Relación morfológica entre el hueso hioides y la mandíbula en una muestra de esqueletos estudiados / Morphological relationship between the hyoid bone and the mandible in a sample of skeletons studied

Introducción: El crecimiento de los tejidos esqueléticos constituye una respuesta secundaria, compensatoria y mecánicamente obligada a cambiar las matrices funcionales. Cuando por alguna razón las matrices funcionales se ven afectadas en su crecimiento, los tejidos esqueléticos responden también con un grado de afectación dependiendo del momento en que esta se produzca. Entonces la mandíbula como parte del viscerocráneo debe presentar esa relación con el hueso hioides de forma directa. Objetivos: Asociar el comportamiento morfológico del hueso hioides con variables morfológicas de la mandíbula y verificar sí la morfología de los huesos pertenecientes a los esqueletos estudiados está determinada por el conjunto de tejidos blandos que los rodea y marcan el ritmo del proceso de remodelación de crecimiento. Material y Métodos: Se realizó la continuación del estudio osteológico en una muestra ósea de 82 esqueletos con mediciones morfométricas del hueso hioides y la mandíbula. Para evaluar la relación de la morfología del hueso hioides con respecto a la mandíbula, se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson en SPSS versión 22 de Window. Resultados: Se corrobora la relación de la morfología del hueso hioides con el crecimiento del viscerocráneo, debido a la correlación positiva y significativa entre varias variables morfológicas del hioides que se obtuvo, -tanto a nivel de su cuerpo como sus astas o cuernos mayores-, con la mandíbula. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación de la morfología del hueso hioides con respecto a la morfología de la mandíbula(AU)

Introduction: The growth of skeletal tissues constitutes a secondary, compensatory and mechanically obliged response to change the functional matrixes. When the growth of functional matrixes is affected for any reason, the skeletal tissues also respond with a degree of affectation depending on the moment in which it occurs. Then the mandible, as part of the viscerocranium, must present that relationship with the hyoid bone directly. Objective: To associate the morphological behavior of the hyoid bone with the morphological variables of the mandible and verify if the morphology of the bones belonging to the skeletons studied is determined by the set of soft tissues that surround them and set the pace of the growth remodeling process. Material and Methods: The continuation of the osteological study was carried out in a bone sample of 82 skulls by performing morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone and the mandible. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient matrices in SPSS Version 22 were used to evaluate the relationship between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the bones of the mandible. Results: The relationship between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the growth of the viscerocranium is corroborated by the positive and significant correlation between several morphological variables of the hyoid bone obtained - both at the level of its body and its greater horns -, and the mandible. Conclusions: These findings corroborate the association between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the growth of the mandible(AU)

Development of the skull and pectoral girdle in Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii, and Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae).

The head is considered the major novelty of the vertebrates and directly linked to their evolutionary success. Its form and development as well as its function, for example in feeding, is of major interest for evolutionary biologists. In this study, we describe the skeletal development of the cranium and pectoral girdle in Siberian (Acipenser baerii) and Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii), two species that are commonly farmed in aquaculture and increasingly important in developmental studies. This study comprises the development of the neuro-, viscero- and dermatocranium and the dermal and chondral components of the pectoral girdle, from first condensation of chondrocytes in prehatchlings to the early juvenile stage and reveals a clear pattern in formation. The otic capsules, the parachordal cartilages, and the trabeculae cranii are the first centers of chondrification, at 8.4mm TL. These are followed by the mandibular, then the hyoid, and later the branchial arches. Teeth form early on the dentary, dermopalatine, and palatopterygoid, and then appear later in the buccal cavity as dorsal and ventral toothplates. With ongoing chondrification in the neurocranium a capsule around the brain and a strong rostrum are formed. Dermal ossifications start to form before closure of the dorsal neurocranial fenestrae. Perichondral ossification of cartilage bones occurs much later in ontogeny. Our results contribute data bearing on the homology of elements such as the lateral rostral canal bone that we regard homologous to the antorbital of other actinopterygians based on its sequence of formation, position and form. We further raise doubts on the homology of the posterior ceratobranchial among Actinopteri based on the formation of the hyoid arch elements. We also investigate the basibranchials and the closely associated unidentified gill-arch elements and show that they are not homologous. J. Morphol. 278:418-442, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ligament versus bone cell identity in the zebrafish hyoid skeleton is regulated by mef2ca.

Heightened phenotypic variation among mutant animals is a well-known, but poorly understood phenomenon. One hypothetical mechanism accounting for mutant phenotypic variation is progenitor cells variably choosing between two alternative fates during development. Zebrafish mef2cab1086 mutants develop tremendously variable ectopic bone in their hyoid craniofacial skeleton. Here, we report evidence that a key component of this phenotype is variable fate switching from ligament to bone. We discover that a 'track' of tissue prone to become bone cells is a previously undescribed ligament. Fate-switch variability is heritable, and comparing mutant strains selectively bred to high and low penetrance revealed differential mef2ca mutant transcript expression between high and low penetrance strains. Consistent with this, experimental manipulation of mef2ca mutant transcripts modifies the penetrance of the fate switch. Furthermore, we discovered a transposable element that resides immediately upstream of the mef2ca locus and is differentially DNA methylated in the two strains, correlating with differential mef2ca expression. We propose that variable transposon epigenetic silencing underlies the variable mef2ca mutant bone phenotype, and could be a widespread mechanism of phenotypic variability in animals.

[Nasopharyngeal changes in 8-13 years old healthy children in China: a longitudinal study].

Objective: Nasopharynx is an important compartment of the upper airway. It is closely associated with the characteristic craniofacial skeletal pattern related to sleep breathing. The present study aimed to investigate the growth pattern of the nasopharynx during rapid puberty growth period. Methods: Thirty non-snoring children (aged 8 to 11 years old) were selected by means of questionnaires and clinical examination. Periodic yearly follow up using MRI, lateral cephalogram, and polysomnograph (PSG) was done in these children. Fifty-one final mixed longitudinal samples were consisted of 23 children completed three consecutive follow-up, and 5 children completed two consecutive follow-up. The yearly changes of the nasopharynx and craniofacial structures were measured. ANOVA was used to evaluate the yearly growth of the nasopharynx. Correlated analysis was used to explore the potential influencing factors of craniofacial structures. Results: The rapid growth period of the nasopharynx located in the age range of 8-10 years old, during which the transverse dimension of the nasopharynx developed rapidly, while the rapid development of the sagittal dimension of the nasopharynx was around 12-13 years old. The growth of the nasopharynx was continuous. The changes in the cross-sectional area of the nasopharynx (⊿CSA) was positively correlated with the changes in distance between mandible of glossopharyngeus (⊿M), distance of hyoid to cervical anterior surface (⊿H-CVP), and anterior pharyngeal distance of glossopharyngeus (⊿AD) (r=0.363, 0.363, 0.323, respectively, all P<0.05). The changes in the volume of the nasopharynx (⊿V) was positively correlated with the changes in upper facial height (⊿N-ANS), ⊿M, and ⊿AD (r=0.336, 0.413, 0.478, respectively, all P<0.05). The changes in the sagittal dimension of the nasopharynx (⊿S) was negatively correlated with angulation in supramental and anatomical horizontal line (⊿SNB) (r=-0.322, P=0.045). The changes in the transverse dimension of the nasopharynx (⊿T) was negatively correlated with the changes in adenoid (⊿A) (r=-0.411, P=0.009). Conclusions: The growth and development of the nasopharynx was early and continuous, which could be affected by the development of either maxilla or mandible.

Antagonistic Functions of USAG-1 and RUNX2 during Tooth Development.

Supernumerary teeth and tooth agenesis are common morphological anomalies in humans. We previously obtained evidence that supernumerary maxillary incisors form as a result of the successive development of the rudimentary maxillary incisor tooth germ in Usag-1 null mice. The development of tooth germs is arrested in Runx2 null mice, and such mice also exhibit lingual epithelial buds associated with the upper molars and incisors. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential crosstalk between Usag-1 and Runx2 during tooth development. In the present study, three interesting phenomena were observed in double null Usag-1-/-/Runx2-/- mice: the prevalence of supernumerary teeth was lower than in Usag-1 null mice; tooth development progressed further compared than in Runx2 null mice; and the frequency of molar lingual buds was lower than in Runx2 null mice. Therefore, we suggest that RUNX2 and USAG-1 act in an antagonistic manner. The lingual bud was completely filled with odontogenic epithelial Sox2-positive cells in the Usag-1+/+/Runx2-/- mice, whereas almost no odontogenic epithelial Sox2-positive cells contributed to supernumerary tooth formation in the rudimentary maxillary incisors of the Usag-1-/-/Runx2+/+ mice. Our findings suggest that RUNX2 directly or indirectly prevents the differentiation and/or proliferation of odontogenic epithelial Sox2-positive cells. We hypothesize that RUNX2 inhibits the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and/or Wnt signaling pathways regulated by USAG-1, whereas RUNX2 expression is induced by BMP signaling independently of USAG-1.

Hyoid bone fusion and bone density across the lifespan: prediction of age and sex.

The hyoid bone supports the important functions of swallowing and speech. At birth, the hyoid bone consists of a central body and pairs of right and left lesser and greater cornua. Fusion of the greater cornua with the body normally occurs in adulthood, but may not occur at all in some individuals. The aim of this study was to quantify hyoid bone fusion across the lifespan, as well as assess developmental changes in hyoid bone density. Using a computed tomography imaging studies database, 136 hyoid bones (66 male, 70 female, ages 1-to-94) were examined. Fusion was ranked on each side and hyoid bones were classified into one of four fusion categories based on their bilateral ranks: bilateral distant non-fusion, bilateral non-fusion, partial or unilateral fusion, and bilateral fusion. Three-dimensional hyoid bone models were created and used to calculate bone density in Hounsfield units. Results showed a wide range of variability in the timing and degree of hyoid bone fusion, with a trend for bilateral non-fusion to decrease after age 20. Hyoid bone density was significantly lower in adult female scans than adult male scans and decreased with age in adulthood. In sex and age estimation models, bone density was a significant predictor of sex. Both fusion category and bone density were significant predictors of age group for adult females. This study provides a developmental baseline for understanding hyoid bone fusion and bone density in typically developing individuals. Findings have implications for the disciplines of forensics, anatomy, speech pathology, and anthropology.

Hyoid Bone Development: An Assessment Of Optimal CT Scanner Parameters and Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering Techniques.

The hyoid bone anchors and supports the vocal tract. Its complex shape is best studied in three dimensions, but it is difficult to capture on computed tomography (CT) images and three-dimensional volume renderings. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal CT scanning and rendering parameters to accurately measure the growth and developmental anatomy of the hyoid and to determine whether it is feasible and necessary to use these parameters in the measurement of hyoids from in vivo CT scans. Direct linear and volumetric measurements of skeletonized hyoid bone specimens were compared with corresponding CT images to determine the most accurate scanning parameters and three-dimensional rendering techniques. A pilot study was undertaken using in vivo scans from a retrospective CT database to determine feasibility of quantifying hyoid growth. Scanning parameters and rendering technique affected accuracy of measurements. Most linear CT measurements were within 10% of direct measurements; however, volume was overestimated when CT scans were acquired with a slice thickness greater than 1.25 mm. Slice-by-slice thresholding of hyoid images decreased volume overestimation. The pilot study revealed that the linear measurements tested correlate with age. A fine-tuned rendering approach applied to small slice thickness CT scans produces the most accurate measurements of hyoid bones. However, linear measurements can be accurately assessed from in vivo CT scans at a larger slice thickness. Such findings imply that investigation into the growth and development of the hyoid bone, and the vocal tract as a whole, can now be performed using these techniques.

Correlation between three-dimensional morphological changes of the hyoid bone with other skeletal maturation methods in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The study compares growth changes of hyoid bone in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with conventional skeletal maturation methods to examine their potential implications in the development of a three-dimensional method. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects (n = 62, 11-17 years of age) were exposed to CBCT at a six-month interval (T1/T2/T3). Ten-hyoid distances were compared with age, hand wrist skeletal maturation index (SMI), and cervical vertebral maturation stage (CS). RESULTS: The length of greater cornua (GC) was most frequently, moderate to highly correlated with age (right: 0.57/0.53/0.58; left: 0.45/0.50/0.48), SMI (right: 0.52/0.40/0.45; left: 0.42 at T3), and CS (right: 0.52 at T1), followed by the length of the hyoid bone with age (right: 0.50/0.49/0.47; left: 0.44/0.47 at T1/T2), SMI (right: 0.45/0.41 at T1/T2), and CS (right: 0.48 at T1). The width of body of the hyoid (HB) width was correlated with age (0.43/0.44/0.44). The GC-HB gap was correlated with age (right: -0.41 at T3) and SMI (right: -0.42 at T1). CONCLUSION: Peripubertal hyoid maturation did not yield sufficient diagnostic information for considerations in the development of a 3D-skeletal maturation method.

Upper airway changes in Pierre Robin sequence from childhood to adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate pharyngeal airway changes in patients with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) longitudinally from childhood to adulthood. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Cleft Lip and Palate Unit, Clinic of Orthodontics, University of Zurich. Twenty-four patients born between 1970 and 1990 with non-syndromic PRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms at age 5 (T1), 10 (T2), 15 (T3) and 20 (T4) years were available. Variables describing pharyngeal airway dimensions, soft palate morphology, tongue and hyoid position, skeletal morphology and head posture were assessed. RESULTS: A significant increase in nasopharyngeal depth was found over the entire observation period (T1 10.7 to T4 19.1 mm, p < 0.001), especially between T2 and T3 (change 3.8 mm, p < 0.001), and was mainly due to adenoid recession (r = -0.75, p < 0.001; variation explained by 56%). Increase in velopharyngeal depth mainly took place between T3 and T4 (change 2.3 mm, p < 0.01). It was due to more anterior tongue posture (r = 0.65, p < 0.001; 42.5% of variation explained), in turn allowing the soft palate to take a more vertical position (r = -0.52, p < 0.001). Increase in oropharyngeal depth was associated with head extension and anterior mandibular positioning (36% of variation explained). However, significance was not reached (T1 8.3 to T4 9.8 mm, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Upper airway dimensions in children with PRS improve with time, except for the oropharyngeal airway. Despite large interindividual variation, the mean remained in the lower reaches of normality described in other studies. Thus, further research should investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults with PRS.

Segmentation and fusion on the midline: basibranchial homologies in cypriniform fishes.

The development and homologies of the median elements of the ventral hyoid and branchial arches of Cypriniformes have been unclear. We compared the developmental morphology of this region across five species (Cycleptus elongatus, Luxilus zonatus, Danio rerio, Devario auropurpureus, and Cobitis striata), representing three of five major clades of cypriniforms. The development of basibranchial 1 is similar in catostomids and cyprinids, where a single, elongate, basihyal + anterior copula divides into separate elements. A gap develops between the posterior end of the basihyal cartilage and the anterior copula in catostomids but in cyprinids (Luxiluszonatus, Danio rerio, and Devarioauropurpureus) there is little separation and the basihyal and basibranchial 1 may grow close together or retain a cartilaginous connection (Danio rerio, several outgroups). In loaches and Gyrinocheilus, the gap posterior to the basihyal has been alternately interpreted as either the absence or posterior displacement of basibranchial 1. Uniquely among examined species, in Cobitis striata, the basihyal cartilage and anterior copula form as separate cartilages and remain distinct throughout development with a prominent gap between the basihyal and most anterior basibranchial, which we interpret as loss of basibranchial 1. In the posterior region associated with branchial arches 4 and 5, all examined species except Danio rerio, which has only a basibranchial 4 cartilage, have separate basibranchial 4 and 5 cartilages in early ontogeny. Basibranchials 4 and 5 remain separate in Cycleptus elongatus, Devario auropurpurea, and Cobitis striata, but fuse in Luxilus zonatus to form a posterior copula. The orientation of basibranchial 4 and 5 cartilages in Cobitis striata is similar to catostomids and cyprinids. The most posterior median element in the branchial arches, the post-ceratobranchial cartilage, generally forms as a separate cartilage in catostomids but in Cobitis striata is connected with basibranchial 5 cartilage from earliest appearance.

Interrelación del sistema cráneo-cervico-mandibular-hioideo y la postura corporal. Segunda parte: casos clínicos / Interrelation of the cranio-cervico-mandibular-hyoid system and body posture. Part II: clinical cases

El crecimiento y desarrollo facial se expresan como el resultado de la interacción de influencias ambientales locales y generales. la función normal juega un papel importantísimo en el crecimiento esquelético, y constituye la esencia de la teoría de la Matriz Funcional de Moss. Consideramos a la postura corporal dentro de este juego interactivo que permitirá alcanzary mantener un correcto equilibrio biológico para crecer en armonía.algunos de estos patrones musculares aprendidos sirven de estímulo, desde su aparición en el claustro materno, ientrasque otros pueden interferir con el desarrollo normal. una de las alteraciones funcionales que cobra cada vez mayor importancia es la insuficiencia respiratoria, quizás por estar cada vez más expuestos a factores contaminantes que acrecientan las predisposiciones alérgicas. Por ello, este concepto de diagnóstico funcional en ortodoncia obliga a ampliar nuestra mirada más allá de la simple observaciónde las clásicas funciones, e incluir las articulaciones témporomandibulares y la función oclusal en todos los casos.Pero no debemos olvidarnos que estas articulaciones están ubicadas en el cráneo y relacionadas con el cuello a través de masas musculares que constituyen verdaderas cadenas quese eslabonan con las otras del resto del cuerpo, tanto a nivel superficial como profundo. estos eslabones, al momento de desempeñar sus funciones, se interrrelacionan biomecánicamentey cualquier alteración en ellas puede repercutir en los lugares más alejados, dando sintomatología referida o alterando algún tipo de función postural o neurovegetativa.

Human fetal hyoid body origin revisited.

The hyoid body is traditionally believed to have a dual origin from second and third arch mesenchyme, but this theory remains controversial. We examined paraffin-embedded sections from the hyoid region of 12 embryos and fetuses at 5-7 weeks of gestation (11-22 mm cranio-rump length). We found that the second (Reichert's cartilage) and third arch mesenchymal condensations did not reach the median area at the base of the tongue. Rather, a midline mesenchymal condensation was seen, and it separated from these arches at an early stage. This condensation was triangular and plate-like, and the cranial part was narrow between the bilateral Reichert's cartilages, while the caudal part was wide along the mediolateral axis between the bilateral primitive greater horns. We considered the midline mesenchymal condensation as the hyoid body anlage. At 7 weeks, a cartilaginous mass appeared in the midline condensation. The hypoglossal nerve changed its direction at the superolateral ends of the midline condensation. We propose that: (i) the hyoid body originates from the hypobranchial eminence via the midline condensation; (ii) the lesser horn originates from the caudal end of Reichert's cartilage; and (iii) the greater horn of the hyoid and the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage originate from the third arch cartilage. The second and third arches may not regulate early hyoid body morphology.

Prevalência do prolongamento do processo estilóide e/ou calcificação do ligamento estilo-hióideo em radiografias panorâmicas / Prevalence of elongated styloid process and/or ossified stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência do prolongamento do processo estilóide e/ou calcificação do ligamento estilo-hióideo em uma amostra de 2.600 radiografias panorâmicas. MÉTODOS: As radiografias foram avaliadas por um único examinador e foram consideradas imagens compatíveis com a alteração aquelas em que o processo estilóide do osso temporal ultrapassasse em mais de 1cm (medido sobre a radiografia panorâmica) a borda mais inferior da cartilagem do lóbulo da orelha, e aquelas em que o ligamento estilo-hióideo se apresentasse radiopaco. RESULTADOS: Cento e quarenta e seis radiografias (5,61 por cento) apresentaram as alterações em estudo. Os resultados mostraram que o alongamento do processo estilóide e/ou calcificação do ligamento estilo-hióideo não foram achados. Houve maior incidência do prolongamento do processo estilóide e/ou calcificação do ligamento estilo-hióideo no sexo feminino (63 por cento), sendo este na maioria dos casos bilateralmente (84 por cento) e apresentando uma maior prevalência na faixa etária de 11 a 40 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Pôde-se concluir que houve maior prevalência da alteração no sexo feminino e a maioria dos casos ocorreu bilateralmente..

OBJECTIVE: Access the prevalence of elongated styloid process and/or ossified stylohyoid ligament in 2.600 panoramic radiographs. METHODS: A total of 2600 radiographs were examined by the same examiner. Images where the styloid process of the temporal bone extended beyond the lower edge of the cartilage of the ear lobe by more than 1 cm (measured on the panoramic radiograph) and those where the stylohyoid ligament was radiopaque were counted. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six (5.61 percent) radiographs presented the abovementioned characteristics. The results showed that elongation of the styloid process and/or stylohyoid ligament ossification were not uncommon events. These changes were more common in females (63 percent) and were usually bilateral (84 percent). They were also more common in the 11-40 years age range. CONCLUSION: Prolongation of the styloid process and/or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament were significantly more common in females. The rates at which the sides were affected were also statistically different.

Time of fusion of greater cornu with body of hyoid bone in Northwest Indians.

Time of fusion of hyoid is of considerable interest for forensic experts in estimating the age of an individual when unrecognized decomposed bodies or skeletal remains are available. The present investigation was carried out to study the age of fusion in 200 hyoid bones (133 males and 67 females) varying in age from 18 to 85years. Fusion of greater cornu with the body of the hyoid bone was not seen till the age of 25years in both sexes. In the males complete fusion was seen in 22(16.5%) bilaterally and 16(6.0%) unilaterally while in females it was observed in 18(26.9%) bilaterally and 10(7.5%) unilaterally. No significant sexual and side differences were found between the incidence of fusion of greater cornu with the body of hyoid in almost all the age groups except in the last age group (61 & above) where the sexual difference was highly significant (p<0.001) in unilateral complete fusion and in total cases in bilateral complete fusion (p<0.01). The lesser cornu was not fused with the junction or with greater cornu till the age of 35years in males and 40years in females. The maximum incidence of fusion of lesser cornu was observed in last age group of 61years and above (55.6% males and 66.7% females). In conclusion estimation of age by using hyoid bone is not reliable as time of fusion of greater cornu with the body of hyoid is irregular. Subjects above the age of 60 years had either unilateral (13.2%) or bilateral (42.1%) nonfusion or also fusion (21.1% bilateral, 13.2% unilateral). The present method can be a supplementary approach for estimating age when the other skeletal remains are not available.

Estudio cefalométrico del hueso hioides en niños respiradores bucales de 11 años: segunda parte / Cephalometry study of hyoid bone in children aged 11 mouth-breathing (second part)

Se realizó una correlación entre el comportamiento de la posición del hioides con el crecimiento del maxilar y de la mandíbula, los ángulos cérvico-basio-hioideo y el espacio aéreo póstero-inferior, desde el punto de vista cefalométrico, a un grupo de pacientes respiradores bucales. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 60 pacientes, de 11 años de edad, que acudieron a la consulta de Ortodoncia en el área de salud de la Facultad de Estomatología. Se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson, para evaluar la posición del hioides con respecto a dichas variables. Se encontró descenso del hueso, y relaciones significativas con las variables que reflejan el crecimiento maxilar y mandibular, así como la posición de la columna vertebral (segmento cervical) y de la cabeza, además del espacio aéreo posterior de la faringe, con un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento(AU)

A correlation between the behavior of hyoid bone location and the maxilla and the mandible growth, the cérvico-basio-hyoid angles and the lower posterior aerial space from the cephalometry point of view in a group of patients mouth-breathing. The medical records from 60 patients aged 11 seen in the Orthodontics consultation from the health area of Stomatology Faculty were reviewed. We used matrix of Pearson's linear correlation to assess the hyoid bone location regarding such variables; noting a bone drop and significant relations with above variables reflecting the maxillary and mandibular growth, the spinal column position (cervical segment) and the head; as well ass the posterior aerial space of the pharynx with a 5 percent significance level(AU)

Estudio cefalométrico del hueso hioides en niños respiradores bucales de 11 años: segunda parte / Cephalometry study of hyoid bone in children aged 11 mouth-breathing (second part)

Se realizó una correlación entre el comportamiento de la posición del hioides con el crecimiento del maxilar y de la mandíbula, los ángulos cérvico-basio-hioideo y el espacio aéreo póstero-inferior, desde el punto de vista cefalométrico, a un grupo de pacientes respiradores bucales. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 60 pacientes, de 11 años de edad, que acudieron a la consulta de Ortodoncia en el área de salud de la Facultad de Estomatología. Se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson, para evaluar la posición del hioides con respecto a dichas variables. Se encontró descenso del hueso, y relaciones significativas con las variables que reflejan el crecimiento maxilar y mandibular, así como la posición de la columna vertebral (segmento cervical) y de la cabeza, además del espacio aéreo posterior de la faringe, con un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento(AU)

A correlation between the behavior of hyoid bone location and the maxilla and the mandible growth, the cérvico-basio-hyoid angles and the lower posterior aerial space from the cephalometry point of view in a group of patients mouth-breathing. The medical records from 60 patients aged 11 seen in the Orthodontics consultation from the health area of Stomatology Faculty were reviewed. We used matrix of Pearson's linear correlation to assess the hyoid bone location regarding such variables; noting a bone drop and significant relations with above variables reflecting the maxillary and mandibular growth, the spinal column position (cervical segment) and the head; as well ass the posterior aerial space of the pharynx with a 5 percent significance level(AU)

Developmental changes in pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To test the hypothesis that there are no developmental changes in the pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to adulthood in normal Taiwanese persons, (2) to identify any sexual dimorphism, and (3) to find the predictive value of selective variables for the hyoid bone position. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 239 normal Taiwanese (132 females and 107 males; aged 7-27 years) were separated into three stages according to dental age. Twenty-three linear and 20 angular measurements were made in all subjects. Sexual dimorphism was analyzed by Student's t-test. Analysis of variance was used to compare the three stages in both genders. A stepwise regression analysis was carried out to predict the hyoid bone position. The level of significance for all analyses was set at P < .05. RESULTS: The pharyngeal airway depth increased from the mixed dentition stage to the permanent dentition stage in both genders. There was sexual dimorphism in the lower pharyngeal airway depth. The hyoid bone position showed an obvious difference in the permanent dentition stages between genders. The vertical position of the hyoid bone was associated with the mandibular morphology and position, but the relationship in males was reversed compared with that in females. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis was rejected. There are developmental changes in the pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid position from childhood to young adulthood. Sexual dimorphism appeared in the lower pharyngeal airway and the direction of change in the vertical position of the hyoid bone.

The hyo-laryngeal complex of Tarsius bancanus (Mammalia, Primates): a developmental and phylogenetic aspect.

The present approach reconstructed the hyo-laryngeal complex of fetal Tarsius bancanus by using the AMIRA 3.1.1 software. Our work fills a gap of ontogenetic research as this region has only been superficially described for an adult specimen representing the same genus. Furthermore, based on 51 characters we conducted several cladistic analyses considering the "Prosimii"/Haplorrhini-debate. Some anatomical information has been taken from the literature. MacClade 4.06 was used in order to measure TL-, CI-, and RC-values of these two competing hypotheses, however, resulting in equal support. A PAUP 4.02b parsimony analysis based on the Haplorrhini-hypothesis showed a significant bootstrap-value: the Pan and Alouatta-clade was supported with 90 % in spite of the highly derived morphology of the howler monkey. This fact reflects the importance of fetal data for systematic research. The study might serve as a morphological basement for further experimental studies of vocal communication.

Estudio cefalométrico del hueso hioides en niños respiradores bucales de 11años (I parte) / Cephalometric study of the hyoid bone in mouth-breathing children aged 11 (first part)

El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de describir el comportamiento de la posición del hueso hioides, en niños respiradores bucales y no respiradores bucales. Se recogieron historias clínicas de 60 pacientes con edad de 11 años que acudieron a la consulta de Ortodoncia en el área de salud de la Facultad de Estomatología y nos propusimos comparar desde el punto de vista cefalométrico a un grupo de pacientes respiradores bucales, con el objetivo de determinar si existían diferencias en el comportamiento de la posición del hioides con ciertas variables cefalométricas (lineales y angulares), con respecto a pacientes no respiradores bucales (controles). Para cada una de las mediciones se calculó la media y la desviación estándar. Para determinar la posible diferencia de las mediciones para muestras independientes se realizó Prueba de t de Student para muestras independientes o su equivalente no paramétrico (Mann- Whitney y Kolmogorov- Smirnov). En todas las pruebas de hipótesis se utilizó un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento. El mayor número de pacientes se encuentra entre los rangos de 30-35 mm. Los valores y la frecuencia de las variables H-C3 y H-PPF tienen una distribución similar tanto en el grupo de Control como en el Grupo Respirador Bucal. La variable Gn-H muestra su mayor frecuencia en el rango de 40-45 mm. Se encontró una resistencia de los músculos constrictor medio de la faringe, estilohioideo y vientre posterior del digástrico y del ligamento estilohioideo al traslado del hioides en sentido anterior, resistencia que ejercen los músculos milohioideo, genihioideo y vientre anterior digástrico en los respiradores bucales (descenso del hueso)(AU)

This paper is aimed at describing the behavior of the position of the hyoid bone in mouth- and non-mouth breathing children. The medical histories of 60 patients aged 11 that were seen at the Orthodontics Department in the health area of the Faculty of Stomatology were collected to compare from the cephalometric point of view a group of mouth-breathing patients in order to determine if there were differences in the behavior of the position of the hyoid bone with certain cephalometric variables (linear and angular) with respect to non-mouth breathing patients (controls). The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the measurements. To determine the possible difference of the measurements for independent samples, the Student's t test for independent samples or their non-parametric equivalent (Mann- Whitney y Kolmogorov- Smirnov) was conducted. A significance level of 5 percent was used in all the hypothesis tests. Most of the patients are in the range 30-35 mm. The values and the frequency of variables H-C3 y H-PPF have a similar distribution both in the control group and in the mouth-breathing group. The variable Gn-H shows its higher frequency in the range 40-45 mm. It was observed a resistance of the middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx, stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric and of the stylohyoid ligament to the transfer of the hyoid in the anterior sense. This resistance is exerted by the mylohyoid, geniohyoid and digastric anterior belly muscles in the mouth breathing children (descent of the bone)(AU)

Estudio cefalométrico del hueso hioides en niños respiradores bucales de 11años (I parte) / Cephalometric study of the hyoid bone in mouth-breathing children aged 11 (first part)

El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de describir el comportamiento de la posición del hueso hioides, en niños respiradores bucales y no respiradores bucales. Se recogieron historias clínicas de 60 pacientes con edad de 11 años que acudieron a la consulta de Ortodoncia en el área de salud de la Facultad de Estomatología y nos propusimos comparar desde el punto de vista cefalométrico a un grupo de pacientes respiradores bucales, con el objetivo de determinar si existían diferencias en el comportamiento de la posición del hioides con ciertas variables cefalométricas (lineales y angulares), con respecto a pacientes no respiradores bucales (controles). Para cada una de las mediciones se calculó la media y la desviación estándar. Para determinar la posible diferencia de las mediciones para muestras independientes se realizó Prueba de t de Student para muestras independientes o su equivalente no paramétrico (Mann- Whitney y Kolmogorov- Smirnov). En todas las pruebas de hipótesis se utilizó un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento. El mayor número de pacientes se encuentra entre los rangos de 30-35 mm. Los valores y la frecuencia de las variables H-C3 y H-PPF tienen una distribución similar tanto en el grupo de Control como en el Grupo Respirador Bucal. La variable Gn-H muestra su mayor frecuencia en el rango de 40-45 mm. Se encontró una resistencia de los músculos constrictor medio de la faringe, estilohioideo y vientre posterior del digástrico y del ligamento estilohioideo al traslado del hioides en sentido anterior, resistencia que ejercen los músculos milohioideo, genihioideo y vientre anterior digástrico en los respiradores bucales (descenso del hueso)(AU)

This paper is aimed at describing the behavior of the position of the hyoid bone in mouth- and non-mouth breathing children. The medical histories of 60 patients aged 11 that were seen at the Orthodontics Department in the health area of the Faculty of Stomatology were collected to compare from the cephalometric point of view a group of mouth-breathing patients in order to determine if there were differences in the behavior of the position of the hyoid bone with certain cephalometric variables (linear and angular) with respect to non-mouth breathing patients (controls). The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the measurements. To determine the possible difference of the measurements for independent samples, the Student's t test for independent samples or their non-parametric equivalent (Mann- Whitney y Kolmogorov- Smirnov) was conducted. A significance level of 5 percent was used in all the hypothesis tests. Most of the patients are in the range 30-35 mm. The values and the frequency of variables H-C3 y H-PPF have a similar distribution both in the control group and in the mouth-breathing group. The variable Gn-H shows its higher frequency in the range 40-45 mm. It was observed a resistance of the middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx, stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric and of the stylohyoid ligament to the transfer of the hyoid in the anterior sense. This resistance is exerted by the mylohyoid, geniohyoid and digastric anterior belly muscles in the mouth breathing children (descent of the bone)(AU)