Multi-institutional Assessment of Otitis Media Epidemiology Using Real-world Data.

OBJECTIVES: To determine rates and risk factors of pediatric otitis media (OM) using real-world electronic health record (PEDSnet) data from January 2009 through May 2021. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Seven pediatric academic health systems that participate in PEDSnet. METHODS: Children <6 months-old at time of first outpatient, Emergency Department, or inpatient visit were included and followed longitudinally. A time-to-event analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios for OM incidence based on sociodemographic factors and specific health conditions. RESULTS: The PEDSnet cohort included 910,265 children, 54.3% male, mean age (months) 1.3 [standard deviation (SD) 1.6] and mean follow up (years) 4.3 (SD 3.2). By age 3 years, 39.6% of children had evidence of one OM episode. OM rates decreased following pneumococcal-13 vaccination (PCV-13) and the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with young age, non-Hispanic Black/African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity, public insurance, higher family income, and male sex had higher incidence rates. Health conditions that increased OM risk included cleft palate [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 4.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9-4.2], primary ciliary dyskinesia [aHR 2.5 (95% CI 1.8-3.5)], trisomy 21 [aHR 2.0 (95% CI 1.9-2.1)], atopic dermatitis [aHR 1.4 (95% CI 1.4-1.4)], and gastroesophageal reflux [aHR1.5 (95% CI 1.5-1.5)]. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 20% of children by age 1 and 40% of children by age 3 years will have experienced an OM episode. OM rates decreased after PCV-13 and COVID-19. Children with abnormal ciliary function or craniofacial conditions, specifically cleft palate, carry the highest risk of OM.

Environmental risk factors for respiratory infection and wheeze in young children: A multicentre birth cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory infections and wheeze have a considerable impact on the health of young children and consume significant healthcare resources. We aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on respiratory infections and symptoms in early childhood. METHODS: Environmental risk factors including: daycare attendance; breastfeeding; siblings; damp within the home; environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); child's bedroom flooring; animal exposure; road traffic density around child's home; and solid fuel pollution within home were assessed in children recruited to the GO-CHILD multicentre prospective birth cohort study. Follow-up information on respiratory infections (bronchiolitis, pneumonia, otitis media and cold or flu), wheeze and cough symptoms, healthcare utilisation and medication prescription was collected by postal questionnaires at 12 and 24 months. Log binomial and ordered logistic regression models were fitted to the data. RESULTS: Follow-up was obtained on 1344 children. Daycare was associated with increased odds of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-5.49), bronchiolitis (OR = 1.40, 1.02-1.90), otitis media (OR = 1.68, 1.32-2.14) and emergency department attendance for wheeze (RR = 1.81, 1.17-2.80). Breastfeeding beyond 6 months was associated with a reduced odds of bronchiolitis (OR = 0.55, 0.39-0.77) and otitis media (OR = 0.75, 0.59-0.99). Siblings at home was associated with an increased odds of bronchiolitis (OR = 1.65, 1.18-2.32) and risk of reliever inhaler prescription (RR = 1.37, 1.02-1.85). Visible damp was associated with an increased odds of wheeze (OR = 1.85, 1.11-3.19), and risk of reliever inhaler (RR = 1.73, 1.04-2.89) and inhaled corticosteroid prescription (RR = 2.61, 1.03-6.59). ETS exposure was associated with an increased odds of primary care attendance for cough or wheeze (OR = 1.52, 1.11-2.08). Dense traffic around the child's home was associated with an increased odds of bronchiolitis (OR = 1.32, 1.08-2.29). CONCLUSION: Environmental factors likely influence the wide variation in infection frequency and symptoms observed in early childhood. Larger population studies are necessary to further inform and guide public health policy to decrease the burden of respiratory infections and wheeze in young children.

Actualización del documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda y sinusitis / Update of the consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media and sinusitis

Actualización de los documentos de consenso de OMA (2012) y sinusitis (2013) tras la introducción de las vacunas antineumocócicas en el calendario vacunal, tras los cambios derivados de las variaciones epidemiológicas, colonización por serotipos no vacunales y la aparición de resistencias. Según la mayoría de los estudios, la introducción de la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada tridecavalente (VNC-13) se ha traducido en un descenso de la colonización nasofaríngea por neumococo, con un aumento porcentual de serotipos resistentes no cubiertos. El diagnóstico de la OMA continúa siendo clínico, aunque se proponen criterios más rigurosos, apoyados en la visualización de alteraciones en la membrana timpánica y la otoscopia neumática realizada por personal entrenado. El diagnóstico rutinario de la sinusitis es clínico y la realización de pruebas de imagen está limitada al diagnóstico de complicaciones asociadas. La analgesia con paracetamol o ibuprofeno es la base del tratamiento en la OMA; la conducta expectante o la prescripción antibiótica diferida podrían ser estrategias adecuadas en pacientes seleccionados. El tratamiento antibiótico de elección en niños con OMA y sinusitis aguda con síntomas moderados-graves continúa siendo la amoxicilina a dosis altas o la amoxicilina-clavulánico en casos seleccionados. En cuadros no complicados, sin factores de riesgo y con buena evolución se proponen pautas cortas de 5-7 días. En pacientes alérgicos se debe individualizar especialmente la indicación de tratamiento antibiótico, que dependerá del estado clínico y si existe o no alergia IgE-mediada. En la OMA recurrente, la elección entre un manejo expectante, profilaxis antibiótica o cirugía se debe individualizar según las características del paciente. (AU)

Update of the consensus on acute otitis media (AOM) (2012) and sinusitis (2013) following the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines in the immunization schedule, and related changes, such as epidemiological variation, colonization by of nonvaccine serotypes and emerging antimicrobial resistances. A majority of studies show that the introduction of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine has been followed by a reduction in the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus, with an increase in the proportion of drug-resistant nonvaccine serotypes. The diagnosis of AOM is still clinical, although more stringent criteria are proposed, which are based on the visualization of abnormalities in the tympanic membrane and the findings of pneumatic otoscopy performed by trained clinicians. The routine diagnosis of sinusitis is also clinical, and the use of imaging is restricted to the assessment of complications. Analgesia with acetaminophen or ibuprofen is the cornerstone of AOM management; watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescription may be suitable strategies in select patients. The first-line antibiotic drug in children with AOM and sinusitis and moderate to severe disease is still high-dose amoxicillin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in select cases. Short-course regimens lasting 5–7 days are recommended for patients with uncomplicated disease, no risk factors and a mild presentation. In allergic patients, the selection of the antibiotic agent must be individualized based on severity and whether or not the allergy is IgE-mediated. In recurrent AOM, the choice between watchful waiting, antibiotic prophylaxis or surgery must be individualized based on the clinical characteristics of the patient. (AU)

Immediate effects of a rhino-pharyngeal clearance protocol in nasal obstruction and middle ear condition of children under 3 years of age with upper respiratory infections: A randomized controlled trial / Efectos inmediatos de un protocolo de aclaramiento rinofaríngeo en la obstrucción nasal y el estado del oído medio en niños menores de 3 años con infecciones respiratorias superiores: un ensayo controlado aleatorizado

Introduction and objectives: Children up to 2 years old are at high risk of respiratory infections and nasal irrigation is often prescribed. Yet, to date there is no sufficient knowledge about its immediate effects on the nasopharynx and middle ear. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of a rhino-pharyngeal clearance intervention protocol on nasal obstruction and middle ear condition in children under 3 years of age with URTI. Materials and methods: Randomized controlled trial in a day-care centre of Porto, including 44 children randomized to Intervention Group (IG) and Control Group (CG). Nasal auscultation and tympanometry were performed at baseline (M0) as well as after the intervention (M1), which consisted of nasal irrigation (NaCl .9%) followed by a forced nasal inspiration in the IG, and after 30 min of normal activities, in the CG. Results: In M1 there was a lower frequency of children classified as having an obstructed nasal sound in the IG when compared to the CG (IG = 33.3%; CG = 68.4%; p = 0.042). We also observed an improvement of mean peak pressure (PP) in the IG (Left ear: M0 = -124daPa; M1 = -92daPa; p = 0.022. Right ear: M0 = -102daPa; M1 = -77daPa; p = 0.021), which was not observed in the CG (Left ear: M0 = -105daPa; M1 = -115daPa; p = 0.485. Right ear: M0 = -105daPa; M1 = -131daPa; p = 0.105). There were no significant results concerning the compliance of the tympanic membrane. Conclusions: The rhino-pharyngeal clearance improved the nasal obstruction and PP of the middle ear of children under 3 years of age with URTI

Introducción y objetivos: Los niños corren un alto riesgo de infecciones respiratorias superiores (IRS) y con frecuencia se prescriben irrigaciones nasales. Hasta hoy no hay suficiente conocimiento sobre sus efectos inmediatos en la nasofaringe y el oído medio. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto de un protocolo de intervención de limpieza nasal en la obstrucción y en el estado del oído medio de niños menores de 3 años con IRS. Material y métodos: Ensayo controlado aleatorizado en una guardería de Oporto, incluidos 44 niños asignados al Grupo de intervención (IG) y al Grupo de control (CG). La auscultación nasal y la timpanometría se realizaron al inicio (M0) y después de la intervención (M1), que consistió en irrigación nasal (NaCl 0,9%) seguido de una inspiración nasal forzada en IG, y después de 30 min de actividades normales en CG. Resultados: En M1 hubo una menor frecuencia de niños clasificados como con un sonido nasal obstruido en IG en comparación con CG (IG = 33,3%; CG = 68,4%; p = 0,042). También se observó una mejora de la presión máxima media (PP) en IG (oído izquierdo: M0 = -124daPa; M1 = -92daPa; p = 0,022; oído derecho: M0 = -102daPa; M1 = -77daPa; p = 0,021), que no se observó en CG (oído izquierdo: M0 = -105daPa; M1 = -115daPa; p = 0,485; oído derecho: M0 = -105daPa; M1 = -131daPa; p = 0,105). No hubo resultados significativos con respecto al cumplimiento de la membrana timpánica. Conclusiones: La limpieza nasal mejoró la obstrucción y la PP del oído medio de niños menores de 3 años con IRS

Otomastoiditis por mycobacterium tuberculosis: un diagnóstico desafiante / Tuberculous otomastoiditis: a challenging diagnosis

RESUMEN La otomastoiditis tuberculosa es una presentación extremadamente rara de la forma extrapulmonar de la enfermedad y puede ser difícil llegar a su diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 35 años con otomastoiditis tuberculosa bilateral acompañado de vértigo, hipoacusia mixta bilateral y paresia del nervio facial bilateral, como debut de una tuberculosis. Cultivos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) y prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) de otorrea fueron inicialmente negativos. La tomografía computarizada de oídos y resonancia magnética mostraron cambios inflamatorios otomastoídeos bilaterales sin evidencia de erosión ósea ni extensión a partes blandas. Se realizó una mastoidotomía, las muestras del tejido obtenido evidenciaron osteomielitis crónica, bacterias ácido-alcohol resistentes y PCR positiva para MTB. La paciente recibió tratamiento con drogas antituberculosas durante 12 meses logrando una recuperación completa de la otalgia y vértigo, y mejoría parcial de audición y paresia facial. En resumen, los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos de la otomastoiditis tuberculosa son inespecíficos por lo cual se requiere de un alto índice de sospecha clínica para lograr el diagnóstico adecuado e iniciar el tratamiento de la infección subyacente.

ABSTRACT Tuberculous otomastoiditis is an extremely rare form of extrapulmonary disease that can be easily misdiagnosed. We hereby report the case of a previously healthy 35-yearold female with bilateral tuberculous otomastoiditis associated with vertigo, bilateral mixed hearing loss, and bilateral facial nerve palsy as the initial clinical presentation. Repeated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture and molecular testing of otorrhea aspirates were initially negative. High-resolution temporal bone computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed partial opacification of the mastoid air cells without signs of bone erosion. A mastoidotomy was performed with mastoid tissue showing chronic osteomyelitis, positivity in acid-fast staining and MTB PCR. The patient was treated with a 12 month antituberculous treatment, with complete recovery of otalgia and vertigo, and improvement in hearing levels and facial nerve palsy. In summary, clinical and imaging findings for tuberculous otomastoiditis are non-specific, hence a high degree of suspicion is required in order to diagnose and promptly treat the underlying infection.

Bacterias causantes de otitis media aguda antes y después de la aplicación de la vacuna antineumococica 13-valente / Acute otitis media-causing bacteria before and after the application of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Los microorganismos más frecuentemente responsables de la otitis media aguda (OMA) (Streptococcus pneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae) son los mismos en los países en vías de desarrollo que en los desarrollados. En los países que administraron la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada, los neumococos disminuyeron como causa de OMA, pero con el tiempo comenzaron a resurgir, sobre todo a expensas de cepas pertenecientes a serotipos no incluidos en la vacuna. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar el cambio generado en la bacteriología de la OMA a partir de la incorporación en el calendario oficial argentino de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica 13-valente en el año 2012. Se realizaron dos estudios prospectivos, descriptivos, transversales, uno previo a la incorporación de la vacuna al calendario nacional (mayo 2009-agosto 2010) donde la población estudiada no se encontraba cubierta para S. pneumoniae y otro posterior, donde la mayoría de los pacientes se encontraban inmunizados (enero-diciembre 2016). Se obtuvieron 433 muestras de 324 pacientes en el primer período y 461 de 246 pacientes en el segundo. Se aisló un total de 326 bacterias en el primer período y 388 en el segundo. Los microorganismos respectivamente aislados en ambos períodos fueron S. pneumoniae (39,5-21,1%), H. influenzae (37,4-44,6%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6,1-7,5%), Staphylococcus aureus (8,6-9,8%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3,0-5,9%), Turicella otitidis (1,8-2,1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0,9-4,1%) y otros (2,4-4,9%). Los neumococos pertenecientes a serotipos vacunales sufrieron una disminución significativa, especialmente el 6A, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, mientras que los serotipos no vacunales aumentaron significativamente, en particular el 15B, el 11A, el 7C, el 16F y el 22F (AU)

Organisms most frequently responsible for acute otitis media (AOM) (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) are the same in developing countries as in developed ones. In countries that administered the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, pneumococci decreased as a cause of AOM, but over time began to re-emerge, especially due to strains belonging to serotypes not included in the vaccine. The objective of this work was to document the change generated in the bacteriology of the OMA from the incorporation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2012 in the official Argentinean calendar. Two prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional studies were carried out prior to the incorporation of the vaccine into the national calendar (May 2009-August 2010), where the population studied was not covered for S. pneumoniae and a subsequent one, where most of the patients were immunized (January 2016-December 2016). We obtained 433 samples from 324 patients in the first period and 461 from 246 patients in the second. A total of 326 bacteria were isolated in the first period and 388 in the second. The microorganisms respectively isolated in both periods were S.pneumoniae (39.5-21.1%), H.influenzae (37.4-44.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.1-7.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.6-9.8%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3.0-5.9%), Turicella otitidis (1.8-2.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.9-4.1%) and others (2.4-4.9%). Pneumococci belonging to vaccine serotypes suffered a significant decrease, especially 6A, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, while nonvaccine serotypes increased significantly, particularly 15B, 11A, 7C, 16F, and 22F (AU)

Efecto de la lactancia en las infecciones pediátricas frecuentes: estudio de cohorte prospectivo de cinco años / Effect of breastfeeding on common pediatric infections: a 5-year prospective cohort study

Introducción. En los estudios realizados se encontró que la duración de la lactancia tiene un efecto reductor sobre las infecciones frecuentes en los niños durante el período de lactancia. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue abordar la asociación entre la duración de la lactancia y las enfermedades infecciosas frecuentes en los niños hasta los 5 años de edad para demostrar los efectos protectores de la leche materna. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron 411 lactantes nacidos en Rize, Turquía, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2011. Este estudio de cohorte, prospectivo duró cinco años; en este período, se realizaron 11 entrevistas con cada madre de los lactantes. Se dividió a los lactantes en dos grupos: amamantados durante más y menos de 12 meses, y se estudió la asociación entre la lactancia y las infecciones, como otitis media aguda, gastroenteritis aguda, infección respiratoria aguda e infección urinaria. Resultados. De los 411 nacimientos, se incluyeron 270 lactantes, 193 (71,5%) recibieron lactancia durante más de 12 meses y 77 (28,5%), durante menos de 12 meses. Los lactantes del primer grupo tuvieron menos casos de otitis media aguda y gastroenteritis aguda (n = 77; 28,52%) en comparación con los lactantes amamantados durante menos de 12 meses en el período de cinco años (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Con este estudio se detectó que la lactancia durante más de 12 meses reduce significativamente las infecciones frecuentes durante la niñez, como la otitis media y la gastroenteritis durante los primeros cinco años de vida.

Introduction.The studies conducted revealed that breastfeeding duration has a reducing effect on common infectious diseases in the children during breastfeeding period. Objective. The aim of the present study was to address the association between breastfeeding duration and common infectious diseases in the children until 5 years of age to show long-term protective effects of the breast milk. Material and methods. The study included 411 infants who were born in Rize (Turkey) between January 2011 and December 2011. The present prospective-cohort study lasted for 5 years and 11 interviews were conducted with each mother of the infants during this period. The infants were divided into two groups as those who were breastfed more and less than 12 months and the association between breastfeeding and infections such as acute otitis media, acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory tract infections and acute urinary system infections was investigated. Results. Of 270 infants 193 (71.5%) were breastfed longer than 12 months and 77 (28.5%) were breastfed less than 12 months. Infants in the first group had less acute otitis media and acute gastroenteritis (n= 77, 28.52%) when compared with the infants breastfed less than 12 months during 5-year period (p <0.05). Conclusion. The present study detected that breastfeeding duration longer than 12 months significantly reduces the common childhood infections such as otitis media and gastroenteritis during the first 5 years of life.

Hallazgo de arteria lusoria en el estudio de otitis media a repetición: a propósito de una observación pediátrica y revista breve de la literatura / Arteria Lusoria revealed by a accute media otitis: about a pediatric observation and brieve review of literatura

Arteria Lusoria (AL) o arteria subclavia aberrante derecha es una malformación vascular rara. Es la más común de las malformaciones del arco aórtico. Fue descrita por primera vez por Hunalud en 1735. La etiología no está clarificada hasta hoy en día. AL puede formar parte de un cuadro sindrómico (síndrome de Down, síndrome de Edwards) o de una malformación cardiaca compleja. Es casi siempre asintomática, pero algunas veces puede revelarse por signos respiratorios o disfagia. Se elige habitualmente el tratamiento conservador. Les presentamos el caso de un niño de 2 años que presentó una AL revelada atipicamente por otitis media a repetición.

Arteria Lusoria (AL) or aberrant right subclavian artery is a rare congenital aortic arch malformation. Hunauld described it for the first time in 1735.The cause is until now no totally clarified. Usually it is associated with chromosomal disorders such as Down's syndrome, Edwards's syndrome or appears in childhood with complexes cardiovascular abnormalities. Patients are frequently asymptomatic, but it may be revealed by respiratories symptoms or by a dysphagia. The treatment is generally conservative. We expose a case report about a child of 2 years old with AL diagnosed after several episodes of purulent otitis.

Factors influencing the development of otitis media among Sicilian children affected by upper respiratory tract infections / Fatores que influenciam a ocorrência de otite media entre crianças sicilianas com infecções de vias aéreas superiores

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Upper respiratory tract infection is a nonspecific term used to describe an acute infection involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx. Upper respiratory tract infections in children are often associated with Eustachian tube dysfunction and complicated by otitis media, an inflammatory process within the middle ear. Environmental, epidemiologic and familial risk factors for otitis media (such as sex, socioeconomic and educational factors, smoke exposure, allergy or duration of breastfeeding) have been previously reported, but actually no data about their diffusion among Sicilian children with upper respiratory tract infections are available. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the main risk factors for otitis media and their prevalence in Sicilian children with and without upper respiratory tract infections. METHODS: A case-control study of 204 children with upper respiratory tract infections who developed otitis media during a 3 weeks monitoring period and 204 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Seventeen epidemiologically relevant features were inventoried by means of standardized questionnaires and skin tests were performed. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to examine the association between risk factors and occurrence of otitis media. RESULTS: Otitis media resulted strongly associated to large families, low parental educational attainment, schooling within the third years of life (p < 0.05); children were more susceptible to develop otitis media in the presence of asthma, cough, laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, snoring and apnea (p < 0.05). Allergy and urban localization increased the risk of otitis media in children exposed to smoke respectively of 166% and 277% (p < 0.05); the joint effect of asthma and presence of pets in allergic population increased the risk of recurrence of 11%, while allergy, cough and runny nose together increased this risk of 74%. CONCLUSIONS: Upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media are common childhood diseases strongly associated with low parental educational attainment (p = 0.0001), exposure to smoke (p = 0.0001), indoor exposure to mold (p = 0.0001), laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (p = 0.0002) and the lack of breast-feeding (p = 0.0014); an increased risk of otitis media recurrences was observed in the presence of allergy, persistent cough and runny nose (p = 0.0001). The modification of the identified risk factors for otitis media should be recommended to realize a correct primary care intervention.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção de vias aéreas superiores é uma denominação inespecífica, empregada na descrição de uma infecção aguda envolvendo o nariz, os seios paranasais, a faringe e a laringe. As infecções de vias aéreas superiores em crianças estão frequentemente associadas à disfunção da trompa de Eustáquio, complicando-se com otite média, um processo inflamatório da orelha média. Já foram relatados vários fatores de risco relacionados à otite média, incluindo os ambientais, epidemiológicos e familiares (p. ex., gênero, fatores socioeconômicos e educacionais, exposição ao tabaco, alergia ou duração do aleitamento materno), entretanto, não dispomos de dados sobre sua ocorrência entre crianças sicilianas com infecções de vias aéreas superiores. OBJETIVO: Investigar os principais fatores de risco para otite média e sua prevalência em crianças sicilianas com e sem infecções de vias aéreas superiores. MÉTODO: Um estudo de caso-controle de 204 crianças com infecções de vias aéreas superiores apresentando otite média durante um período de monitoração de três semanas e 204 controles saudáveis compatíveis em idade e gênero. Foram relacionadas 17 características com relevância epidemiológica por meio da aplicação de questionários padronizados; também foram realizados testes cutâneos. Foram utilizadas análises univariada e de regressão logística multivariada no exame da associação entre fatores de risco e ocorrência de otite média. RESULTADOS: A otite média revelou forte associação com famílias numerosas, baixo nível educacional dos pais e escolaridade no terceiro ano de vida (p< 0,05); as crianças demonstraram maior suscetibilidade para ocorrência de otite média em presença de asma, tosse, doença do refluxo laringofaríngeo, ronco e apneia (p < 0,05). Alergia e localização urbana aumentaram o risco de otite média em crianças expostas ao fumo em 166% e 277% (p < 0,05), respectivamente; o efeito conjunto de asma e presença de animais de estimação na população alérgica aumentou o risco de recidiva em 11%, enquanto que, em conjunto, alergia, tosse e coriza aumentaram esse risco em 74%. CONCLUSÕES: As infecções de vias aéreas superiores e otite média são doenças pediátricas comuns, fortemente associadas a baixo nível educacional dos pais (p = 0,0001), exposição ao fumo (p = 0,0001), exposição domiciliar ao mofo (p = 0,0001), refluxo laringofaríngeo (p = 0,0002) e ausência de aleitamento materno (p = 0,0014). Também foi observado aumento do risco de recidivas de otite média em presença de alergia, tosse persistente e coriza (p = 0,0001). Deve-se recomendar a modificação dos fatores de risco identificados para otite média, para uma correta intervenção terapêutica primária.

Otitis media aguda / Acute otitis media

We review differents topics about acute otitis media without complication. There is a frequent cause of visit to pediatric office. We showed risk factors, to consider how to prevent it. As viral infection are frequent cause there is not necessary to start antibiotics. Finally we describe complications as otitis effusion.

Se revisan diversos aspectos de la otitis media aguda no complicada, causa muy frecuente de consulta en nuestra práctica pediátrica. Se mencionan sus factores de riesgo, que constituyen los principales elementos a considerar para su prevención. Debido a la frecuente etiología viral, la conducta terapéutica actual considera en ciertas situaciones postergar el inicio del tratamiento antibiótico. Finalmente se describen sus complicaciones, siendo la más frecuente la efusión en oído medio.

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media

Se presenta el documento de consenso sobre otitis media aguda (OMA) de la Sociedad de Española Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) y de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP).Se analizan la etiología de la enfermedad y los posibles cambios de esta después de la introducción de la vacunas antineumocócicas 7-valente, 10-valente y 13-valente. Se hace una propuesta diagnóstica basada en la clasificación de la otitis media aguda en confirmada o probable. Se considera OMA confirmada si hay coincidencia de 3 criterios: comienzo agudo, signos de ocupación del oído medio (u otorrea) y signos o síntomas inflamatorios, como otalgia o intensa hiperemia timpánica y OMA probable cuando existan solo 2 criterios. Se propone como tratamiento antibiótico de elección la amoxicilina oral a 80mg/kg/día repartido cada 8 h. El tratamiento con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico a dosis de 80mg/kg/día se indica si el niño es menor de 6 meses, en lactantes con clínica grave (fiebre>39°C o dolor muy intenso), cuando haya historia familiar de secuelas óticas por OMA o un fracaso terapéutico de la amoxicilina(AU)

This is the consensus document on acute otitis media (AOM) of the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediatrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) and Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP). It discusses the aetiology of the disease and its potential changes after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent, 10-valent and 13-valent vaccines. A proposal is made based on diagnostic classification of otitis media as either confirmed or likely. AOM is considered confirmed if 3 criteria are fulfilled: acute onset, signs of occupation of the middle ear (or otorrhea) and inflammatory signs or symptoms, such as otalgia or severe tympanic hyperaemia. Oral amoxicillin is the antibiotic treatment of choice (80mg/kg/day divided every 8hours). Amoxicillin-clavulanate (80mg/kg/day) is indicated in the following cases: when the child is under 6 months, in infants with severe clinical manifestations (fever>39°C or severe pain), there is family history of AOM sequels, and after amoxiciline treatment failure(AU)

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media

Se presenta el documento de consenso sobre otitis media aguda (OMA) de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), la Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) y la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap). Se analizan la etiología de la enfermedad y los posibles cambios de esta después de la introducción de la vacunas antineumocócicas 7-valente, 10-valente y 13-valente. Se hace una propuesta diagnóstica basada en la clasificación de la OMA en confirmada o probable. Se considera OMA confirmada si hay coincidencia de tres criterios: comienzo agudo, signos de ocupación del oído medio (u otorrea) y signos o síntomas inflamatorios, como otalgia o intensa hiperemia timpánica, y OMA probable cuando existan solo dos criterios. Se propone como tratamiento antibiótico de elección la amoxicilina oral en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día repartidas cada ocho horas. El tratamiento con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día se indica si el niño es menor de seis meses, en lactantes con clínica grave (fiebre >39 ºC o dolor muy intenso), cuando haya historia familiar de secuelas óticas por OMA o un fracaso terapéutico de la amoxicilina(AU)

We present the consensus document on acute otitis media (AOM) written by the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), the Spanish Society of Outpatient and Primary Care Pediatrics (SEPEAP), the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergency Care (SEUP) and the Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (AEPAP). The document analyses the etiology of the disease and the possible shifts in it following the introduction of the 7-valent, 10-valent, and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines. The document proposes diagnosing AOM as confirmed or probable. The AOM diagnosis is considered confirmed if three criteria are met: acute onset, signs of fluid in the middle ear (or otorrhea), and symptoms of inflammation, such as otalgia or marked erythema in the middle ear, and considered probable when only two of these criteria are met. The proposed first choice for antibiotic treatment is 80 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin administered orally in doses at eight hour intervals. Treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in doses of 80 mg/kg/day are indicated in children younger than six months, in infants with a severe presentation (fever >39 °C or acute pain), when there is a family history of AOM sequelae, or in cases of amoxicillin treatment failure(AU)

Etiología del colesteatoma ótico / Etiology of otic cholesteatoma

El colesteatoma es una estructura quística caracterizada por la presencia de epitelio escamoso productor de queratina, que sustituye o recubre la mucosa normal en la hendidura del oído medio y ápex petroso, y puede ser causa de hipoacusia irreversible, destrucción ósea y graves complicaciones por su crecimiento expansivo. Clásicamente se describen los colesteatomas en congénitos y adquiridos. La etiología de su formación es multifactorial y continúa siendo poco claro y controversial. Se reportan diferentes teorías que han tratado de explicar el colesteatoma congénito, la transición de un bolsillo de retracción hasta la aparición del colesteatoma adquirido primario, y otras en la génesis del colesteatoma adquirido secundario. Se describe la presencia de algunas citoquinas dentro del colesteatoma que inducen la hiperproliferación e invasión incoordinada de los queratinocitos de la piel del conducto auditivo externo y la pars fláccida, más agresiva en el colesteatoma adquirido pediátrico, y que desempeñan un papel fundamental en la proliferación y en la apoptosis del queratinocito. En cultivo in vitro de una muestra de tejido colesteatomatoso, se ha identificado recientemente que el TNF-a estimula la producción de la IL-8. Se considera de interés ofrecer esta revisión sobre la etiología del colesteatoma, que aún se mantiene en el campo de la investigación y continúa siendo un reto para los otocirujanos por su alta incidencia de recidivas y posibles complicaciones(AU)

Cholesteatoma is a cystic structure characterized by presence of squamous epithelium producing keratin substituting or recovering the normal mucosa in the groove of middle ear and petrous apex and may to be caused by irreversible hypoacusia, bone destruction and severe complications due to its expansive growth. Typically the cholesteatomas are described as congenital and acquired. The etiology of its formation is multifactor and still remains a subject not very clear and controversial. Different theories are reported to explain the congenital cholesteatoma, the transition of a retraction pocket until the appearance of primary acquired cholesteatoma and other on the genesis of the secondary acquired cholesteatoma. Presence of some cytokines in cholesteatoma is described inducing to hyperproliferation and not coordinated of keratinocytes of the external auditory meatus and the pars flaccida more aggressive in the pediatric acquired cholesteatoma playing a fundamental role in the proliferation and in apoptosis of keratinocyte. In a sample of choleastomatous tissue in vitro culture has been recently identified that the a-TNF stimulates the production of IL-8. It is interesting to offer present review on the etiology of cholesteatoma that still is under research and a challenge for otologists due to its high relapses incidence and potential complications(AU)

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la otitis media aguda en pacientes pediátricos / Clinicoepidemiological characterization of the acute otitis media in children

Introducción: la otitis media aguda es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes en la infancia, y constituye una de las causas más importantes de consultas médicas y prescripción de antibióticos en los menores de 5 años. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la enfermedad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal prospectivo con 60 pacientes entre 1 mes y 14 años de edad con diagnóstico de otitis media aguda purulenta en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente William Soler, durante el período de 1 año (enero a diciembre de 2008). Los datos clínicos se obtuvieron mediante una encuesta a los padres o tutores de los pacientes. A todos se les realizó timpanocentesis con cultivo y exudado nasofaríngeo. Las cepas aisladas fueron enviadas al Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de S. pneumoniae y H. influenzae del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí para la caracterización microbiológica y determinación de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: la enfermedad predominó en el grupo ubicado entre 12 y 23 meses (55 por ciento), con mayor afectación del sexo masculino (52 por ciento). La fiebre y las manifestaciones locales referidas a oído medio (irritabilidad, otalgia, llanto nocturno) fueron los elementos clínicos referidos con mayor frecuencia. El cuidado fuera del hogar, la exposición al humo de tabaco y el destete precoz fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae no tipificable y S. epidermidis fueron los gérmenes aislados con mayor frecuencia. El 25 por ciento de las cepas de S. pneumoniae tuvieron resistencia intermedia a la penicilina, pero no se reportó resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación. El 98,4 por ciento de los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. Las complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: the acute otitis media is one of the infectious diseases more frequent in childhood and it is one of the more important causes of medical consultations and prescription of antibiotic agents in cases under five years old. Objective: to determine the clinical-epidemiological behavior of disease. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 60 patients aged between 1 month and 14 years diagnosed with purulent acute otitis media seen in the William Soler Teaching Children Hospital during one year. Clinical data were obtained by means of patient's family and tutor survey. All underwent tympanocentesis with culture and nasopharyngeal exudates. Strains isolated (S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae) were sent to Reference National Laboratory of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute to microbiological characterization and susceptibility antimicrobial assessment. Results: disease predominates in the group between 12 and 23 years months (55 percent) with a great involvement in the male sex (52 percent). Fever and local manifestations related to middle ear (irritability, otalgia, and night cry) were the more frequent clinical elements. The outside home care, the to tobacco smoke exposition and the early wean were the more frequent risk factors. S. pneumoniae, non-typing H. influenzae and S. epidermidis were the germs more isolated. The 25 percent of strains of S. pneumoniae had an average resistance to penicillin but there was not report of resistance to third-generation cephalosporin. The 98,4 percent of patients evolved satisfactorily. The disease complications were present in the 1,6 percent of cases. Conclusions: the acute otitis media is frequent in children under 36 months of age and it is highly related to presence of determined socioeconomic, environmental and genetic factors that may to be present in children(AU)

Streptococcus pneumoniae, mecanismos de resistencia antimicrobiana / Streptococcus pneumoniae, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

El Streptococcus pneumoniae, principal agente causal de la neumonía comunitaria, líder en la etiología de la otitis media y la meningitis, en las últimas 3 décadas ha incrementado, de manera importante, su resistencia a los agentes terapéuticos más utilizados, como los betalactámicos, macrólidos, azálidos y fluroquinolonas. La versatilidad adaptativa del microorganismo le ha permitido crear mecanismos capaces de sobreponerse a cualquiera de estas agresiones terapéuticas con un grado variable de eficacia. Se realiza una revisión de los mecanismos más importantes implicados en la adquisición de resistencia antimicrobiana por S. pneumoniae, y se precisan algunos de los factores de riesgo implicados en infección por S. pneumoniae resistente(AU)

The Streptococcus pneumoniae, the main causal agent of community pneumonia, leader in the etiology of the otitis media and the meningitis, during the past three decades has increase in a significant way its resistance to the more used therapeutic agents including the beta-lactamase, macrolides, azalides and fluroquinolones. Adaptive versatility of the microorganism allows it to create mechanisms able to overcome to any of these therapeutical aggressions with a variable degree of effectiveness. Authors made a review of the more important mechanisms involved in acquisition of the antimicrobial resistance by S. pneumoniae and some of risk factors involved in the infection due to resistant S. pneumoniae are specified(AU)

Uso del chupete y lactancia materna / Use of pacifiers and breastfeeding

El uso del chupete se encuentra muy arraigado en las sociedades desarrolladas, ya que calma el llanto del bebé, ayuda a conciliar el sueño, y reduce el estrés y el dolor en procedimientos desagradables. Su uso se ha relacionado con una menor duración y exclusividad de la lactancia materna, aumento de otitis media, problemas dentales y riesgo de accidentes. Además, estudios recientes relacionan su uso, particularmente durante el sueño, con disminución del riesgo de muerte súbita del lactante. Otros beneficios demostrados son su efecto analgésico y el estímulo de la succión no nutritiva en niños pretérmino y a término. El debate sobre su utilización o no es actualmente motivo de controversia, pero es importante que los profesionales de la salud y los padres conozcan los riesgos y beneficios que conlleva el uso del chupete. Dada la controversia actual, el Comité de Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría ha realizado, a la luz de las pruebas disponibles actualmente, una revisión del tema en relación con la lactancia materna (AU)

Pacifiers are widely used in developed societies. They are used for soothing infants, reducing their stress and pain during procedures and to help them sleep. The use of pacifiers has been associated, however, with a shorter duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding, with higher rates of otitis media and dental problems, as well as a higher risk of accidents during infancy. Recent studies have also described a relationship between pacifier use and SIDS, especially when used during infant is sleep. Other described benefits are analgesia and stimulation of non-nutritive sucking in preterm and term infants. There is, at present, wide debate and controversy on whether or not to recommend its use; thus it seems important for professionals and parents to be aware of the risks and benefits associated to its use, particularly related to breast feeding. Due to the existing controversy of scientific findings, the Committee on Breastfeeding of the Spanish Paediatrics Society, publishes this review, trying to summarise present evidence with the objective of, after analysing scientific results and recommendations, making recommendations regarding the use of the pacifier in the breastfed infant (AU)

Otomastoiditis tuberculosa: a propósito de un caso / Tuberculous Otomastoiditis: a clinical case

La tuberculosis (TBC), es una de las patologías infecciosas más estudiadas en medicina. En Chile, la incidencia de TBC en 2008 fue de 13,7 por 100,000 habitantes, situando al país en fase de eliminación y con la menor incidencia en América Latina. Las publicaciones internacionales consideran que la otitis media por TBC (OMT) es una forma de presentación clínica muy infrecuente de TBC con una incidencia que oscila entre un 0,05 y un 0,9 por ciento de las otitis media crónicas. La población más afectada es la menor de quince años, lo que constituye el 85 por ciento de los casos. En Chile no se cuenta con datos epidemiológicos de dicha patología. El objetivo de esta publicación es dar a conocer un caso clínico de OMT complicada con otomastoidistis, en un paciente del hospital de niños Dr. Roberto de Río de Santiago, Chile y revisar la información disponible en la literatura para concientizar a la población médica.

Tuberculosis (TB) has been one of the infectious diseases most studied in the history of medicine. In Chile, TB incidence was 13.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2008, being the country with the lowest incidence in Latin America. World-wide publications consider tuberculous otitis media (TOM) as a very rare form of TB presentation, constituting 0.05 to 0.9 percent of chronic otitis media. Population younger than 15 years old is the most vulnerable, 85 percent of the cases belongs to this range of age. Chile has not epidemiological data available on this pathology. The aims of this article are to show a clinical case of TOM and posterior otomastoiditis, in an infant hospitalized in Roberto del Rio Children's Hospital in Santiago de Chile and review the literature about this pathology, in order to raise awareness for doing an opportune diagnosis of this condition.

Molecular Analysis of Two Cases of Severe Congenital Neutropenia / 대한진단검사의학회지

Severe congenital neutropenia is a rare hematological disease characterized by a selective decrease in circulating neutrophils, maturation arrest of granulocytic precursors at the promyelocyte stage, and recurrence of infections. A 2-month-old male infant (patient A) and a 14-month-old female child (patient B) were referred to our hospital due to severe neutropenia. Sequencing analysis of ELA2 and HAX1 genes was performed. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of HAX1 gene were found. They were 5,104T-->G point mutation of exon 1 and 5,474A-->G point mutation of intron 1 in HAX1 gene. The mutation of ELA2 gene was not found. The patient A showed a good response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment and the absolute neutrophil count recovered to 1,195/microliter. But the patient B showed a partial response to G-CSF treatment and experienced several episodes of herpetic gingivostomatitis, oral ulcer, acute pharyngotonsillitis and otitis media during follow-up.

Efecto protector de la lactancia sobre la ocurrencia de otitis media aguda en niños / Breastfeeding and its protective effect in otitis media occurrence in children

Un caso de una madre de una beba de 4 meses que consulta por el posible efecto de la suspensión de la lactancia y la incidencia de otitis es planteado. Se confecciona la pregunta clínica, se describe la estrategia de búsqueda, así como la principal fuente recabada. Dicho estudio prospectivo, que evalúa el desarrollo de otitis media aguda y otitis media aguda con efusión, concluye que la alimentación por fórmula parecería aumentar el riesgo de otitis de los 3 a 12 meses de vida. Si bien la evidencia no es concluyente, tanto este como otros estudios sugieren un beneficio de la lactancia materna en la incidencia de OMA.