve la simpatía por el exogrupo. Los estudios 4 y 5 indicaron que a medida que los niños se hacen mayores, muestran cada vez menos simpatía por aquellos miembros de su grupo que presentan rasgos y conductas inconsistentes con lo que los miembros del grupo espera. En los estudios 6 y 7 se examinaron varios factores que deberían eliminar o, al menos, moderar las actitudes negativas hacia el exogrupo en los niños pequeños. Se encontró que la norma de exclusión en el endogrupo no está moderada por la empatía de los niños sino por la presencia de una norma de inclusión en la escuela. Los resultados se discuten en relación con la SIDT y se ofrecen posibles estrategias para moderar los efectos de las normas grupales (AU)

Drawing upon social identity development theory (SIDT, Nesdale, 2007), a series of research studies examined the impact of social group norms on group members‟ intergroup prejudice. Studies 1-3 on preschoolers to 9-year olds showed that an ingroup norm of exclusion instigated outgroup dislike in ingroup members whereas an inclusion norm prompted outgroup liking. Studies 4 and 5 showed that as children increase in age during the middle childhood period, they display less and less liking for ingroup members who display traits and behaviours that are inconsistent with those expected from ingroup members. Studies 6 and 7 examined several factors that might be expected to extinguish or, at least, moderate young children‟s negative outgroup attitudes. However, whereas children‟s empathy was found not to moderate an ingroup exclusion norm, the latter was moderated by a school norm of inclusion. The findings are discussed in relation to SIDT, and possible strategies for moderating the effects of group norms (AU)

¿Es estable la orientación afectiva de los niños hacia los diferentes grupos étnicos? Un estudio longitudinal de las actitudes intragrupo y exogrupo en niños de Escuela Infantil / How stable is children's affective orientation toward different ethnic groups? A longitudinal study of in-group and out-group attitudes among preschoolers

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre la conciencia étnica y el prejuicio en niños se ha basado en estudios transversales, por lo que tenemos poca información sobre los cambios intraindividuales que ocurren en esta área de desarrollo. ¿Hay una secuencia de desarrollo estable de los diferentes componentes de la conciencia étnica? ¿La preferencia por el endogrupo precede al rechazo del exogrupo, como sugieren los estudios transversales? ¿Y mantienen los niños la misma orientación afectiva hacia diferentes exogrupos? En este artículo se presenta un estudio longitudinal con 50 niños españoles de 4 a 5 años (primera medida) y de 5 a 6 años (segunda medida) en el que se evaluaron varios aspectos de su conciencia étnica y de sus actitudes hacia cuatro grupos (españoles, latinoamericanos, africanos y asiáticos), en un contexto de juego de ordenador. Los resulta-dos mostraron una significativa positividad hacia el endogrupo, pero ausencia de negatividad hacia los exogrupos, tanto en el primer tiempo de medida como en el segundo. De hecho, no hubo diferencias en las atribuciones negativas de los niños al endogrupo y a los exogrupos. Por otra parte, los análisis longitudinales mostraron que la mayoría de los niños no cambió la intensidad de su orientación afectiva hacia cada grupo étnico, un tema que ha recibido poca atención en estudios previos (AU)

Most previous research on children’s ethnic awareness and prejudice has been based on cross-sectional studies; hence we have little in-formation on the intra-individual changes that occur in this area of development. Is there a stable developmental sequence of the different components of ethnic awareness? Does in-group preference precede out-group rejection, as cross-sectional studies do suggest? And do children maintain the same affective orientation toward different out-groups? We con-ducted a longitudinal study with 50 Spanish children aged 4 to 5 years (first measure) and 5 to 6 years (second measure). We assessed several aspects of their ethnic awareness and attitudes toward four groups (Spaniards, Latin Americans, Africans and Asians), within a computer-game context. Results showed a significant in-group positivity but a lack of out-group negativity, both at time 1 and 2. In fact, children’s negative attributions to the in-group and to the out-groups did not differ. On the other hand, the longitudinal analyses revealed that most children did not change the intensity of their affective orientation to each group, an issue that has received little attention in previous studies (AU)

Familia y enfermedad crónica pediátrica / Family and chronic paediatric illness

La enfermedad pediátrica es siempre un problemafamiliar. La hospitalización, los tratamientos y las secuelasconstituyen un desafío para la familia. En estetrabajo describimos las alteraciones estructurales, procesualesy emocionales que se producen en la dinámicafamiliar. Consideramos que la intervención del niñoenfermo debe hacerse siempre en el contexto familiary proponemos un modelo de intervención multidimensionalcentrado en la singularidad de las familias y ensus necesidades, en los apoyos disponibles en su entornonatural, en el desarrollo de las competencias y de laresiliencia y en la organización de servicios centradosen el usuario y coordinados con todos los servicios queofrece la comunidad(AU)

Pediatric illnesses are always a family problem.Hospitalization, treatments and their long term consequencesconstitute a challenge for the family. Inthis paper, we describe the structural, procedural andemotional alterations that affect the family dynamic.We argue that the child should be treated within thefamily context and propose a multi-dimensional interventionmodel centered on the family’s singularitiesand specific needs, the support available in their environment,the development of capacities and resilience,and also the organization of user-centered servicesthat are coordinated with all the services provided bythe community(AU)

An overview of evidence-based psychotherapy for children and adolescents.

Research on psychotherapy outcomes, particularly with children, has a short but evolving history. Studies in the 1950s and 1960s suggested therapy was no more useful than no treatment and the passage of time. There were many flaws in the research upon which this conclusion of no improvement from psychotherapy was based and it has taken the next half century to generate more studies and to reconsider the evidence for efficacy of psychotherapy. While problems continue to exist with the quantity, strength, and generalizability of research on child psychotherapies, it is increasingly accepted that efficacious treatments do exist for child and adolescent disorders. This article provides an overview of evidence-based psychotherapies for the two chief domains of psychiatric problems in children and adolescents: externalizing and internalizing disorders. The concurrent challenge of integrating research findings into typical treatment settings and promoting their adoption with clinical practitioners will be highlighted.