Photobiomodulation of Gingival Cells Challenged with Viable Oral Microbes.

The oral cavity, a unique ecosystem harboring diverse microorganisms, maintains health through a balanced microflora. Disruption may lead to disease, emphasizing the protective role of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) in preventing harm from pathogenic oral microbes. Shifting GECs' response from proinflammatory to antimicrobial could be a novel strategy for periodontitis. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a nonpharmacologic host modulatory approach, is considered an alternative to drugs. While the host cell response induced by a single type of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) was widely studied, this model does not address the cellular response to intact microbes that exhibit multiple PAMPs that might modulate the response. Inspired by this, we developed an in vitro model that simulates direct interactions between host cells and intact pathogens and evaluated the effect of PBMT on the response of human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) to challenge viable oral microbes at both the cellular and molecular levels. Our data demonstrated that LED pretreatment on microbially challenged HGKs with specific continuous wavelengths (red: 615 nm; near-infrared: 880 nm) induced the production of various antimicrobial peptides, enhanced cell viability and proliferation, promoted reactive oxygen species scavenging, and down-modulated proinflammatory activity. The data also suggest a potential explanation regarding the superior efficacy of near-infrared light treatment compared with red light in enhancing antimicrobial activity and reducing cellular inflammation of HGKs. Taken together, the findings suggest that PBMT enhances the overall barrier function of gingival epithelium while minimizing inflammation-mediated breakdown of the underlying structures.

Laser Therapy Effects on Periodontal Status: A Randomized Study Using Gaussian Network Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Background and Objectives: This paper aims to assess the role of laser therapy in periodontitis through an innovative approach involving computational prediction and advanced modeling performed through network analysis (Gaussian graphical models-GGMs) and structural equations (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty patients, exhibiting periodontal pockets with a minimum depth of 5 mm, were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a laser group. Four specific indicators were measured for each tooth, namely periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI), and the mean of six measured values was recorded at five time markers (baseline, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 4 years). The assessment algorithm included enrollment, measurements, and differential non-surgical periodontal treatment, according to the group allocation. Scaling, root planing, and chlorhexidine 1% were conducted for the control group, and scaling, root planing and erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,CR:YSGG) laser therapy were conducted for the laser group. Results: The main results highlight that the addition of laser treatment to scaling and root planing led to notable clinical improvements, decreasing the PPD values, reducing the BOP scores, and increasing the CAL. Conclusions: Notable relationships between the specific indicators considered were highlighted by both the GGMs and by SEM, thus confirming their suitability as proxies for the success of periodontal treatment.

Low-level laser therapy alleviates periodontal age-related inflammation in diabetic mice via the GLUT1/mTOR pathway.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic age-related disease that was recently found as a secondary aging pattern regulated by the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The purpose of this study is to detect the potential efficacy and the specific mechanisms of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) healing of age-related inflammation (known as inflammaging) in diabetic periodontitis. Diabetic periodontitis (DP) mice were established by intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection and oral P. gingivalis inoculation. Low-level laser irradiation (810 nm, 0.1 W, 398 mW/cm2, 4 J/cm2, 10 s) was applied locally around the periodontal lesions every 3 days for 2 consecutive weeks. Micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain was analyzed for periodontal soft tissue and alveolar bone. Western blots, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the protein expression changes on SASP and GLUT1/mTOR pathway. The expression of aging-related factors and SASP including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 were reduced in periodontal tissue of diabetic mice. The inhibitory effect of LLLT on GLUT1/mTOR pathway was observed by detecting the related factors mTOR, p-mTOR, GLUT1, and PKM2. COX, an intracytoplasmic photoreceptor, is a key component of the anti-inflammatory effects of LLLT. After LLLT treatment a significant increase in COX was observed in macrophages in the periodontal lesion. Our findings suggest that LLLT may regulate chronic low-grade inflammation by modulating the GLUT1/mTOR senescence-related pathway, thereby offering a potential treatment for diabetic periodontal diseases.

Effectiveness of Diode (810 nm) Laser in Periodontal Parameters and Reduction of Subgingival Bacterial Load in Periodontitis Patients.

AIM: This split-mouth randomized trial (RCT) aimed to assess the effect of diode laser on the clinical parameters in patients with periodontitis, compare the results with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone, and assess the implications of diode laser (DL) on plaque bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen periodontitis patients were randomly assigned into two equal groups based on the therapy delivered. Group I (control site) received just SRP at baseline, while group II (test site) received both SRP and DL irradiation. For both groups, the clinical periodontal parameters probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured at baseline, 30 days, and 90 days. Microbiological amount was also measured at baseline, 30, and 90 days after periodontal treatment. The amounts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Prevotella intermedia (Pr. intermedia), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) were determined using real-time PCR probing with specific bacterial primers. RESULTS: In both groups, PPD and CAL showed statistically significant reductions at different time intervals (p < 0.05). No significant difference were observed in CAL values after 1 and 3 months in both test and control groups (p > 0.05). The mean values of the concentration of A.a, Pr. intermedia and P. gingivalis were lower in the case group as compared to the control group and the difference was statistically significant after 1 month (*p = 0.001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: According to this study, non-invasive laser treatment has the potential to improve clinical outcomes by lowering the quantity of A.a, Pr. intermedia and P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION: In both groups, a considerable decrease in the periodontal pathogens A.a, Pr. intermedia and P. gingivalis were discovered; however, the intergroup comparison was insignificant in relation to PD and CAL. The adjunctive treatment with diode laser showed better efficacy in ensuring a better periodontal treatment than SRP alone. How to cite this article: Abdullah LA, Hashim N, Rehman MM, et al. Effectiveness of Diode (810 nm) Laser in Periodontal Parameters and Reduction of Subgingival Bacterial Load in Periodontitis Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(12):1008-1015.

Low level laser therapy as adjunctive support in implant dentistry: a reliable option? / Terapia láser de baja potencia como apoyo complementario en la implantología: ¿una opción fiable?

Use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in bone healing has been studied for years, and its application in implant dentistry is still a controversial topic due to the difficult assessment of its clinical efficacy. We report the application of LLLT as aid in the osseointegration in two patients undergone to implant surgery in the upper jaw. In one hemi-arch the LLLT was applied and the other one was used as control. The assessment of the bone area surrounding the fixtures was performed by means of cone beam compute tomography and the area of bone-implants contact was measured by means of InVesalius® software. The radiological findings support the idea of considering the laser biostimulation as an adjunctive aid in implant surgery.

El uso de la terapia con láser de baja potencia (LLLT) en la reparación ósea se ha estudiado durante años y su aplicación en la implantología sigue siendo un tema controvertido, debido a la difícil evaluación de su eficacia clínica. Reportamos la aplicación de LLLT como ayuda en la osteointegración en dos pacientes sometidos a cirugía de implantes en el maxilar superior. En un hemi-arco se aplicó la LLLT y en el otro se utilizó como control. La evaluación del área ósea que rodea a las fijaciones se realizó mediante tomografía computarizada Cone Beam y el área de contacto hueso-implantes se midió mediante el software InVesalius®. Los hallazgos radiológicos apoyan la idea de considerar la bioestimulación con láser como un coadyuvante en la cirugía de implantes.

Avaliação de diferentes protocolos de aplicação da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) no tratamento da periodontite induzida em ratos imunossuprimidos com droga quimioterápica: estudo histomorfométrico, imunoistoquímico, imunológico e microbiológico / Evaluation of different protocols of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of the induced periodontitis in rats treated with chemotherapy: a histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, immunologic and microbiological study

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência de múltiplas sessões da Terapia com Laser em Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) coadjuvante a raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR), e da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) associada ou não ao tratamento mecânico de RAR, no tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratos submetidos à quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil. Materiais e Métodos: Duzentos e dezesseis ratos foram submetidos à indução da PE por meio de ligadura no primeiro molar inferior direito e esquerdo. Após 7 dias a ligadura foi removida e os animais separados aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: PE (n=24) - sem tratamento; 5FU-PE (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5FU (60mg/kg e 40mg/kg); 5FU-PE-RAR (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU e com RAR; 5FU-PE-RAR-1LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (sessão única) (660 nm; 0,035 W; 4,2 J, 120 segundos; 1,23 W/cm2); 5FU-PE-RAR-4LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (0, 24, 48 e 72 horas); 5FU-PE-RAR-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e 1 episódio de aPDT (LLLT + azul de metileno); 5FU-PE-RAR-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas); 5FU-PE-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU seguida da aPDT; 5FU-PE-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, seguida da aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas). Oito animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após tratamento local. A área de perda óssea (PO) na região de furca foi analisada histometricamente, histologicamente e análise dos padrões de imunomarcação para TRAP, PCNA RANKL, OPG e CASP-3-AT foram realizadas. A quantificação da citocina PGE2 foi avaliada pelo ELISA e TNF-α e IL-6 foram avaliadas pelos Kits de ensaio Multiplex. A prevalência de periodontopatógenos, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) e Fusobacterium...

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of multiple sessions of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), adjuvant to the scaling and root planing (SRP), and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), with or without the mechanical treatment of SRP, in the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats treated with chemotherapy 5- fluorouracil (5-FU). Materials and methods: Two hundred and sixteen animals were subjected to induction of EP by ligature in mandibular first molar right and left. 7 days after the ligature was removed, the animals were randomly divided into 9 groups: EP (n=24) - no treatment; 5FU-EP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU (60mg/kg and 40mg/kg); 5FU-EP-SRP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP; 5FU-EP-SRP-1LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (single session) (660 nm, 0.035 W; 4.2 J, 120 seconds; 1.23 W/cm2); 5FU-EP-SRP-4LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours); 5FU-EP-SRP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by one application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) (LLLT + methylene blue); 5FU-EP-SRP-4aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP followed by aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours); 5FU-EP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU followed by aPDT; 5FU-EP-4aPDT (n=24) - treated systemically with 5-FU, followed by treatment with aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours). Eight animals in each group were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after local treatment. The area of bone loss (BL) in the furcation region was analyzed histometrically, histologically and analysis of immunostaining patterns for RANKL, OPG, TRAP, PCNA and CASP-3-AT were performed. Quantity of cytokine was measured by ELISA for PGE2 and TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated by kits multiplex assays. The prevalence of periodontopathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella nigrescens...

Avaliação de diferentes protocolos de aplicação da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) no tratamento da periodontite induzida em ratos imunossuprimidos com droga quimioterápica: estudo histomorfométrico, imunoistoquímico, imunológico e microbiológico / Evaluation of different protocols of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of the induced periodontitis in rats treated with chemotherapy: a histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, immunologic and microbiological study

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência de múltiplas sessões da Terapia com Laser em Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) coadjuvante a raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR), e da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) associada ou não ao tratamento mecânico de RAR, no tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratos submetidos à quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil. Materiais e Métodos: Duzentos e dezesseis ratos foram submetidos à indução da PE por meio de ligadura no primeiro molar inferior direito e esquerdo. Após 7 dias a ligadura foi removida e os animais separados aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: PE (n=24) - sem tratamento; 5FU-PE (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5FU (60mg/kg e 40mg/kg); 5FU-PE-RAR (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU e com RAR; 5FU-PE-RAR-1LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (sessão única) (660 nm; 0,035 W; 4,2 J, 120 segundos; 1,23 W/cm2); 5FU-PE-RAR-4LLLT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR seguida da LLLT (0, 24, 48 e 72 horas); 5FU-PE-RAR-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e 1 episódio de aPDT (LLLT + azul de metileno); 5FU-PE-RAR-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, com RAR e aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas); 5FU-PE-1aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU seguida da aPDT; 5FU-PE-4aPDT (n=24) - tratados sistemicamente com 5-FU, seguida da aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 horas). Oito animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após tratamento local. A área de perda óssea (PO) na região de furca foi analisada histometricamente, histologicamente e análise dos padrões de imunomarcação para TRAP, PCNA RANKL, OPG e CASP-3-AT foram realizadas. A quantificação da citocina PGE2 foi avaliada pelo ELISA e TNF-α e IL-6 foram avaliadas pelos Kits de ensaio Multiplex. A prevalência de periodontopatógenos, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) e Fusobacterium...

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of multiple sessions of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), adjuvant to the scaling and root planing (SRP), and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), with or without the mechanical treatment of SRP, in the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats treated with chemotherapy 5- fluorouracil (5-FU). Materials and methods: Two hundred and sixteen animals were subjected to induction of EP by ligature in mandibular first molar right and left. 7 days after the ligature was removed, the animals were randomly divided into 9 groups: EP (n=24) - no treatment; 5FU-EP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU (60mg/kg and 40mg/kg); 5FU-EP-SRP (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP; 5FU-EP-SRP-1LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (single session) (660 nm, 0.035 W; 4.2 J, 120 seconds; 1.23 W/cm2); 5FU-EP-SRP-4LLLT (n= 24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by LLLT (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours); 5FU-EP-SRP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP, followed by one application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) (LLLT + methylene blue); 5FU-EP-SRP-4aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU, with SRP followed by aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours); 5FU-EP-1aPDT (n=24) - systemically treated with 5-FU followed by aPDT; 5FU-EP-4aPDT (n=24) - treated systemically with 5-FU, followed by treatment with aPDT (0, 24, 48, 72 hours). Eight animals in each group were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after local treatment. The area of bone loss (BL) in the furcation region was analyzed histometrically, histologically and analysis of immunostaining patterns for RANKL, OPG, TRAP, PCNA and CASP-3-AT were performed. Quantity of cytokine was measured by ELISA for PGE2 and TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated by kits multiplex assays. The prevalence of periodontopathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella nigrescens...

Tratamiento de defectos óseos horizontales en periodoncia con láser Helio - Neón / Treatment of horizontal bone defects in periodontics with the use of helio-neon laser

Se realizó un estudio clínico fase II con 60 pacientes para conocer la eficacia del tratamiento con láser helio-neón en las pérdidas óseas horizontales. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos de 30: un grupo de estudio, en el que se realizó colgajo Kirkland e irradiación con láser helio-neón en una sola dosis de 3 J/cm² en el acto quirúrgico, y un grupo control al que solamente se le realizó colgajo Kirkland. En las mediciones se utilizaron pie de rey y radiografías periapicales. Se utilizó el equipo Lasermed 101 M de fabricación cubana con potencia de salida de 2MW y fibra óptica. Se aplicó el índice de Love para medir la eficiencia del cepillado. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes con periodontitis simple incipiente tuvieron ganancia ósea parcial, mientras que de los que presentaban periodontitis simple moderada, el 83 por ciento mostró ganancia ósea total en el 10 por ciento del grupo tratado; sin embargo, el grupo control se mantuvo sin cambios en el 100 por ciento. En el índice de Love los pacientes que se mantuvieron estables del grupo que había recibido tratamiento con láser presentaron valores superiores al 20 por ciento. Se concluyó que el tratamiento con láser helio-neón en el acto quirúrgico resultó eficaz(AU)

Tratamiento de defectos óseos horizontales en periodoncia con láser Helio - Neón / Treatment of horizontal bone defects in periodontics with the use of helio-neon laser

Se realizó un estudio clínico fase II con 60 pacientes para conocer la eficacia del tratamiento con láser helio-neón en las pérdidas óseas horizontales. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos de 30: un grupo de estudio, en el que se realizó colgajo Kirkland e irradiación con láser helio-neón en una sola dosis de 3 J/cm² en el acto quirúrgico, y un grupo control al que solamente se le realizó colgajo Kirkland. En las mediciones se utilizaron pie de rey y radiografías periapicales. Se utilizó el equipo Lasermed 101 M de fabricación cubana con potencia de salida de 2MW y fibra óptica. Se aplicó el índice de Love para medir la eficiencia del cepillado. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes con periodontitis simple incipiente tuvieron ganancia ósea parcial, mientras que de los que presentaban periodontitis simple moderada, el 83 por ciento mostró ganancia ósea total en el 10 por ciento del grupo tratado; sin embargo, el grupo control se mantuvo sin cambios en el 100 por ciento. En el índice de Love los pacientes que se mantuvieron estables del grupo que había recibido tratamiento con láser presentaron valores superiores al 20 por ciento. Se concluyó que el tratamiento con láser helio-neón en el acto quirúrgico resultó eficaz