State-of-the-art pathology: new WHO classification, implications, and new developments.

To keep up with advances in central nervous system (CNS) tumor diagnosis and discovery of new entities, the classification of these tumors requires periodic review and revision. Since the initial 1979 publication from the World Health Organization (WHO) of Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 3 further editions have been published, cataloging the advances in CNS tumor classification and diagnosis over the past 3 decades. In this article, we discuss select new additions to the current classification, including new diagnostic tools, differential diagnoses, and management implications.

Prognostic implications of atypical histologic features in choroid plexus papilloma.

The prognostic significance of atypical histologic features in choroid plexus tumors remains uncertain. Therefore, a series of 164 choroid plexus tumors was evaluated for the presence of atypical histologic features, including mitotic activity, increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, blurring of papillary growth pattern, and necrosis. The impact of histopathologic and clinical features on the probability of recurrence and survival was investigated. Twenty-four tumors displaying frank signs of malignancy were diagnosed as choroid plexus carcinoma according to World Health Organization criteria. Of 124 choroid plexus papillomas that had not received adjuvant treatment, 46 tumors (37%) displayed at least one atypical feature, including increased cellularity (n = 25 [20%]), mitotic activity (> or =2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields; n = 19 [15%]), nuclear pleomorphism (n = 16 [13%]), solid growth (n = 15 [12%]), and necrosis (n = 5 [4%]). Only one tumor-related death, but 10 recurrences, were observed on a mean observation time of 58 months. On univariate analysis, incomplete surgical resection (p = 0.03) and mitotic activity (p < 0.001) were the only clinicopathologic factors associated with recurrence. Using a multivariate model, an independent effect of mitotic activity on the probability of recurrence could be confirmed (p = 0.001). Because mitotic activity is the sole atypical histologic feature independently associated with recurrence, we propose to define atypical choroid plexus papilloma by mitotic activity (> or =2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields) corresponding to World Health Organization grade II, thus adjoining other intermediate tumor entities associated with increased mitotic activity such as atypical meningioma. Close follow up of patients harboring atypical choroid plexus papillomas may be warranted.