Assessing Knee Stability in Adolescent Athletes with Osgood-Schlatter Disease Using the Y-Balance Test.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Osgood-Schlatter disease develops secondary to chronic patellar tendon overloading. The present study was designed to determine whether athletes with Osgood-Schlatter disease perform significantly worse in the Y-Balance Test compared to healthy subjects in a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved ten boys (average age 13.7 years). Seven participants had bilateral knee pain, swelling and tenderness whereas three had unilateral knee pain, swelling and tenderness (left knee in two cases, and right knee in one). Overall, 17 knees were assessed (left knee in nine cases and right knee in eight).Ten healthy adolescent professional football players (mean age 14.6 years) were selected as a control group. In both groups, complex knee stability was assessed using the Y-Balance Test and their data were analyzed using the methodology developed by Plisky et al. The test outcome was expressed in indexed (normalized) values for the right and left lower extremities, and averaged values for the individual directions were compared. RESULTS Significant differences between both groups were shown in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions. CONCLUSIONS Using the Y-Balance Test, our study documented reduced performance in the above directions in patients with OsgoodSchlatter disease. Key words: Osgood-Schlatter disease, knee, balance test, movement patterns patellar tendon overload.

[Juvenile osteochondrosis and osteonecrosis]. / Juvenile Osteochondrosen und Osteonekrosen.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile osteonecrosis is an important topic in orthopedics. A wide variety of body regions of the growing patient are affected, predominantly during adolescence. All are characterized by a usually unknown aetiology as well as a stadium-like course. The main problem is a local osseous circulatory disorder, which causes osteonecrosis. RISK FACTORS: Mechanical overloading due to increased body weight, axial misalignment, and sports activity is discussed as a risk factor. Healing depends on the localization and extent of the osseous necrosis. DIAGNOSTICS: Diagnostically, radiologic imaging is used, in which the typical bony remodeling can be followed. THERAPY: The therapeutic procedure depends on the affected region but is usually accompanied by a reduction of mechanical loading. If the clinical and radiological findings worsen, surgical treatment must be considered. The recognition and treatment of juvenile osteonecrosis is important and significantly influences the further development of the patient.

Incidence and management of Osgood-Schlatter disease in general practice: retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a non-traumatic knee problem that is primarily observed in sports-active children and adolescents aged 8-15 years. AIM: To determine the incidence of OSD and to gain an insight into the management of children and adolescents with OSD in general practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a healthcare database containing full electronic health records of over 200 000 patients in general practice in and around the Dutch city of Rotterdam. METHOD: Patients with a new diagnosis of OSD from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017 were extracted using a search algorithm based on International Classification of Primary Health Care coding and search terms in free text. Data on the management of OSD were manually interpreted. RESULTS: The mean incidence over the study period was 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5 to 4.2) per 1000 person-years in those aged 8-18 years. Boys had a higher incidence rate of 4.9 (95% CI = 4.3 to 5.5) compared with girls (2.7, 95% CI = 2.3 to 3.2). Peak incidence was at 12 years of age for boys and 11 years for girls. Advice was the most commonly applied strategy (55.1%), followed by rest (21.0%), referral for imaging (19.5%), and physiotherapy (13.4%). CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, for the first time the incidence of OSD has been calculated using GP electronic medical files. There is a discrepancy, especially for imaging and referral to a medical specialist, between the current Dutch general practice guidelines and how GPs actually manage the condition in clinical practice.

Vasculitis leucocitoclástica manifestada como fenómeno de Koebner / Leukocytoclastic vasculitis manifested as a Koebner phenomenon

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Current management strategies in Osgood Schlatter: A cross-sectional mixed-method study.

BACKGROUND: Osgood Schlatter disease (OSD) is the most common knee condition in adolescent athletes aged 9-16. Without evidence to guide clinical practice, it is unclear how OSD is managed. The aim of this study was to investigate how international healthcare professionals (general practitioners, physiotherapists, rheumatologists, sports and exercise medicine doctors, and orthopedic surgeons) diagnose and manage OSD. METHODS: This mixed-method study used a convergent parallel design. A quantitative questionnaire and semi-structured interview covered prognosis, diagnosis, treatment, and return to play of adolescents with OSD. For quantitative data, those who reported likely/very likely considered "for" and unlikely/very unlikely "against" (for specific diagnostic/management strategy). Qualitative data analysis used a phenomenological approach. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-one healthcare professionals completed the questionnaire. The most common diagnostic criterion was pain at the tibial tuberosity (97% for). The most common treatments were patient education (99%) and exercise therapy (92%). Other treatment options were more heterogeneous, for example, pain medication (31% for and 34% against). Managing training load (97%), pain intensity (87%), and psychological factors (86%) were considered the most important factors influencing the return to activities. Several themes emerged from the interviews (on N = 20) including imaging, pain management, family, and psychosocial factors influencing prognosis. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis criteria of OSD were relatively well agreed upon, whereas the triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data showed heterogeneity of treatments. Psychosocial factors including family were highlighted as critical in the management of OSD.

Osteochondroses of the bilateral metacarpal heads: Dieterich disease. A case report with review of the literature.

Osteochondroses is a well-known entity and typically affecting immature skeleton with few common locations involved are femoral head epiphysis, tibial tubercle apophysis, calcaneal apophysis, humeral capitellum and anterior vertebral end plates. We report a rare case of osteochondroses showing avascular necrosis involving metacarpal heads known as Dieterich disease, involving the head of the third metacarpal and probably the first case with a history of rock climbing as an etiology. Chronic repetitive microtrauma plays a significant role in the disease, as is seen in our patient. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing, as well as monitoring progress, with MRI being a critical modality. The fact that this entity is rare does not necessarily make it difficult to detect. It may be clinical underdiagnosed due to lack of familiarity with this entity and radiographic findings may be subtle or inapparent. Bone scan is likely sensitive but not specific. MRI also likely has a role for early detection. This article is written with educational intent for the reader for the benefit of the patients with this rare disease.

Van Neck-Odelberg disease in a 8-year-old children: a rare case report.

INTRODUCTION: osteochondrosis of ischiopubic synchondrosis (IPS)" also known as van Neck- Odelberg disease (VNOD), is a syndrome characterized by an atypical ossification pattern of the ischiopubic joint. Because of its non-unequivocal radiological features, which can mimic stress fracture, infection disease, neoplasm or post-traumatic osteolysis, these different diagnoses need to be rule out. CASE PRESENTATION: We present an 8-year-old, obese, right limb dominant child that complained only slight groin pain and a limp on left side for more than 20 days. Neither the patient nor his parents recall any trauma. On clinical examination, no swollen lymph nodes were noticeable. After digital pressure, the patients reported a dragging feeling in the left groin, radiating into the medial left thigh and limitation of Range of Motion (ROM) were present. Thus, a plain X-ray and MRI were performed, revealing VNOD on left ischiopubic ramus. The boy was then treated with regular NSAID and pain adapted full weight bearing and a clinical check at 30 and 60 days was performed. At the last visit, the symptoms were completely disappeared and the patient totally recovered left hip function. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of VNOD is challenging and clinical presentation is not pathognomonic. So, other benign or severe conditions need to be rule out. Once this disease is diagnosed, the prognosis is generally favourable.

Chondroblastoma of the Distal Femur in an Adolescent.

An 11-year-old female was referred to physical therapy due to a 3-month history of right medial knee pain. The patient's medical diagnosis was Osgood-Schlatter disease, based on radiographs obtained at the initial pediatrician consultation. An MRI scan was obtained 2 weeks after starting physical therapy and revealed a bony lesion near the medial condyle of the right femur and damage to medial joint structures. Pathology after open biopsy and curettage of the lesion revealed a chondroblastoma. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(5):275. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9021.

Vascularized Medial Femoral Condyle Autografts for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Preliminary Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

Talar osteochondral lesions (OCLs) lead to progressive stages of talar destruction. Core decompression with cancellous bone grafting (CBG) is a common treatment for Berndt and Harty stages II and III. However, in a subset of patients, talar revascularization may fail. Surgical angiogenesis using vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) autografts may improve on these outcomes. These 2 treatment strategies were directly compared via a prospective preliminary randomized trial including 20 participants with talar core decompression followed by either cancellous (CBG group, n = 10) or vascularized MFC (MFC group, n = 10) bone grafting. Outcome analysis was performed with visual analog scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. At 12 months of follow-up, the mean VAS score was reduced from 6.6 ± 2.5 preoperatively to 4 ± 1.9 in the CBG group and from 5.2 ± 2.9 preoperatively to 1 ± 1.1 in the MFC group (p < .001). The LEFS improved from 53.4 ± 13.1 to 62.6 ± 16.2 CBG and from 53 ± 9.3 to 72.4 ± 7.4 MFC (p = .114). AOFAS improved from 71 ± 12.1 to 84.1 ± 12.5 in CBG and from 70.5 ± 7.4 to 95.1 ± 4.8 in MFC (p = .019). The MRI scans in the CBG group demonstrated 9 partial malperfusions and 1 hypervascularized bone graft, whereas the MFC group had 8 well-vascularized grafts incorporated into the talus and 1 partial malperfusion. Vascularized MFC autografts provide superior pain relief along with improvement of physical function in patients with talar OCL stage II and III compared with CBG. To confirm these promising results, further multicenter randomized controlled trials are required.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus Utilizing Juvenile Particulated Cartilage Allograft: A Case Series.

The treatment options for osteochondral lesions of the ankle are scarce, and newer modalities are becoming available. We describe a minimally invasive arthroscopic approach with implantation of juvenile particulated allograft to facilitate the growth of true hyaline cartilage in patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus. The purpose of this study was to subjectively review clinical outcomes using the validated Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score in patients who underwent this technique. Our technique was performed on 82 consecutive patients with average follow-up of 24 (range 9 to 86) months. We found that 28 (88%) of 32 patients who responded to the questionnaire had good or excellent results for activities of daily living; 26 (82%) of 32 patients had at least a good result for both pain and symptoms; and 25 (78%) of 32 had at least a fair result for functional sports and quality of life.

Proximal tibia vara involves the medial shift of the tibial articular surface.

PURPOSE: According to the concept of the constitutional varus, the tibial articular surface (TAS) has varus inclination. On the other hand, it has been reported that proximal tibia vara involved medial shift of the TAS. However, it has not been assessed whether varus inclination of the TAS has a correlation with the medial shift. We investigated whether varus inclination of the TAS has a correlation with the medial shift. If there is a correlation between two parameters, the influence of the medial shift of the TAS on the value of the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle and the femorotibial angle should be considered. METHODS: A total of 112 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty had anteroposterior view tibia digital radiograph on which five parameters were analyzed. Varus angle of the TAS, the distance between the mechanical axis and the anatomical axis on the articular surface, and the width of the articular surface were measured. RESULTS: The more the proximal tibia had varus deformity, the more the TAS shift medially would be. Therefore, the mechanical axis does not match the anatomical axis. Because the HKA angle was assessed based on the concept that the mechanical and anatomical axes match on the tibia, this angle may not express the true alignment of the lower extremity in knees with proximal tibia vara. CONCLUSION: In varus knees, the proximal tibia has a medial shift of the TAS that may influence the value of the HKA angle.

Pain, Sports Participation, and Physical Function in Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain and Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A Matched Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pain, physical activity, quality of life, strength, and knee function in adolescents with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) to those in pain-free controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were used to describe pain, physical activity, knee function, and quality of life in participants with PFP (n = 151) or OSD (n = 51) and in pain-free controls (n = 50) between 10 and 14 years of age. Hip and knee strength were measured by handheld dynamometry. Physical activity levels were measured using wearable accelerometers. RESULTS: Adolescents were highly active (accumulating greater than 120 minutes of vigorous physical activity per day), with no differences between the OSD, PFP, and control groups. Adolescents with PFP or OSD scored 22 to 56 points lower (P<.001) on the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales compared with controls, with the lowest scores on the "sport and recreation" and "quality of life" subscales. Adolescents with OSD had lower knee extension strength compared to controls (P<.05; effect size, 1.25). Adolescents with PFP had lower hip extension strength compared to controls (P<.05; effect size, 0.73). CONCLUSION: Adolescents with PFP or OSD had high physical activity levels, despite reporting long-standing knee pain and impaired knee function that impacted on their sports participation and quality of life. Clinicians treating adolescents with PFP or OSD may use these findings to target treatment to the most common deficits to restore sports-related function and sports participation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(3):149-157. Epub 6 Jan 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.8770.

The Passive Mechanical Properties of Muscles and Tendons in Children Affected by Osgood-Schlatter Disease.

BACKGROUND: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a sports-related disorder involving apophysitis, which affects the tibial tuberosity. The identification of factors related to OSD is important for its prevention and early recovery from the disease. This study aimed to compare the passive mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit in children affected by an OSD and healthy children, by using ultrasound real-time tissue elastography. METHODS: Eighteen legs affected by OSD (OSD group) and 42 healthy legs (control: CON group) were assessed. The elasticity was obtained from the quadriceps muscles and patella tendon (PT) using real-time tissue elastography. The strain ratio (SR; muscle or tendon/reference ratio: strain rate of the muscle or tendon divided by that of the reference material) was calculated as an indicator of the elasticity of the tissue of interest. RESULTS: The SR of the PT in the OSD group was significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). We found no significant difference between the groups in terms of the SR value of all muscles (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a PT with a lower SR may be associated with an OSD and that the passive mechanical properties of the quadriceps muscles have limited association with an OSD. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Assessment of the reliability and reproducibility of the Langenskiöld classification in Blount's disease.

The Langenskiöld classification is the most commonly utilized classification system for the radiological features of Blount's disease. Although there is only a single study found on the interobserver variability and none found on the intraobserver variability, it is commonly used for prognostication and guiding management decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and reproducibility of the Langenskiöld classification. A retrospective review of radiographs was done of patients treated for infantile and juvenile Blount's disease at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital from 2006 to 2016. There were 70 radiographs of acceptable quality, which were reviewed and staged on two occasions according to the Langenskiöld classification by three orthopaedic consultants and three orthopaedic surgery senior residents. Pearson correlation coefficients, percentage agreements, and κ statistics were used to evaluate both the reliability and reproducibility. Of the 70 images staged, only two (2.9%) were staged the same by all six observers, and 20 (28.6%) images differed by a single stage. The consultants had 17 (24.3%) images staged the same whereas the residents had 12 (17.1%) images staged the same. The overall κ for all six observers showed a fair agreement of 0.24. Again, the consultants had a higher κ-value compared to residents of 0.25 and 0.24, respectively. The reproducibility amongst all observers was fair with a κ-value of 0.38. The consultants had a higher mean score of 0.48 compared to 0.26 for the residents. There was only a fair overall reliability and reproducibility amongst the six observers. We recommend the Langenskiöld classification be used with caution when being used for prognostication and management planning as well as when interpreting any research relying on this classification. Level of evidence: Level III, diagnostic study.

Osgood-Schlatter disease: a 2020 update of a common knee condition in children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is one of the most common causes for anterior knee pain in children and adolescents resulting from a traction apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. While a peak in boys aged 12-15 years old was well documented, there seems to be no difference in sex distribution nowadays. This may result from increased participation of young females in high-impact sports. This review provides an up-to-date account on contemporary prophylaxis as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous studies have examined risk factors for OSD. These include body weight, muscle tightness, muscle weakness during knee extension and flexibility of hamstring muscles. In particular, shortening of the rectus femoris may substantially alter biomechanical functions of the knee. Conservative management remains successful in over 90% of patients. However, if disabling symptoms and pain persistent after physeal closure, operative treatment may be necessary. SUMMARY: OSD is a mostly self-limiting apophysitis of the tibial tubercle and the adjacent patella tendon in young active patients with open physis. Prevention strategies include quadriceps and hamstring stretching and therefore should be implemented in everyday practice routines for children who partake in regular sports activities.

The diagnostic value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) for the discrimination of vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine.

BACKGROUND: There is still a challenge in discriminating between vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine. To this end, we determined the suitability of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and compared the diagnostic potential of suPAR to CRP. METHODS: Patients underwent surgical stabilization of the lumbar and/or thoracic spine with removal of one or more affected intervertebral discs, as therapy for vertebral osteomyelitis (n = 16) or for erosive osteochondrosis (control group, n = 20). In this prospective study, we evaluated the suPAR and CRP levels before (pre-OP) and after surgery (post-OP) on days 3-5, 6-11, 40-56, and 63-142. RESULTS: The suPAR levels in vertebral osteomyelitis patients were significantly higher than those from controls pre-OP, 3-5 days post-OP, and 6-11 days post-OP. Significantly higher CRP levels were observed in the vertebral osteomyelitis group than in the controls pre-OP and 6-11 days post-OP. Levels of suPAR and CRP correlated positively in all patients in the pre-OP period: r = 0.63 (95% CI: 0.37-0.79), p < 0.0001. The values for the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for pre-OP and the overall model post-OP were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76-1.00) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71-0.97) for suPAR, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85-1.00) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62-0.93) for CRP, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-1.00) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82-1.00) for the combination of suPAR and CRP. The AUC for suPAR pre-OP revealed an optimum cut-off value, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV of 2.96 ng/mL, 0.69, 1.00, 0.80, and 1.00, respectively. For CRP, these values were 11.58 mg/L, 0.88, 0.90, 0.90, and 0.88, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present results show that CRP is more sensitive than suPAR whereas suPAR is more specific than CRP. Moreso, our study demonstrated that improvement in the diagnostic power for discrimination of vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine can be achieved by a combination of both suPAR and CRP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02554227, posted Sept. 18, 2015, and updated Aug. 13, 2019.

Gradual correction of proximal tibia deformity for Blount disease in adolescent and young adults.

PURPOSE: Management of Blount disease in adolescents and young adults is complex and associated with high risk of morbidities. Gradual correction with external fixator can minimize soft tissue injury and allow subsequent adjustment in degree of correction. This study investigates the surgical outcome and complication rate of gradual correction of neglected Blount disease through single-level extra-articular corticotomy. METHODS: Patients treated for Blount disease using external fixator from 2002 to 2016 were recruited for the study. We used Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) external fixator to perform simultaneous correction of all the metaphyseal deformities without elevating the tibia plateau. Surgical outcome was evaluated using mechanical axis deviation (MAD), tibial femoral angle (TFA), and femoral condyle tibial shaft angle (FCTSA). RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with 32 tibias have been recruited for the study. The mean MAD improved from 95 ± 51.4 mm to 9.0 ± 37.7 mm (medial to midpoint of the knee), mean TFA improved from 31 ± 15° varus to 2 ± 14° valgus, and mean FCTSA improved from 53 ± 14° to 86 ± 14°. Mean duration of frame application is 9.4 months. Two patients developed pathological fractures over the distracted bones, one developed delayed consolidation and other developed overcorrection. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of Blount disease can be achieved by gradual correction using Ilizarov or TSF external fixator with low risk of soft tissue complication. Longer duration of frame application should be considered to reduce the risk of pathological fracture or subsequent deformation of the corrected bone.

Autologous osteochondral transplantation method of treatment for patellar osteochondral lesions.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the functional and clinical outcomes of the subjects with symptomatic osteochondral lesions on articular surface of patella, who were treated with autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) method. STUDY PLAN: AOT method was applied for the treatment of 14 subjects (eight men and six women; mean age 29.7 years; range 19-49 years) with symptomatic patellar osteochondral lesions between March 2008 and April 2013. After a mean follow-up period of 3.7 years (range 32-80 months), pre- and postoperative clinical and functional evaluations of the patients were performed using Visual Pain Scale (VPS), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale. Wilcoxon test was used for statistical evaluation of pre- and postoperative outcomes. Improvement of the lesions was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at year 1 postoperatively at the earliest. RESULTS: The mean lesion size was 1.32 cm2 (range 0.8-1.8 cm2). The mean pre- and postoperative VPS values were calculated to be 75.5 ± 12.32 (range 46-92) and 17.57 ± 10.21 (range 0-40), respectively ( p < 0.01). The mean pre- and postoperative Lysholm knee scores were 44.57 ± 9.35 (range 26-65) and 80 ± 6.9 (range 70-94), respectively ( p < 0.01), and the mean pre- and postoperative Kujala anterior knee pain scores were 48.21 ± 7.78 (range 38-68) and 78.42 ± 7.06 (range 70-96), respectively ( p < 0.01). MRI taken at year 1 postoperatively showed that the autograft bone tissue was sufficiently incorporated into the recipient site in all patients; an even articular surface was formed, but the thickness of the cartilage tissue was mostly uneven between the adjacency of the recipient site and the autograft, which caused no negative effect on clinical and functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the difference in thickness of the cartilage tissue between the recipient and the donor site, the AOT technique for the treatment of patellar osteochondral lesions resolves the symptoms of the patient and ensures an apparent functional and clinical improvement even if an articular surface could be created.

Screening of the Maturity Status of the Tibial Tuberosity by Ultrasonography in Higher Elementary School Grade Schoolchildren.

This study aimed to obtain screening data on the maturity status of the tibial tuberosity in schoolchildren of higher elementary school grades for risk management of Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD). The maturity stages and cartilage thicknesses at the tibial tuberosity were determined by ultrasonography on the occasion of a school-based musculoskeletal examination for 124 grade 5-6 elementary schoolchildren, and their associations with the students' demographic characteristics and OSD were examined. The time-dependent changes of the maturity status of the tibial tuberosity were also examined in grade 5 students (n = 26) by a longitudinal survey. The cross-sectional survey showed that the epiphyseal stage was reached in 89% of girls and 35% of boys. The girls who had experienced menarche (n = 28) were all in the epiphyseal stage and had a decreased cartilage thickness (p = 0.004, after adjusting maturity stages). Students with OSD (n = 5) were all girls in the epiphyseal stage, and only two of them had an increased cartilage thickness. During the longitudinal survey, a marked increase in cartilage thickness from the previous measurement was observed in three boys (without clinical symptoms) and a girl who newly developed OSD. Two students with OSD without chronic pain had thin cartilage. In conclusion, for schoolchildren of higher elementary school grades, the risk of OSD is higher among girls with the epiphyseal stage. Cartilage thickness may not contribute to the diagnosis of OSD, since thick cartilage is not very common in OSD. However, cartilage thickness may reflect the status of OSD.