A semicentennial of pancreatic pathology: the genetic revolution is here, but don't throw the baby out with the bath water!

The last 50 years have witnessed an explosion in our understanding of the pathology of pancreatic diseases. Entities known to exist 50 years ago have been defined more precisely and are now better classified. New entities, previously not recognized, have been discovered and can now be treated. Importantly, new tools have been developed that have unraveled the fundamental biological drivers of a number of pancreatic diseases. Many of these same tools have also been applied clinically, supplementing the tried and true hematoxylin and eosin stained slide with a plethora of new, highly sensitive and specific tests that improve diagnostic accuracy and delineate best treatments. As exciting as these many advances are, our knowledge of pancreatic pathology remains incomplete, and there is much to be learned.

Aportación de la mujer al conocimiento pancreático / The contribution of women to pancreatic knowledge

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Congress presidential address to the 30th meeting of the JSHBPS: the second opening of Japan on the way to a bright future.

The 30th meeting of the JSHBPS is the first domestic meeting of our society to have been organized completely in English. In that sense, we have established the theme of the 30th meeting of the JSHBPS as "The Second Opening of Japan on the Way to a Bright Future". Last 30 years, several strategies have been undertaken to battle hepatobiliary (HPB) malignancies, such as aggressive operative procedures, operative planning using state-of-the-art technologies, neoadjuvant therapy, conversion surgery for initially unresectable diseases, and immunomodulation. According to the rapid development of precision medicine, HBP surgeons should have a literacy for individualized therapy. Here, I review recent improvements in regard to HBP surgery. In addition, education for the next generations should be our highest priority. Collaboration with foreign researchers is the most effective tool to promote personal growth.

Contributions of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Gastroenterological Practice: MRIs for GIs.

MRI has transformed from the theoretical, investigative realm to mainstream clinical medicine over the past four decades and has become a core component of the diagnostic toolbox in the practice of gastroenterology (GI). Its success is attributable to exquisite contrast and the ability to isolate specific proton species through the use of different pulse sequences (i.e., T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted) and exploiting extracellular and hepatobiliary contrast agents. Consequently, MRI has gained preeminence in various GI clinical applications: liver and pancreatic lesion evaluation and detection, liver transplantation evaluation, pancreatitis evaluation, Crohn's disease evaluation (using MR enterography) rectal cancer staging and perianal fistula evaluation. MR elastography, in concert with technical innovations allowing for fat and iron quantification, provides a noninvasive approach, or "MRI virtual liver biopsy" for diagnosis and management of chronic liver diseases. In the future, the arrival of ultra-high-field MR systems (7 T) and the ability to perform magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the abdomen promise even greater diagnostic insight into chronic liver disease.

Los premios Nobel y el conocimiento pancreático / Nobel prizes and the pancreatic knowledge

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Innovation and hard work: The 2015 George E. Palade Medal Award Lecture.

The George E Palade Medal is the highest honor awarded by the International Association of Pancreatology and is given to an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the understanding of the pancreas and pancreatic diseases. Professor David C Whitcomb, University of Pittsburgh, is the 2015 recipient. The Palade Lecture, presented in Shanghai, China on August 28, 2015, included 5 personal stories that provide perspective from a life-time of achievement: "My life in a nutshell"; "Two old ladies"; "7777"; "I helped put a man on the moon"; and "Rugby". Together, the stories provide encouragement to a younger generation, struggling to find their way as physicians and scientists who are working on pancreatic or other diseases in a challenging world.

The Beginnings of Pancreatology as a Field of Experimental and Clinical Medicine.

This review presents the history of discoveries concerning the pancreas. In antiquity and the Middle Ages knowledge about the anatomy of the pancreas was very limited and its function was completely unknown. Significant progress was first made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Johann Georg Wirsüng, the prosector of the University of Padua, discovered the main pancreatic duct, and Giovanni Santorini discovered the accessory duct. Regnier de Graaf was the first to perform pancreatic exocrine studies, and Paul Langerhans's 1869 discovery of pancreatic islets was the first step toward recognizing the pancreas as an endocrine gland. The twentieth century brought the discovery of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. To date, histochemical staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry enabled the discovery of five cell types with identified hormonal products in adult human pancreatic islets. Twentieth-century pancreatic studies led to crucial advances in scientific knowledge and were recognized, among other things, with seven Nobel Prizes. The first of these went to Ivan Pavlov in 1904 for his work on the physiology of digestion. The most recent was awarded to Günter Blobel in 1999 for discovering signaling mechanisms that govern the transport and localization of proteins within pancreatic acinar cells.

Breve historia de la anatomía y fisiología de una recóndita y enigmática glándula llamada páncreas / A brief history of the anatomy and physiology of a mysterious and hidden gland called the pancreas

El páncreas debido a su situación retrogástrica y enmascarado por su aspecto similar a la grasa mesentérica ha sido durante siglos un órgano misterioso, oculto y al que pareció prestarse poca atención. Sin embargo, ya en la antigüedad Herófilo, Rufus de Éfeso y Galeno captaron su presencia e intuyeron su importancia. A partir del siglo XVI empezó a aparecer con cierta asiduidad en los diferentes tratados médicos. Existen 2 científicos destacados en la historia del páncreas, Johann Georg Wirsung a partir de cuya descripción del conducto pancreático en 1642 muchos autores consideran que se inicia la Pancreatología y Claude Bernard que entre 1849-1856 describió la función exocrina pancreática y es considerado el padre de la fisiología pancreática. Además de estos 2 destacados prohombres existe una constelación de personalidades que han aportado los resultados de sus estudios al mejor conocimiento de esta enigmática glándula. Este artículo no pretende describir exhaustivamente la historia del páncreas sino que su finalidad es llamar la atención sobre algunos de los hechos más destacados que han llevado al conocimiento de la glándula a lo largo de los años

Because of its retrogastric location and appearance, which is similar to mesenteric fat, for centuries the pancreas has been a mysterious, hiddenorgan that has received little attention. However, its importance was intuited and described by Herophilus, Ruphos of Ephesus and Galen. This glandbegan to appearin distinct medical treatises from the 16th century. There are two important scientists in the history of the pancreas. The fist, Johann Georg Wirsung, described the main pancreatic duct in 1642, a date considered by many to be the start of Pancreatology. The second, Claude Bernard, described pancreatic exocrine function between 1849 and 1856 and is considered the father of pancreatic physiology. Besides these two outstanding figures, there is a constellation of personalities who contributed to improving knowledge of this enigmatic gland with the results of their studies. The aim of this article is to call attention to some of the most notable findings that have enhanced knowledge of this gland over the years

Historia del Club Español Biliopancreático (1989–2009) / History of the Spanish Biliopancreatic Club(1989–2009)

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'In a certain sense Dr. William Osler has been my best mentor'. An interview with Prof. Tadashi Takeuchi by Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico.

Tadashi Takeuchi is a Professor Emeritus of the Tokyo Women's Hospital University, one of the founders of the Japan Pancreas Society and first Editor-in-Chief of its official journal. His research contributed enormously to the understanding of the role of gastrointestinal hormones in pancreatic physiology as well as disease. In this interview, Professor Takeuchi discusses the importance of mentorship during career development.

[Professor Józef Waclaw Grott and his methods of pancreas palpation]. / Profesor Józef Waclaw Grott i jego metody palpacyjnego badania trzustki.

Professor Józef Waclaw Grott (1894-1973), an outstanding Polish internist developed three methods of pancreas palpation (1935, 1947, 1948) that were of much diagnostic value in the twentieth century.