Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a Single Dose of Apraglutide, a Novel, Long-Acting, Synthetic glucagon-like peptide-2 Analog With a Unique Pharmacologic Profile, in Individuals With Impaired Renal Function.

Renal impairment is a common complication in patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure (SBS-IF). Glucagon-like peptide-2 analogs, such as apraglutide, have been developed as a treatment option for SBS-IF. This study assessed the potential for apraglutide overexposure in individuals with severely impaired renal function versus healthy volunteers with normal renal function. In this phase 1, open-label, multicenter, nonrandomized, parallel-group study, a single dose of apraglutide 5 mg was administered subcutaneously to individuals with severely impaired renal function (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2) and healthy volunteers with normal renal function (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Primary pharmacokinetic endpoints were maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and exposure to apraglutide (area under the curve [AUC] from time 0 to infinity [AUCinf], and AUC from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration [AUClast]). Each group comprised 8 individuals. Results show that patients with severe renal impairment do not have increased apraglutide exposure. Apraglutide achieved a lower Cmax and AUCinf in individuals with severe renal impairment versus those with normal renal function (Cmax = 36.9 vs 59.5 ng/L; AUCinf = 3100 vs 4470 h · ng/mL, respectively). The respective geometric mean ratios were 0.620 and 0.693 for Cmax and AUCinf, and the upper bound of their 90% confidence intervals were <2, indicating patients with severe renal impairment were not overexposed to apraglutide versus those with normal renal function. Adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. Apraglutide does not require dose reduction for any degree of renal impairment and could be used in a broader patient population of renally impaired patients without dose adjustment.

Use of Teduglutide in the Management of Gastrointestinal Graft-versus-Host Disease in Children and Young Adults.

Loss of intestinal L cells and reduced levels of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have been implicated in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in murine models. Teduglutide, a human recombinant GLP-2 analog, may be beneficial in acute gastrointestinal (GI) GVHD owing to its known tissue protective and regenerative functions. We retrospectively reviewed patients who received teduglutide for treatment of GI GVHD. Endoscopy was performed at diagnosis and at completion of the teduglutide course. GLP-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed at diagnosis and the end of teduglutide therapy in 2 patients to evaluate L cells. We initiated daily teduglutide 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously as adjunctive therapy in 3 pediatric patients with refractory GI GVHD. All 3 patients had resolution of GI GVHD following completion of the teduglutide course, as evidenced by reduced apoptosis and regenerative changes on post-treatment endoscopy. Reportable GLP-1 IHC in 2 patients demonstrated increased L cells at the end of teduglutide treatment compared to at diagnosis. No adverse effects to teduglutide were observed. Teduglutide is a promising adjunctive and non-immune suppressive agent for managing acute GI GVHD.

Revisión sobre la experiencia en vida real de teduglutida / Review of real-life teduglutide experience

Introducción: la teduglutida es un agonista del péptido relacionado con glucagón (aGLP2) eficaz como tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) una entidad que afecta a la calidad de vida, suele precisar de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) y genera importantes costes sanitarios. El objetivo de la presente revisión narrativa fue evaluar la experiencia en vida real reportada con teduglutida. Métodos y resultados: en vida real un metaanálisis y estudios publicados con 440 pacientes, indican que teduglutida es efectivo pasado el periodo de adaptación intestinal posterior a la cirugía, reduciendo las necesidades de NPD y en algunos casos permite incluso suspenderla. La respuesta es heterogénea, aumenta progresivamente hasta 2 años después del inicio del tratamiento y alcanza el 82 % en algunas series. La presencia de colon en continuidad es factor predictivo negativo de respuesta precoz, pero un factor predictivo positivo para la retirada de NPD. Los efectos adversos más frecuentes son de origen gastrointestinal en las primeras etapas del tratamiento. Hay complicaciones tardías relacionadas con el estoma o con la aparición de pólipos de colon, aunque la frecuencia de estas últimas es muy baja. En adultos son escasos los datos en mejoría de calidad de vida y en coste eficacia. Conclusiones: teduglutida es efectivo y seguro confirmándose en vida real los datos de los ensayos pivotales para tratamiento de pacientes con SIC y permite reducir o incluso suspender en algunos casos la NPD. Aunque parece coste efectivo son necesarios más estudios para identificar aquellos pacientes con mayor beneficio.(AU)

Background: teduglutide is an agonist of glucagon-related peptide (aGLP2) effective as a treatment for patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS), an entity that affects quality of life, usually requires home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and generates significant health costs. The objective of the present narrative review was to assess the real-life experience reported with teduglutide.Methods and results: in real life, one meta-analysis and studies published with 440 patients indicate that Teduglutide is effective after the period of intestinal adaptation after surgery, reducing the need for HPN and in some cases even allowing it to be suspended. The response is heterogeneous, increasing progressively up to 2 years after the start of treatment and reaching 82 % in some series. The presence of colon in continuity is a negative predictor of early response, but a positive predictive factor for the withdrawal of HPN. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal in the early stages of treatment. There are late complications related to the stoma or the occurrence of colon polyps, although the frequency of the latter is very low. In adults, data on improved quality of life and cost-effectiveness are scarce. Conclusions: teduglutide is effective and safe and data from pivotal trials for the treatment of patients with SBS are confirmed in real life and can reduce or even stop HPN in some cases. Although it seems cost-effective, more studies are needed to identify those patients with the greatest benefit.(AU)

Anti-inflammatory activities of black raspberry seed ellagitannins and their structural effects on the stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and intestinal bitter taste receptors.

This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ellagitannins from black raspberry seeds (BS) in vivo and the structural effects of ellagitannins on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and intestinal bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) stimulation. For animal study, BS ellagitannin fraction (BSEF) was orally administered to mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The BSEF supplementation alleviated colonic inflammation, regulated inflammation-related cytokine levels in the mice with colitis, and increased the total GLP-1 secretion and GLP-1 receptor mRNA level in the inflamed gut. It also augmented the colonic gene expressions of mouse TAS2R (mTAS2R) 108, 119, 126, 131, 138, and 140; meanwhile, only mTAS2R108 expression was downregulated by DSS treatment. Six BS ellagitannins (sanguiin H-6, casuarictin, pedunculagin, acutissimin A, castalagin, and vescalagin) induced GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells and upregulated mTAS2R108, 119, 126, and 138 gene expressions. The major ellagitannins in BS (sanguiin H-6, casuarictin, pedunculagin, and acutissimin A) upregulated the gene expressions of mTAS2R131 and/or 140 known to be specifically distributed in mouse colon. Through molecular docking with mTAS2R108, the hexahydroxydiphenoyl, flavan-3-ol, glucose, and nonahydroxytriphenoyl moieties of the six BS ellagitannins were predicted to be involved in interacting with the receptor. BS ellagitannins could be promising candidates for preventing colon inflammation, likely via GLP-1 secretion induced by intestine-specific TAS2Rs.

[Expert recommendations on the use of teduglutide in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome]. / Recomendaciones de expertos acerca del uso de teduglutide en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome de intestino corto.

Short bowel syndrome is a low-incidence disorder among pediatric patients, but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Management of these patients by an interdisciplinary team of experts focused on intestinal rehabilitation improves short- and long-term outcomes. Available resources for treatment include teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide type 2 (GLP-2) analog made by recombinant techniques. Considering the available evidence and the authors' experience, Delphi-based recommendations for the use of teduglutide are suggested for healthcare professionals who treat pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome, as well as for health authorities.

El síndrome de intestino corto es una entidad de baja incidencia en los pacientes pediátricos, pero se asocia con elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad. El abordaje de estos pacientes por un equipo interdisciplinario de expertos enfocados en la rehabilitación intestinal mejora los resultados a corto y a largo plazo. Entre los recursos disponibles para el tratamiento se incluye el teduglutide, un análogo del péptido similar al glucagón tipo 2 (GLP-2) elaborado mediante técnicas recombinantes. Por medio de la aplicación del método Delphi, a partir de la evidencia disponible y de la experiencia de los autores, se proponen recomendaciones para el uso de teduglutide, dirigidas a los profesionales de la salud que tratan a los pacientes pediátricos con síndrome de intestino corto, así como a las autoridades sanitarias.

Glucagon like peptide-2 and neoplasia; a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Glucagon like peptide-2 is synthesized from enteroendocrine L cells primarily located in the ileum and large intestine. GLP-2 stimulates crypt cell proliferation, increases intestinal blood flow, enhances gut barrier function, induces mucosal healing, and exerts an anti-apoptotic effect. Due to these effects GLP-2 is used in the treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Areas covered: The aim of this systematic review was to provide information on the potential risk of intestinal neoplasia in patients receiving treatment with GLP-2. The literature search was performed independently by two authors in the following databases; Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane. Expert commentary: This systematic review indicated that treatment with GLP-2(1-33) up to 30 months in humans without any known pre-existing cancer did not confer an increased risk of intestinal neoplasia in patients or animals. However, due to the small amount of patients studied it is premature to reach any final conclusions about GLP-2 - induced neoplasia. GLP-2(1-33) treatment in animals with a pre-induced cancer showed that GLP-2(1-33) may promote growth of existing neoplasia.

Irinotecan-induced mucositis: the interactions and potential role of GLP-2 analogues.

PURPOSE: A common side effect of irinotecan administration is gastrointestinal mucositis, often manifesting as severe diarrhoea. The damage to the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract caused by this cytotoxic agent is debilitating and often leads to alterations in patients' regimens, hospitalisation or stoppage of treatment. The purpose of this review is to identify mechanisms of irinotecan-induced intestinal damage and a potential role for GLP-2 analogues for intervention. METHODS: This is a review of current literature on irinotecan-induced mucositis and GLP-2 analogues mechanisms of action. RESULTS: Recent studies have found alterations that appear to be crucial in the development of severe intestinal mucositis, including early apoptosis, alterations in proliferation and cell survival pathways, as well as induction of inflammatory cascades. Several studies have indicated a possible role for glucagon-like peptide-2 analogues in treating this toxicity, due to its proven intestinotrophic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in other models of gastrointestinal disease. CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence as to why and how this treatment may improve mucositis through the possible molecular crosstalk that may be occurring in models of severe intestinal mucositis.

Quality of life in patients with short bowel syndrome treated with the new glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue teduglutide--analyses from a randomised, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short bowel syndrome (SBS)-intestinal failure (IF) patients have impaired quality of life (QoL) and suffer from the burden of malabsorption and parenteral support (PS). A phase III study demonstrated that treatment with teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, reduces PS volumes by 32% while maintaining oral fluid intake constant; placebo-treated patients had reduced PS by 21%, but oral fluid intake increased accordingly. As effects of teduglutide on QoL are unknown, they were investigated here. METHODS: QoL analyses from a double-blind, randomised Phase III study in 86 SBS-IF patients receiving teduglutide (0.05 mg/kg/day s.c.) or placebo over 24 weeks. At baseline and every 4 weeks, QoL was assessed using the validated SBS-QoL™ scale. RESULTS: PS reductions were associated with QoL improvements (ANCOVA, p = 0.0194, SBS-QoL per-protocol). Compared to baseline, teduglutide significantly improved the SBS-QoL™ total score and the score of 9 of 17 items at week 24. These changes were not significant compared to placebo. Teduglutide-treated patients with remaining small intestine >100 cm experienced more gastrointestinal adverse events (GI-AE), unfavourably affecting QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PS volume reductions were associated with improvements in SBS-QoL™ scores. The short observation period, imbalances in oral fluid intake in relation to PS reductions, large patient and effect heterogeneity and occurrence of GI-AE in a subgroup of teduglutide-treated patients may account for the inability to show statistically significant effects of teduglutide on SBS-QoL™ scores compared to placebo.

GLP-2 delays but does not prevent the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs.

OBJECTIVES: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is complex disease thought to occur as a result of an immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants. Intestinal dysfunction induced by total parental nutrition (TPN) may increase the risk for NEC upon introduction of enteral feeding. We hypothesized that the intestinal trophic and anti-inflammatory actions previously ascribed to the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), would reduce the incidence of NEC when given in combination with TPN in preterm piglets. METHODS: Preterm, newborn piglets were nourished by TPN and infused continuously with either human GLP-2 (100 µg · kg⁻¹ · day⁻¹) or control saline for 2 days (n = 12/group). On day 3, TPN was discontinued and pigs were given orogastric formula feeding every 3 hours, and continued GLP-2 or control treatment until the onset of clinical signs of NEC for an additional 96 hours and tissue was collected for molecular and histological endpoints. RESULTS: GLP-2 treatment delayed the onset of NEC but was unable to prevent a high NEC incidence (~70%) and severity that occurred in both groups. GLP-2-treated pigs had less histological injury and increased proximal intestinal weight and mucosal villus height, but not crypt depth or Ki-67-positive cells. Inflammatory markers of intestinal myeloperoxidase were unchanged and serum amyloid A levels were higher in GLP-2-treated pigs. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-2 did not prevent NEC and a proinflammatory response despite some reduction in mucosal injury and increased trophic effect.

The "cryptic" mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-2.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a peptide hormone with multiple beneficial effects on the intestine, including expansion of the mucosal surface area through stimulation of crypt cell proliferation, as well as enhancement of nutrient digestion and absorption. Recent advances in clinical trials involving GLP-2 necessitate elucidation of the exact signaling pathways by which GLP-2 acts. In particular, the GLP-2 receptor has been localized to several intestinal cell types that do not include the proliferating crypt cells, and the actions of GLP-2 have thus been linked to a complex network of indirect mediators that induce diverse signaling pathways. The intestinotropic actions of GLP-2 on the colon have been shown to be mediated through the actions of keratinocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2, whereas small intestinal growth has been linked to IGF-1, IGF-2, and ErbB ligands, as well as the IGF-1 receptor and ErbB. The cellular source of these mediators remains unclear, but it likely includes the intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory and blood flow effects of GLP-2 are dependent on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide released from submucosal enteric neurons and nitric oxide, respectively. Finally, recent studies have suggested that GLP-2 not only modulates intestinal stem cell behavior but may also promote carcinogenesis in models of sporadic colon cancer. Further consideration of the molecular cross-talk and downstream signaling pathways mediating the intestinotropic effects of GLP-2 is clearly warranted.

Teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, including short bowel syndrome.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic growth factor with therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of an expanding number of gastrointestinal diseases, including short bowel syndrome (SBS). Teduglutide, being developed by NPS Allelix and licensee Nycomed, is a protease-resistant analog of GLP-2 for the potential treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Teduglutide has prolonged biological activity compared with native GLP-2, and preclinical studies demonstrated significant intestinotrophic activity in models of SBS, experimental colitis and chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Patients with SBS rely on parenteral nutrition (PN) following bowel resection, and in a phase III clinical trial with teduglutide, > 20% reduction in PN was observed in patients with SBS receiving teduglutide. A phase II clinical trial for teduglutide in Crohn's disease observed remission rates of 55.6% in patients. At the time of publication, phase III clinical trials for SBS were ongoing, as were preclinical studies for chemotherapy-induced mucositis and pediatric indications. Teduglutide represents a novel, efficacious drug capable of increasing intestinal growth and improving intestinal function, and may change clinical management of intestinal disease and damage.

Teduglutide, a novel mucosally active analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Teduglutide, an analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), is associated with trophic effects on gut mucosa. Its role in the treatment of active Crohn's disease (CD) was assessed in a pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose-ranging study. METHODS: Subjects with moderate-to-severe CD were randomized 1:1:1:1 to placebo or 1 of 3 doses of teduglutide (0.05, 0.10, or 0.20 mg/kg daily) delivered as a daily subcutaneous injection for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of subjects in each group that responded to treatment, defined as a decrease in Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score to <150 or a decrease of > 100 points. At week 8 there was an optional 12-week open-label period of treatment with teduglutide 0.10 mg/kg/d. RESULTS: One hundred subjects were enrolled and 71 completed the study. The mean baseline CDAI score was 290.8 +/- 57.6 and was similar across groups. There were numerically higher response and remission rates in all teduglutide-treated groups as compared with placebo, although the percentage of subjects who achieved a clinical response or remission was more substantial, and seen as early as week 2 of treatment in the highest dose (0.2 mg/kg/d) group (44% response and 32% remission versus 32% response and 20% remission in the placebo group). Of subjects who had not achieved remission during the 8-week placebo-controlled phase in the higher-dose group, 50% achieved remission during the more prolonged, open-label treatment phase. Plasma citrulline was similar across groups at baseline, but increased substantially over time in all teduglutide groups when compared with placebo at week 8. Adverse events were not different between placebo and active treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Teduglutide is a novel and potentially effective therapy for inducing remission and mucosal healing in patients with active moderate-to-severe CD. Further clinical investigation of this growth factor is warranted.

Four-month treatment with GLP-2 significantly increases hip BMD: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in postmenopausal women with low BMD.

We have previously shown that repeated dosing of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) at 10 p.m. in postmenopausal women for 14 days results in a dose-dependent decrease in the nocturnal bone resorption, as assessed by s-CTX. In contrast, bone formation, as assessed by serum osteocalcin, appeared to be unaffected by treatment with exogenous GLP-2, at least over 14 days. The present study extends the observation period to four months. The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial comparing three different doses of GLP-2 (0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2, administered nightly) against a saline control injection. We examined safety and tolerability, and the effects on biochemical markers of bone turnover and the effect on bone mineral density. Injection of 0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2 resulted in similar reduction in the nocturnal rise of s-CTX, at Treatment Day 120 the mean difference to placebo was approximately -150%*h at AUC(0-10H) (P<0.01). Osteocalcin levels were unaffected in the 10-hour period after injection indicating that injections of 0.4 mg, 1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2 do not exert any acute stimulatory or inhibitory effect on bone formation. Treatment with GLP-2 resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in total hip BMD over the course of the study that for the 3.2 mg GLP-2 group reached 1.1% (P=0.007) from baseline. The overall rates of adverse events in the 4 treatment groups were similar and there were no signs of tachyphylaxis or antibodies against GLP-2. The results indicate that GLP-2 produces a substantial decrease in bone resorption without suppression of bone formation thereby changing the bone remodeling balance in favor of bone formation, particularly at the hip.

GLP-2 administration results in increased proliferation but paradoxically an adverse outcome in a juvenile piglet model of short bowel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) administration in a piglet, juvenile model of short bowel syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-week-old piglets underwent either a sham operation or 75% small bowel resection. Postoperatively, piglets received either polymeric infant formula diet or the diet and subcutaneous human recombinant GLP-2 (1600 microg/day for 7 days, 800 microg/day thereafter). Food intake was monitored throughout the experiment, and stool and serum samples obtained fortnightly. After the piglets were killed, tissues were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and terminal ileum, and used for morphological and functional analysis. RESULTS: Treatment with GLP-2 resulted in significantly increased numbers of proliferating and apoptotic cells in the ileum of sham and small bowel resection piglets (P < 0.05). GLP-2 administration resulted in decreased weight gain, serum albumin, and disaccharidases in both sham and small bowel resection piglets (P < 0.001 compared with polymeric infant formula diet alone). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to our knowledge to examine the effect of GLP-2 administration in a juvenile short bowel syndrome model. Contrary to adult rodent studies, administration of GLP-2 resulted in adverse outcomes including reduced ability to gain weight; decreased serum albumin, tissue maltase, and sucrase; and villous atrophy. We anticipate this information will have important implications for future paediatric clinical trials.

Dexamethasone and GLP-2 administered to rat dams during pregnancy and lactation have late effects on intestinal sugar transport in their postweaning offspring.

Intestinal function in young animals is influenced by maternal factors, such as alterations in the maternal diet. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) enhances intestinal growth and absorption in mature animals. Glucocorticosteroids induce intestinal maturation in neonates and increase sugar uptake in adult animals. It is not known if maternally administered GLP-2 or glucocorticosteroids have persistent effects on intestinal transport in the offspring. This study was undertaken to determine (1) the influence of maternal GLP-2, dexamethasone (DEX) and GLP-2+DEX on intestinal sugar uptake in postweaning offspring and (2) if alterations in uptake are due to variations in intestinal morphology, sugar transporter abundance or the abundance of selected signals. Nursing rat dams were treated during pregnancy and lactation with GLP-2 (0.1 mug/g per day sc), DEX (0.128 microg/g per day sc), GLP-2+DEX or placebo. The offspring were sacrificed 4 weeks after weaning, and glucose and fructose uptake was determined using an in vitro intestinal ring uptake technique. sodium-dependent glucose transporter, glucose transporter (GLUT) 5, GLUT2, sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase and selected signals were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The treatments did not affect body weights or intestinal morphology. GLP-2 and GLP-2+DEX increased jejunal fructose uptake, and GLP-2+DEX increased the jejunal and ileal maximal transport rate for glucose uptake. Protein kinase B and mammalian target of rapamycin abundance were also increased, while transporter abundance was unchanged. We speculate that these alterations in sugar uptake may be due to changes in the intrinsic activity of the transporters mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. These alterations in uptake may have nutritional implications for the offspring of mothers who may be treated with GLP-2 or glucocorticosteroids.

Disassociation of bone resorption and formation by GLP-2: a 14-day study in healthy postmenopausal women.

We have previously shown that a single subcutaneous injection of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) at 10 p.m. in postmenopausal women results in a dose-dependent decrease in the nocturnal serum and urine concentrations of fragments derived from the degradation of the C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type I (s-CTX and u-CTX) and u-DPD, markers of bone resorption. In contrast, bone formation, as assessed by serum osteocalcin and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), appeared to be unaffected by treatment with exogenous GLP-2. These effects were further investigated in a 14-day study. The aim was to demonstrate that a parenteral formulation of GLP-2 is safe and well tolerated after repeated dosing in healthy postmenopausal women for 14 days. It was further investigated whether the effects on bone turnover markers were sustained throughout the study period. The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 60 postmenopausal women and 2 different doses of GLP-2 (1.6 mg and 3.2 mg GLP-2) against a saline control. The data for bone resorption revealed a similar reduction on Day 1 and Day 14, both based on time course and AUC. There were no signs of tachyphylaxis and no serious adverse reaction. Both GLP-2 doses resulted in similar and significant (p<0.001) reduction in bone resorption indicating that the maximum efficacious dose has been approached. Osteocalcin and PINP levels were unaffected at Day 1 and Day 14, suggesting a disassociation between bone resorption and bone formation during GLP-2 treatment.