Genetic parameters for weight, morphometry and oviposition of Africanized honeybee queens using simulated data / [Parâmetros genéticos para peso, morfometria e oviposição de abelhas rainhas africanizadas sob simulação]

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for simulated data of body weight (BW), abdominal width (AW), abdominal length (AL), and oviposition. Simulation was performed based on real data collected at apiaries in the region of Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Genetic evaluations were performed using single- and two-trait models and (co)variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. The heritability for BW, AW, AL and oviposition were 0.54, 0.47, 0.31 and 0.66, respectively. Positive genetic correlations of high magnitude were obtained between BW and AW (0.80), BW and oviposition (0.69), AW and oviposition (0.82), and AL and oviposition (0.96). The genetic correlations between BW and AL (0.11) and between AW and AL (0.26) were considered moderate and low. In contrast, the phenotypic correlations were positive and high between BW and AW (0.97), BW and AL (0.96), and AW and AL (0.98). Phenotypic correlations of low magnitude and close to zero were obtained for oviposition with AL (0.02), AW (-0.02), and BW (-0.03). New studies involving these characteristics should be conducted on populations with biological data in order to evaluate the impact of selection on traits of economic interest.(AU)

Objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos para dados simulados de peso corporal (PC), largura abdominal (LA), comprimento abdominal (CA) e oviposição (OV). A simulação foi conduzida com base em dados reais, coletados em apiários da região do Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais. As estimativas das análises genéticas foram realizadas por modelos uni e bicaracterísticos, sendo os componentes de (co) variância estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita. As herdabilidades para PC, LA, CA e OV foram de 0,54, 0,47, 0,31 e 0,66 respectivamente. As correlações genéticas foram positivas e de alta magnitude para PC e LA (0,80), PC e OV (0,69), LA e OV (0,82) e CA e OV (0,96). Para PC e CA (0,11) e LA e CA (0,26), as correlações genéticas foram moderadas e de baixa magnitude. As correlações fenotípicas foram positivas e de alta magnitude para PC e LA (0,97), PC e CA (0,96) e LA e CA (0,98). Para OV e CA (0,02), OV e LA (-0,02) e OV e PC (-0,03), foram encontradas correlações fenotípicas de magnitude baixa e próximas de zero. Novos estudos devem ser realizados em populações com dados biológicos, a fim de se observar o impacto da seleção em características de interesse econômico.(AU)

Weight Status of 7-Year-Old Hungarian Children between 2010 and 2016 Using Different Classifications (COSI Hungary).

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity in Hungarian children (age 7.0-7.9 years) according to different classifications, to assess the progress between 2010 and 2016, and to investigate whether tendencies differ according to gender. METHODS: A national representative sample was generated by two-stage cluster sampling, and a total of 2,651 children (50.9% boys; age 7.49 ± 0.3 years) were measured (weight and height) in October 2016. Population estimates were calculated using the WHO, IOTF, and national cut-offs. RESULTS: Prevalence of thinness (including grade 1 and 2) was 12.6% based on the IOTF criteria and 15.6% based on the WHO definition. 22.5% of children were identified as overweight or obese according to the IOTF classification, compared with 28.4% according to the WHO definition. Between 2010 and 2016, each classification indicated possible stability in overweight and obesity prevalence. In contrast, the prevalence of thinness grade 2 almost doubled in 6 years according to all definitions (p < 0.05). No significant gender difference was observed in the progress. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity appeared to be stable over 6 years, but we detected growing thinness rates. Routine collection of high-quality data that are based on standardized and comparable methods is essential to monitor the childhood obesity problem.

New birthweight charts according to parity and type of delivery for the Spanish population / Nuevas curvas de peso al nacer por paridad y tipo de parto para la población española

Objective: Birthweight by gestational age charts enable fetal growth to be evaluated in a specific population. Given that maternal profile and obstetric practice have undergone a remarkable change over the past few decades in Spain, this paper presents new Spanish reference percentile charts stratified by gender, parity and type of delivery. They have been prepared with data from the 2010-2014 period of the Spanish Birth Statistics Bulletin. Methods: Reference charts have been prepared using the LMS method, corresponding to 1,428,769 single, live births born to Spanish mothers. Percentile values and mean birth weight are compared among newborns according to gender, parity and type of delivery. Results: Newborns to primiparous mothers show significantly lower birthweight than those born to multiparous mothers (p<0.036). Caesarean section was associated with a substantially lower birthweight in preterm births (p<0.048), and with a substantially higher birthweight for full-term deliveries (p<0.030). Prevalence of small for gestational age is significantly higher in newborns born by Caesarean section, both in primiparous (p<0.08) and multiparous mothers (p<0.027) and, conversely, the prevalence of large for gestational age among full-term births is again greater both in primiparous (p<0.035) and in multiparous mothers (p<0.007). Conclusions: Results support the consideration of establishing parity and type of delivery-specific birthweight references. These new charts enable a better evaluation of the impact of the demographic, reproductive and obstetric trends currently in Spain on fetal growth (AU)

Objetivo: Las tablas de peso al nacer por edad gestacional permiten evaluar el crecimiento fetal en una población específica. Dado que el perfil materno y la práctica obstétrica han experimentado un sustancial cambio en las últimas décadas en España, este trabajo propone nuevas tablas de referencia de percentiles estratificadas por sexo, paridad y tipo de parto, elaboradas con los datos del periodo 2010-2014 del Boletín Estadístico de Partos. Métodos: Las curvas de referencia han sido elaboradas mediante el método LMS, correspondientes a 1.428.769 nacidos vivos de partos simples y madres españolas. Se comparan los valores por percentiles y la media del peso al nacer, por sexo, paridad y tipo de parto. Resultados: Los nacidos de madres primíparas muestran un peso menor que los nacidos de multíparas (p<0,036). Los nacidos pretérmino por cesárea tienen un peso menor que los nacidos pretérmino por parto vaginal (p<0,048), mientras que ocurre lo contrario en los nacidos a término (p<0,030). La prevalencia de nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional es mayor entre los nacidos por cesárea de madres tanto primíparas (p<0,08) como multíparas (p<0,027), y la prevalencia de nacidos grandes para la edad gestacional es mayor entre los nacidos a término de madres tanto primíparas (p<0,035) como multíparas (p<0,007). Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan establecer referencias de peso al nacer por paridad y tipo de parto. Estas nuevas curvas permiten una mejor evaluación del impacto de las actuales tendencias demográficas, reproductivas y obstétricas en España sobre el crecimiento fetal (AU)

Relación entre perfil antropométrico con la clasificación de bullying en escolares vulnerables chilenos / Relationship between anthropometric profile with classification of bullying in chilean vulnerable schools

Introducción: Las manifestaciones de bullying entre los estudiantes chilenos son cada vez más frecuentes, siendo un tema preocupante al interior de los establecimientos educacionales. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el perfil antropométrico con la clasificación de bullying en estudiantes vulnerables de una escuela de la ciudad de Temuco-Chile (EVUT). Material y métodos: La investigación es transversal. La muestra incluyó 36 sujetos vulnerables (38.9% mujeres), con una media para la edad, peso y estatura de 12,1 años, 60 kilos y 1,56 metros, respectivamente. Las variables estudiadas correspondieron al perfil antropométrico (composición corporal, somatotipo y estado nutricional) y clasificación respecto al bullying (a través del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria). Los análisis se realizaron a través de la prueba de Pearson, Rho de Spearman y Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerando un α < 0,05. Resultados: Los EVUT alcanzan un promedio para la masa adiposa de 39%, masa muscular de 34%, un somatotipo de endomesomorfos (6,1 - 5,1 - 1,6), índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 24,3 kg/m2 y un estado nutricional de sobrepeso/obesidad que alcanza al 69,4%; con una clasificación en torno al bullying correspondiente a 19,5% de observadores, 8,3% de agresores, 22,3% de víctimas y 49,9% sin participación. Conclusión: Si bien no se comprobó la existencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el perfil antropométrico y la clasificación en torno al bullying, se pudo observar una tendencia inversamente proporcional entre el IMC y los sujetos clasificados como víctima (AU)

Introduction: The manifestations of bullying among Chilean students are a recurrent theme within educational establishments. Objective: Determine the relationship between the anthropometric profile with the classification of bullying invulnerable students of a school in the city of TemucoChile (SVT). Methods: The research is transversal. The sample included 36 vulnerable subjects (38.9% female) with a mean for age, weight and height of 12.1 years, 60 kilos and 1.56 meters, respectively. The variables studied corresponded to the anthropometric profile (body composition, somatotype and nutritional status) and classification regarding bullying (through the Assessmente Questionnaire on School Violence in infant and Primary). The analyzed were performed using the Pearson test, Spearman’s Rho and Pearson’s Chi-square, considering α < 0.05. Results: The SVT to reach an average 39% of fat mass, 34% of muscle mass, a somatotype of endo-mesomorphic (6.1 - 5.1 - 1.6), body mass index (BMI) of 24.3 kg/m2 and nutritional status of overweight/obesity that reaches 69.4%; while classification around bullying corresponds to 19.5% of observers, 8.3% of aggressors, 22.3% of victims and 49.9% without participation. Conclusion: Although not confirmed the existence of a statistically significant relationship between anthropometric profile and classification of bullying, it was observed an inverse trend between BMI and subjects classified as victims (AU)

Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population.

Stature estimation from percutaneous body measurements forms part of forensic anthropological analysis for the purpose of identification. This study is aimed at modeling the stature on the basis of percutaneous tibial and/or ulnar length in human subjects comprising of Indo-Mauritian population. The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius on 180 young and healthy students comprising of 90 males and 90 females in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. It is remarked that tibial as well as ulnar length show a linear relationship with the stature, where stature is normally distributed. However, it is required to transform the measurements on stature to obtain appropriate regression equations. Moreover, since ulna and tibia are significantly correlated, it is recommended to use the sum of the ulnar and tibial length to estimate stature, in case both are available for an individual. Our regression models are sufficiently validated and highly efficient.

Composição corporal de pacientes acamados por fraturas do quadril / Body composition in bed-ridden adult patients by hip fracture

As fraturas do quadril são a maior causa de hospitalização da terceira idade, e constituem um considerável encargo econômico e social. A taxa de mortalidade atual após um ano de fratura é acima de 33 por cento, e o risco de morte é maior do quarto ao sexto mês após a fratura. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar alterações na composição corporal de pacientes idosos, durante sua hospitalização por fraturas fêmur proximal, através de métodos antropométricos e análise dos valores fisiológicos de gasto energético. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo utilizando-se 45 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de fratura do quadril. Em todos os casos, foram obtidas medidas diretas e avaliações antropométricas indiretas baseadas em estimativas, nas primeiras 24 horas e repetidas após uma semana de admissão hospitalar. Após uma semana de internação houve diminuição da média do perímetro do braço (0,73 cm, p=0.0052) e da espessura da prega tricipital (1.41 mm, p=0.0181), sem haver modificação das outras variáveis estudadas. A avaliação antropométrica como um meio de se fazer um mapa da composição corporal, em conjunto com as estimativas indiretas sugeridas neste estudo, podem ajudar a determinar o estado nutricional e necessidades calóricas de pacientes idosos.

Hip fractures are a major cause of hospitalization among the elderly, and constitute a considerable social and economic burden. The current mortality rate one year after hip fracture is over 33 percent, the risk of death is greatest 4 to 6 months after fracture. The objective of this study was to use anthropometric methods and physiological energy-expenditure values to assess changes in body composition during hospitalization, in elderly patients admitted for fractures of the proximal femur. A prospective study was performed using a consecutive sequence of 45 patients with diagnosed hip fracture. In all cases, direct measurements and indirect estimate-based anthropometric evaluation were performed in the first 24 hours following admission, and again one week after admission. By one week after admission, there was a decrease in mean arm girth (0.73 cm, p=0.0052) and in triceps fold thickness (1.41 mm, p=0.0181), but not in the other variables tested. Anthropometric evaluation as a means of charting body composition, in conjunction with the indirect estimates suggested here, may help to determine nutritional status and calorie requirements in elderly patients.

Validity of parentally reported weight and height for preschool-aged children in Belgium and its impact on classification into body mass index categories.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of parentally reported weight and height values for preschool-aged children (3-7 years of age) in Belgium and the accuracy of BMI classifications using those data. METHODS: The subjects were 297 preschool-aged children (157 boys and 140 girls). A questionnaire with questions about height and weight was distributed to the children and completed by their parents. Nurses of the Centres for Pupils Counselling conducted anthropometric measurements by following standardized procedures. National and international age- and gender-specific BMI cutoff values were used to determine BMI categories. RESULTS: Mean differences between reported and measured values for weight (-0.57 kg) and BMI (-0.51 kg/m2) were statistically significant, although small. For height, the mean difference (0.14 cm) was not statistically significant. When national and international BMI cutoff values for overweight were used, sensitivity values were 47% and 44%, respectively, and specificity values were 94% and 95%. Among all children requiring nutritional advice on the basis of being overweight or obese, more than one half of the overweight children and >75% of the obese children would be missed with the use of parentally reported weight and height values. Conversely, 70% of the children being classified as underweight with the use of these reported data could be encouraged wrongly to gain weight. The bias of parent-reported BMI values was significantly greater when weight and height were both guessed, rather than being measured at home. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the inaccuracy of parentally reported weight and height values in Belgium for classifying preschool-aged children into BMI categories. Therefore, accurate measurements of weight and height should be encouraged in studies in which BMI of children is a variable of interest.

Mosaics of convergences and noise in morphological phylogenies: what's in a viverrid-like carnivoran?

Adaptive convergence in morphological characters has not been thoroughly investigated, and the processes by which phylogenetic relationships may be misled by morphological convergence remains unclear. We undertook a case study on the morphological evolution of viverrid-like feliformians (Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodon) and built the largest morphological matrix concerning the suborder Feliformia to date. A total of 349 characters grouped into four anatomical partitions were used for all species of Viverridae and viverrid-like taxa plus representatives of the Felidae, Hyaenidae, Herpestidae, and one Malagasy mongoose. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that viverrid-like morphotypes appeared independently at least three times during feliformian evolution. We thus used a synthetic molecular tree to assess morphological evolutionary patterns characterizing the viverrid-like taxa. We examined phylogenetic signal, convergence and noise in morphological characters using (a) tree-length distribution (g1), (b) partitioned Bremer support, (c) RI values and their distribution, (d) respective contributions of diagnostic synapomorphies at the nodes for each partition, (e) patterns of shared convergences among viverrid-like taxa and other feliformian lineages, (f) tree-length differences among alternative hypotheses, and (g) the successive removal of convergent character states from the original matrix. In addition, the lability of complex morphological structures was assessed by mapping them onto the synthetic molecular tree. The unconstrained morphological analysis yielded phylogenetic groupings that closely reflected traditional classification. The use of a synthetic molecular tree (constraint) combined with our thorough morphological investigations revealed the mosaics of convergences likely to have contributed to part of the historical uncertainty over viverrid classification. It also showed that complex morphological structures could be subjected to reversible evolutionary trends. The morphological matrix proved useful in characterizing several feliformian clades with diagnostic synapomorphies. These results support the removal from the traditionally held Viverridae of several viverrid-like taxa into three distinct families: Nandiniidae (Nandinia), Prionodontidae (Prionodon), and the newly defined Eupleridae (including Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres plus all "mongoose-like" Malagasy taxa). No clearly "phylogenetically misleading" data subsets could be identified, and the great majority of morphological convergences appeared to be nonadaptive. The multiple approaches used in this study revealed that the most disruptive element with regards to morphological phylogenetic reconstruction was noise, which blured the expression of phylogenetic signal. This study demonstrates the crucial need to consider independent (molecular) phylogenies in order to produce reliable evolutionary hypotheses and should promote a new approach to the definition of morphological characters in mammals. [Constrained analysis; convergence; evolutionary scenario; Feliformia; morphology; noise; phylogenetic signal; phylogeny; Viverridae.].

Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children.

BACKGROUND: The ratio between the length of the 2nd or index finger and the 4th or ring finger (2D:4D) differs between the sexes, such that males have lower 2D:4D than females, and shows considerable ethnic differences, with low values found in Black populations. It has been suggested that the sex difference in 2D:4D arises early in development and that finger ratio is a correlate of prenatal testosterone and oestrogen. In children, 2D:4D has been reported to be associated with measures of fetal growth, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, developmental psychopathology, autism and Asperger's syndrome. However, little is known of the patterns of sex and ethnic differences in the 2D:4D ratio of children. AIM: To investigate sex and ethnic differences in 2D:4D in Caucasian, Oriental and Black children. STUDY DESIGN: Population survey. METHOD: The 2D:4D ratio was measured from photocopies of the right hand of Berber children from Morocco, Uygur and Han children from the North-West province of China, and children from Jamaica. RESULTS: There were 798 children in the total sample (90 Berbers, 438 Uygurs, 118 Han, and 152 Jamaicans). The 2D:4D ratio was lower in males than in females and this was significant for the overall sample and for the Uygur, Han and Jamaican samples. There were significant ethnic differences in 2D:4D. The Oriental Han had the highest mean 2D:4D, followed by the Caucasian Berbers and Uygurs, with the lowest mean ratios found in the Afro-Caribbean Jamaicans. The sex and ethnic differences were independent of one another with no significant interaction effect. In the overall sample there were no associations between 2D:4D and age and height. CONCLUSIONS: In common with adults, the 2D:4D ratio of children shows sex and ethnic differences with low values found in a Black group. There was no overall association between 2D:4D and age and height suggesting that the sex and ethnic differences in 2D:4D appear early and do not show appreciable change with growth.

Velocidad de crecimiento en niños menores de dos años de construcción de la referencia: comparación internacional y validación local / Growth and velocity in childrens smaller of two years construction of the reference international: comparison and local validation

Las diferencias de crecimiento en los primeros años de de la vida descritas en las distintas etnias y localidades geográficas propiciaron el diseño de un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de velocidad de crecimiento en peso, talla y perímetro cefálico en ciento catorce niños de la ciudad de Caracas durante los primeros años de vida. Se presentan los resultados en promedio y dispersión, graficando los percentiles 10, 50, y 90, se demuestra la simetría de la distribución de las variables tipo gaussiana con la razón p90-p50/p50-p10 igual a 1,1 en promedio y el coeficiente de variación entre los percentiles 90 y 10 con +1,282 desviaciones estándar que oscila entre 0,95 a 1,04 en promedio. Demostramos diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los resultados de la muestra con el estudio longitudinal de Fels (Roche y col.) dada básicamente por la escasa dispersión calculada por los autores. Estas diferencias son relevantes al evaluar la eficacia de la referencia norteamericana con 141 registros de crecimiento anormal y 450 velocidades de incrementos en niños sanos de la ciudad de Caracas, la cual muestra una especificidad menor del 5o por ciento. Las escasas diferencias entre nuestro estudio y la muestra de Ingeborg Brandt se hacen considerables al retar sendos instrumentos con 47 enfermos y 50 niños sanos en la prueba de validez, evidenciando mejoría significativa de la sensibilidad con la referencia local, para definir crecimiento bajo la norma o normal en nuestro medio

Evaluación de la modalidad de refuerzo del programa nacional de alimenttación complementaria de Chile / Chile' national supplementary feeding program: targeting experience

El programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (PNAC) constituye la principal intervención alimentaria de Chile. Esta conformado por dos modalidades: el básico para niños en crecimiento normal y el de refuerzo orientado a la población en riesgo de desnutrir, denutridos activos y recuperados. Este estudio es la primera evaluación que se realiza sobre la modalidad, PNAC de refuerzo con el fin de constatar si en efecto los niños que se incorporan a este esquema lo gran mejorar eficientemente su situación nutricional. Con el propósito de cumplir con el objetivo general se seleccionaron dos consultorios del Area Sur Oriente de Santiago, obteniéndose información retrospectiva de todos los niños bajo control que al momento del estudio fueran mayores de 3 años. La muestra final fue de 2357 niños. El análisis se centró principalmente en los primeros tres años de vida y los episodios de riesgo que alcanzaron a complementarse dentro de ese período. Se realizaron análisis de índice nutricional al nacimiento, al ingreso, y al egreso del primer episodio de riesgo. Para estos últimos se utilizaron los indicadores peso/talla y peso/edad de acuerdo a NCHS (ZScore). Los principales resultados muestran que una alta proporción de los niños participan en la PNAC de Refuerzo. La participación es de 63 por ciento si se considera hasta los 3 años, aumentando a 73 por ciento cuando se observan los niños hasta 6 años,. La duración del primer episodio de riesgo es muy largo; en promedio 17 meses. La tasa de recaída a un segundo episodio es de 30 por ciento y de éstos, 21 por ciento vuelve a recaer por tercera vez, y un 14 por ciento del grupo anterior recae por cuarta vez. La mayoría de los niños, 71 por ciento ingresa al PNAC de refuerzo en condición nutricional normal. La permanencia no guarda relación con el estado nutricional al ingreso y la mejoría al egreso es poco satisfactoria. Estas conclusiones han permitido recomendar que es necesario reformular el PNAC de refuerzo, aspecto que está siendo estudiado actualemente y en ese sentido este estudio ha sido ampliamente utilizado

Análisis de la composición corporal en una muestra de niños de estratos bajos de Caracas / Body composition of Venezuelan children of low socioeconomic class

Se realiza una evaluación del estado nutricional con indicadores de la composición corporal en 152 niños de estratos bajos del Area Metropolitana de Caracas. El análisis tomó variables biológicas y sociales. Para las primeras se utilizó el sistema de la escala O, con el fin de obtener los índices de adiposidad y peso proporcional. Las variables sociales fueron agrupadas de acuerdo al método Graffar. Se efectuaron contrastes a través de pruebas no paramétricas, de acuerdo al sexo, la edad y el estrato social. Los valores del índice de adiposidad y del peso proporcional sugieren una desnutrición energética, alcanzando el déficit calórico un 24 por ciento en la totalidad de la muestra, más pronunciado en los niños que en las niñas. se encontró el mayor porcentaje de niños con baja adiposidad en el estrato V y en los puntajes de Graffar 15 y 16 estrato IV. El retardo observado en el crecimiento en este grupo de acuerdo a las normas nacionales provisionales (Percentil. 25) los identifica como grupo vulnerable, apto para programas de intervención social. Se pone en evidencia la importancia del uso de los indicadores de la composición corporal en la determinación del estado nutricional