Novel insights on microbiome dynamics during a gill disease outbreak in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The generic term "Gill disease" refers to a wide range of disorders that affect the gills and severely impact salmonid aquaculture systems worldwide. In rainbow trout freshwater aquaculture, various etiological agents causing gill diseases have been described, particularly Flavobacterium and Amoeba species, but research studies suggest a more complex and multifactorial aetiology. Here, a cohort of rainbow trout affected by gill disease is monitored both through standard laboratory techniques and 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis during a natural disease outbreak and subsequent antibiotic treatment with Oxytetracycline. NGS results show a clear clustering of the samples between pre- and post-treatment based on the microbial community of the gills. Interestingly, the three main pathogenic bacteria species in rainbow trout (Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Flavobacterium branchiophilum) appear to be weak descriptors of the diversity between pre-treatment and post-treatment groups. In this study, the dynamics of the gill microbiome during the outbreak and subsequent treatment are far more complex than previously reported in the literature, and environmental factors seem of the utmost importance in determining gill disease. These findings present a potential novel perspective on the diagnosis and management of gill diseases, showing the limitations of conventional laboratory methodologies in elucidating the complexity of this disease in rainbow trout. To the authors' knowledge, this work is the first to describe the microbiome of rainbow trout gills during a natural outbreak and subsequent antibiotic treatment. The results of this study suggest that NGS can play a critical role in the analysis and comprehension of gill pathology. Using NGS in future research is highly recommended to gain deeper insights into such diseases correlating gill's microbiome with other possible cofactors and establish strong prevention guidelines.

Changes in bacterial community composition in the uterus of Holstein cow with endometritis before and after treatment with oxytetracycline.

It is important to study the bacteria that cause endometritis to identify effective therapeutic drugs for dairy cows. In this study, 20% oxytetracycline was used to treat Holstein cows (n = 6) with severe endometritis. Additional 10 Holstein cows (5 for healthy cows, 5 for cows with mild endometritis) were also selected. At the same time, changes in bacterial communities were monitored by high-throughput sequencing. The results show that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and other common pathogenic bacteria could be detected by traditional methods in cows both with and without endometritis. However, 16S sequencing results show that changes in the abundance of these bacteria were not significant. Endometritis is often caused by mixed infections in the uterus. Oxytetracycline did not completely remove existing bacteria. However, oxytetracycline could effectively inhibit endometritis and had a significant inhibitory effect on the genera Bacteroides, Trueperella, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium but had no significant inhibitory effect on the bacterial genera Marinospirillum, Erysipelothrix, and Enteractinococcus. During oxytetracycline treatment, the cell motility, endocrine system, exogenous system, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids, polyketides, cofactors and vitamins, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism pathways were affected.

Evaluation of the effect of therapeutic durations on small ruminant bacterial pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Sheep and goat production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous substandard production systems and various diseases. Respiratory disease complexes (RDC) pose a significant threat to the productivity of these animals. Pneumonia is a common manifestation of respiratory disease complexes and often necessitates a prolonged course of antibiotic treatment. This study aimed to optimize and propose the ideal duration of therapy for pneumonia in sheep and goats. METHODS: The study was conducted from February to June 2021 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University. The study recruited 54 sheep and goats presented to the hospital for treatment with a confirmed RDC as determined based on clinical signs and bacteriological methods. The animals were randomly allocated to 5 groups each group receiving 10% oxytetracycline (Phenxyl, Phenix, Belgum) intramuscularly for a duration of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 consecutive days. The treatment outcomes were assessed by recording vital signs (body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, coughing, and nasal discharges), performing lung ultrasonography (L-USG) as well as collection of nasal swabs for bacterial isolation and molecular identification before and after completion of the treatment. An ordered logistic regression model with random effects was employed to determine the optimal therapeutic duration, taking into account the cumulative scores of the outcome variables across the different groups. RESULTS: Among the 54 sheep and goats treated with 10% oxytetracycline, a total of 74.07% (95% CI, 60.35-85.04) achieved complete recovery, as confirmed through clinical, ultrasound, and bacteriological methods. In Group 1 (G1), out of 12 sheep and goats, 8 (83.0%) recovered completely; in Group 2 (G2), out of 11 animals, 9 (82.0%) recovered completely; in Group 3 (G3), out of 11 animals, 10 (93.0%) recovered completely; in Group 4 (G4), out of 9 animals, 9 (100.0%) recovered completely; and in Group 5 (G5), out of 11 animals, 10 (91.0%) recovered completely. Bacteriological examination of nasal swabs indicated involvement of M. hemolytica in 27 (50.00%) and P. multocida in 13 (24.07%) of pneumonic animals. Detection of specific marker genes confirmed only five of the presumptive M. hemolytica isolates, whilst no isolates tested positive for P. multocida. Post-treatment samples collected from recovered animals did not yield any M. hemolytica nor P. multocida. Based on results from clinical signs, L-USG, and bacterial infection variables, the group of sheep and goats treated for seven consecutive days (G5) showed the highest recovery score compared to the other groups, and there was a statistically significant difference (coefficient (ß) = - 2.296, p = 0.021) in variable score between G5 and G1. These findings suggest that the administration of 10% oxytetracycline for a full course of seven consecutive days resulted in symptomatic and clinical recovery rates from respiratory disease in sheep and goats.

Eficacia de bioacondicionadores cementarios en el nivel de cobertura e inserción radicular / Efficacy of bioconditioners inserted in the level of coverage and root inclusion

Introducción: La presente investigación tuvo por objeto determinar la eficacia de la cefalexina, la terramicina y del ácido cítrico como bioacondicionadores en los niveles de cobertura radicular y de inserción en pacientes con recesión gingival clase II de Miller intervenidos a colgajo desplazado coronalmente. Materiales y método: Se trata de un ensayo clínico randomizado intergrupo, con pretest y postest múltiple, se conformaron 3 grupos: dos experimentales (1 y 2) que recibieron respectivamente la cefalexina y la terramicina; y un grupo control en el que se le aplicó ácido cítrico, como bioacondicionadores cementarios. Cada grupo estuvo constituido por 20 recesiones gingivales clase II de Miller, con indicación básica de colgajo desplazado coronalmente, los datos se evluaron mediante las pruebas Chi Cuadrado de Pearson y ANOVA. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en el efecto de la cefalexina, la terramicina y en el ácido cítrico en el nivel de cobertura radicular a los 30 días. El contraste ANOVA mostró en cambio, a los 60 días una diferencia estadística significativa, en el efecto de dichos bioacondicionadores en la ganancia de inserción. Conclusiones:El uso de bioacondicionares genera resultados significativos en el manejo de recesiones gingivales, siendo más afectivos a largo plazo. (AU)

Introduction: The present study was designed to determine the efficacy of cefalexin, the terramycin and citric acid as bioconditioners in root coverage and levels of insertion in patients with class II Miller gingival recession intervened to displaced face flap. Materials and method: is of a trial clinical randomized Intergroup, with pretest and posttest multiple, is formed 3 groups: two experimental (1 and 2) that received respectively the cephalexin and the terramycin; and a group control in which is it applied acid citric, as bioconditioners inserted. Each group was made up of 20 gingival recessions class Miller II, with basic indication of flap displaced face, the data is evluaron using ANOVA and Pearson Chi square tests. Results: There was No statistical significant difference in the effect of cefalexin, the terramycin and citric acid at the level of root coverage within 30 days. The contrast ANOVA showed instead, to them 60 days a difference statistical significant, in the effect of such bioconditioners in the gain of inclusion. Conclusions: the use of bioconditioners generates results significant at the handling of recessions gingival, being more affec tive to long term. (AU)

Eficácia do dipropionato de imidocarb, da enrofloxacina e do cloridrato de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de bovinos naturalmente infectados por Anaplasma marginale / Efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline chlorydrate on the treatment of cattle naturally infected by Anaplasma marginale

O agente de maior importância, em relação à anaplasmose bovina, é o Anaplasma marginale. Os principais sinais clínicos dessa enfermidade são anemia hemolítica, icterícia, dispneia, taquicardia, febre, fadiga, lacrimejamento, sialorreia, micção frequente, anorexia, perda de peso, aborto e morte. A terapia antimicrobiana é o principal protocolo terapêutico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do dipropionato de imidocarb, da enrofloxacina e do cloridrato de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de bovinos leiteiros naturalmente infectados por Anaplasma marginale. Para isso, foram avaliados 48 zebuínos mestiços que apresentavam os sinais clínicos sugestivos da doença. Os animais foram submetidos à coleta de sangue para a realização de hemograma e à extração de DNA para a confirmação da presença de A. marginale, por meio da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais, para realização dos protocolos terapêuticos, utilizando-se dipropionato de imidocarb, oxitetraciclina e enrofloxacina. Trinta e seis animais (75%) apresentaram reação positiva ao PCR. Os animais positivos não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao hemograma e ao leucograma quando comparados com os negativos, no entanto os níveis de proteínas séricas foram inferiores nos animais positivos (P<0,05). Os três protocolos terapêuticos foram capazes de reduzir a infecção ao longo do tratamento (P<0,01), porém, após cinco dias de tratamento, a enrofloxacina apresentou maior efetividade em relação aos demais (P<0,01). Após o final do tratamento, nenhum protocolo foi capaz de eliminar totalmente a infecção pelo A. marginale em bovinos naturalmente infectados e manejados a campo.

Anaplasma marginale is the most important agent regarding cattle anaplasmosis. The main clinical signs of this disease are hemolitic anemia, jaundice, dyspnea, tachycardia, fever, fatigue, lacrimation, salivation, frequent urination, anorexia, weight loss, abortion and death. Antimicrobial therapy is the main therapeutic protocol. The aim of this paper was to assess the efficacy of this therapy frequently used in field conditions. In order to do so, 48 crossbred zebu cattle presenting suggestive clinical signs of the disease were assessed. The animals were submitted to blood sample collection to perform a CBC and DNA extraction to confirm the presence of A. marginale by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The animals were divided into three experimental groups to perform the therapeutic protocols, using imidocarb dipropionate, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline. Thirty-six animals (75%) presented positive reaction to PCR. The positive animals do not present significant differences in the CBC and WBC when compared to the negative ones. However, the serum protein levels were lower in positive animals (P<0.05). All the treatments were able to reduce the infection throughout the treatment (P<0.01). However, in time 1, enrofloxacin presented greater effectiveness in relation to the other ones (P<0.01). After the end of the treatment no protocol was able to totally eliminate the infection by A. marginale in cattle naturaly infected and handled on the field.

Digital dermatitis of the accessory digits of dairy cows / Dermatite digital nos dígitos acessórios de vacas leiteiras

This report characterizes the digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in the accessory digits of dairy cows and presents data on the applied therapy. Fifteen Holstein cattle with DD affecting the accessory digits of the hindlimbs from four dairy farms with previous history of DD were evaluated. Lesions were excised, the wounds were sutured, and a topical application of oxytetracycline powder covered by bandaging was associated with a single parenteral administration of long acting oxytetracycline IM (20mg/kg). Tissue samples were obtained for histopathology and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Lesions from all the animals were recuperated 15 days after surgical procedure. Overal, most DD lesions were papillomatous epidermal projections or wartlike verrucous lesions. Histopathologically, samples revealed hyperplasia of epidermis with hyperkeratosis, several mitoses in the stratum basale and elongated rete ridges in the superficial and middle dermis. TEM revealed long, thin spirochete-like bacteria. Morphologic features of lesions and its response to therapy were comparable to those described for DD.

Esse estudo caracteriza lesões de dermatite digital (DD) nos dígitos acessórios de vacas leiteiras, além de apresentar a terapia aplicada. Foram utilizados 15 bovinos leiteiros da raça Holandês com DD nos dígitos acessórios dos membros pélvicos. Os animais eram provenientes de quatro fazendas leiteiras com histórico prévio de dermatite digital (DD). Todos os quinze animais foram tratados da mesma forma: após excisão das lesões e sutura das feridas cutâneas, aplicou-se oxitetraciclina pó topicamente sob bandagem e oxitetraciclina (20mg/kg) de longa ação, via intramuscular. Obtiveram-se amostras de tecidos para histopatologia, inclusive por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Observou-se cicatrização em todos os animais após 15 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. A maioria das lesões macroscópicas foram projeções papilomatosas ou em forma de verrugas. Os achados histopatológicos de todas as amostras revelaram hiperplasia da epiderme com hiperceratose, inúmeras mitoses no estrato basal, com invasões alongadas em forma de rede na derme superficial e intermediária. A MET evidenciou organismos com formas longas, afiladas e espiraladas, presumivelmente espiroquetas. Tanto as características morfológicas, quanto a resposta à terapia das lesões foram comparáveis às descritas para DD.

Comparação entre as administrações tópica e sistêmica de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de vacas com dermatite digital papilomatosa / Efficacy of topical and systemic treatments with oxytetracycline for papillomatous digital dermatitis in cows

Comparou-se a eficiência dos tratamentos tópico e sistêmico com oxitetraciclina em vacas com dermatite digital papilomatosa (DDP) e determinaram-se a presença de resíduos desse antimicrobiano no leite e sua concentração no líquido sinovial e no plasma. Utilizaram-se o tratamento tópico com oxitetraciclina em pó (grupo 1) e o sistêmico de longa ação (grupo 2) em 16 vacas holandesas em lactação, acometidas por DDP. Obtiveram-se amostras de plasma, líquido sinovial e leite nos momentos: M0, antes dos tratamentos; M1, seis horas após o tratamento e em intervalos de 12 horas até M23 (264 horas pós-tratamentos). Avaliaram-se o grau de claudicação, a extensão da lesão e a concentração da oxitetraciclina pela cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Nas vacas do grupo 1, ocorreu redução das lesões e da claudicação, quando comparadas com as do grupo 2. Nenhuma das amostras de leite, de líquido sinovial e de plasma nos animais do grupo 1 foi positiva para oxitetraciclina. As amostras de leite dos animais do grupo 2, entre M1 e M23, apresentaram valores acima do limite máximo residual permitido para esse antimicrobiano. O tratamento tópico foi eficiente no tratamento de DDP, sem produzir resíduos no leite ou concentrações no plasma e no líquido sinovial. O tratamento sistêmico foi ineficiente para DDP, resultando em resíduos no leite, durante a avaliação.

The efficacy of topical versus systemic treatment with oxytetracycline for papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cows was compared. Antimicrobial residues in milk and their concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma were analysed. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows with PDD lesions were topically treated with oxytetracycline powder (group 1) or long-acting oxytetracycline (group 2). Plasma, synovial fluid, and milk samples were collected in the following moments: M0 (before treatments); at six hours after treatments (M1), and at 12-hour intervals until 264 hours after treatments (M23). Lameness score and lesion size were evaluated. Analysis of oxytetracycline concentration was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cows in group 1 showed reduced lesion size and lameness score when compared to cows in group 2. None of the plasma, synovial fluid, or milk samples collected from cows in group 1 were positive to oxytetracycline. However, violative antimicrobial residues were detected in milk samples collected from cows in group 2, from M1 until M23. Topical application of oxytetracycline powder was an efficient treatment for PDD with no risk of violative antimicrobial residues in milk or increases its concentration in plasma or synovial fluid. The systemic administration of oxytetracycline was inefficient to treat PDD and caused violative residues in milk.

Rhinoscleroma: eight Peruvian cases / Rinoscleroma: oito casos peruanos

Rhinoscleroma is a rare infection in developed countries; although, it is reported with some frequency in poorer regions such as Central Africa, Central and South America, Eastern and Central Europe, Middle East, India and Indonesia. Nowadays, rhinoscleroma may be erroneously diagnosed as mucocutaneos leishmaniasis, leprosy, paracoccidioidomycosis, rhinosporidiasis, late syphilis, neoplasic diseases or other upper airway diseases. From 1996 to 2003, we diagnosed rhinoscleroma in eight patients attended in the Dermatologic and Transmitted Diseases service of "Cayetano Heredia" National Hospital, in Lima, Peru. The patients presented airway structural alterations producing nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and, in one patient, laryngeal stenosis. Biopsy samples revealed large vacuolated macrophages (Mikulicz cells) in all patients. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg bid for four to 12 weeks was used in seven patients and oxytetracycline 500 mg qid for six weeks in one patient. After follow-up for six to 12 months the patients did not show active infection or relapse, however, all of them presented some degree of upper airway stenosis. These cases are reported because of the difficulty diagnosing the disease and the success of antibiotic treatment.

O rinoscleroma é uma infecção rara nos países desenvolvidos, no entanto, tem sido relatado com alguma freqüência nas regiões pobres da Africa Central, América Central e do Sul, Europa Central e Oriental, Oriente Médio, índia e Indonésia. A doença pode ser erroneamente diagnosticada como leishmaniose mucocutânea, hanseníase, paracoccidioidomicose, rinosporidiose, sífilis tardia, neoplasias ou outras doenças que afetam a via respiratória superior. No período de 1996 a 2003, foram diagnosticados oito casos de rinoscleroma no serviço de Doenças Dermatológicas e Infecciosas do Hospital Nacional "Cayetano Heredia", em Lima, Peru. Os pacientes apresentaram alterações estruturais das vias respiratórias, caracterizadas por estenose da nasofaringe e orofaringe, e em um paciente, a nível da laringe. As biópsias mostraram macrófagos com grandes vacúolos (células de Mikulicz). A ciprofloxacina 500 mg de 12/12 horas por quatro a 12 semanas foi usada em sete pacientes e oxitetraciclina 500 mg de 6/6 horas por seis semanas em um paciente. Durante o acompanhamento por seis a 12 meses todos os pacientes apresentaram cura clínica, sem recaída, embora exibissem algum grau de estenose na via respiratória superior. O motivo do relato deve-se ao fato desta doença constituir um grande desafio diagnóstico e pelo sucesso alcançado com o tratamento antibiótico.

Cambios clinicos y hematologicos en becerros infectados con Anaplasma marginale / Clinical and hematological change in calves infected with Anaplasma marginale

Clinical and hematological changes of six Anaplasma marginale(isolated Zulia) inoculated calves (experimental group) and four healthy calves (control group) were studied during twenty and eighty days before and after infection, respectively. The behavior of the four calves used as control group was stable and no significant changes in the parameters analyzed was observed. The experimental group developed the three typical phases of illness. During the prepatent phase, which lasted a mean of 21.2 + /- 2.56 days, the animals were asymptomatic and no significant changes in the hematological values occurred, but a remarkable transitory decrease in number of lymphocytes from 6.5 x 10(6) to 3.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. The infection during the acute phase produced a highly severe effect in two animals, a severe effect in three animals and a mild effect in one. The effects observed were the following: 1) a fast decrease in haematocrite, ranging from 6 to 10 percent; 2) values of parasitaemia varied from 15 to 48 percent 3) a greater body temperature than the control animals (40.5 vs. 38.5 degrees C); 4) a elevated heart frequency, from 60 to 110 beats/min; 5) an increase in the concentration of neotrophiles from 10 x 10(6) to 13 x 10(6) cells/ml; 6) The number of monocytes also augmented from 3 x 10(6) to 6 x 10(6) cells/ml; and 7) an important decrease of weight gain. The natural course of infection was interrupted with oxytetracycline when the haematocrite of the animal lowered to values less or equal to 10 percent. Then, the animals showed a rapid recovery with an undetectable parasitaemia and concomitant return to basal line of the rest of the parameters

Estudio comparativo de los efectos de sustancias esclerosantes en la producción de sínfisis pleural / Comparative study of the effect of sclerosing substances in producing pleural symphisis

Frente a la situación de derrame pleural maligno recidivante se plantea como una solución práctica la producción de sínfisis pleural. Se realizó un estudio controlado prospectivo y comparativo para lo que se diseñó un modelo para testar dos sustancias alcalinas utilizando hidróxido de sodio y terramicina con un grupo testigo (agua destilada) y a su vez comparándolas entre sí. Las mismas fueron inyectadas en el espacio pleural derecho de la rata. Se concluye que el hidróxido de sodio al 2// es efectivo en producir sífisis pleural completa y que la terramicina produce engrosamiento pleural y adherencias laxas en forma de placas pleurales aisladas

Granuloma inguinal mutilante / Mutilant inguinal granuloma

Se presenta un caso de granuloma inguinal autóctono, que adquirió un carácter evolutivo inusual, acompañado de compromiso importante para el paciente. Se hace una breve referencia a los antecedentes de la enfermedad y sus características clínico-patológicas, se consigna el aspecto clínico infrecuente, las complicaciones derivadas del mismo y su manejo terapéutico (AU)

Granuloma inguinal mutilante / Mutilant inguinal granuloma

Se presenta un caso de granuloma inguinal autóctono, que adquirió un carácter evolutivo inusual, acompañado de compromiso importante para el paciente. Se hace una breve referencia a los antecedentes de la enfermedad y sus características clínico-patológicas, se consigna el aspecto clínico infrecuente, las complicaciones derivadas del mismo y su manejo terapéutico

A oxitetraciclina na acne vulgar / The oxytetracycline in the acne vulgaris

Foram tratados 30 pacientes com acne vulgar exclusivamente com a oxitetraciclina oral por um periodo de 90 dias avaliados a intervalos regulares. Deu-se preferencia a pacientes virgens de tratamento.Observaram-se resultados muito bons em 16 pacientes com redução acima de 80 por cento do quadro inicial, bons em 6 e regulares em 8 pacientes. Não se observou melhora inferior a 40 por cento ou piora do quadro inicial.Nauseas, vomitos e diarreia leve foram sintomas apresentados na primeira semana de tratamento em 20 por cento dos pacientes. Nenhum cado de fotossemsibilidade do observado.

A terramicina na lepra

Antibiotics, in the authors' opinion, represent a very promising group of drugs against lepromatous leprosy, although the most neglected. Tetracycline group has been known for its broad spectrum of acitivity, a low toxicity rate and a slowly developing type of resistance. All the references in the literature concerning the use of antibiotics in leprosy show how very irregular have been the periods of treatment, the dosage employed, the conditions under which trials were conducted in each group, as well as the lack of uniformity in the choosing of patients and the carryng out of the studies, all this yielding as could not have been otherwise, a disparity of conclusions. In 1964, Mariano, from Belo Horizonte (Brazil) reported good results in the treatment of lepromatous and tuberculoid cases with intramuscular Terramycin at a dosage of 100 mg every 48 hours. Encoureaged by these results the authors undertook a long-term study oxytetracycline in lepromatous leprosy. Twenty-two patients were included and Terramycin pre-constituted solution was applied by intramuscular route in dosages of 100 mg every 12 hours, during 12 months or so. For therapeutic control the test indicated below were performed. 1. Dermatological examination at the beginning ot treatment and on monthly intervals; 2. Bacilloscopic examination of mucus and skin lesions at the beginning of treatment, and on monthly; 3. Histopathological examination of biopsies taken at the beginning of treatment, and 6 and 12 months thereafter; 4. Color photos on starting treatment and 6 months later, eventually even every month. Nineteen patient presented circunscribed lesions with predominant papules, tubercles and nodules. Thw reamaining theree cases had erythema and diffuse infiltration. All of the 22 patients treated with oxytetracycline improved clinically. On the average, imoprovement took place between the first and the third month of treatment; from there on, involution of the lesions slowed down...