RESUMO
MAIN CONCLUSION: Soil acidity in Ethiopian highlands impacts barley production, affecting root system architecture. Study on 300 accessions showed significant trait variability, with potential for breeding enhancement. Soil acidity poses a significant challenge to crop production in the highland regions of Ethiopia, particularly impacting barley, a crucial staple crop. This acidity serves as a key stressor affecting the root system architecture (RSA) of this crop. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the RSA traits variability under acidic soil conditions using 300 barley accessions in a greenhouse experiment. The analysis of variance indicated substantial variations among the accessions across all traits studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 24.4% for shoot dry weight to 11.1% for root length, while the genotypic coefficient variation varied between 18.83 and 9.2% for shoot dry weight and root length, respectively. The broad-sense heritability ranged from 36.7% for leaf area to 69.9% for root length, highlighting considerable heritability among multiple traits. The genetic advances as a percent of the mean ranged from 13.63 to 29.9%, suggesting potential for enhancement of these traits through breeding efforts. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, each containing varying numbers of genotypes with contrasting traits. This diverse group presents an opportunity to access a wide range of potential parent candidates to enhance genetic variablity in breeding programs. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between root angle (RA) and other RSA traits. This helps indirect selection of accessions for further improvement in soil acidity. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the RSA characteristics of barley in acidic soil conditions, aiding in the development of breeding strategies to enhance crop productivity in acidic soil environments.
Assuntos
Genótipo , Hordeum , Raízes de Plantas , Plântula , Solo , Hordeum/genética , Hordeum/fisiologia , Hordeum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hordeum/anatomia & histologia , Solo/química , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Plântula/genética , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/fisiologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Fenótipo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Melhoramento Vegetal , Etiópia , Variação Genética , Análise de Componente Principal , Ácidos/metabolismoRESUMO
Studying the response of physiological and xylem anatomical traits under cadmium stress is helpful to understand plants' response to heavy metal stress. Here, seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. were treated with 50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1 Cd2+ for 28 days. Cadmium and nonstructural carbohydrate content of leaves, stems and roots, root Cd2+ flux, cadmium distribution pattern in stem xylem and phloem, stem xylem hydraulic traits, cell wall component fractions of stems and roots, phytohormonal content such as abscisic acid, gibberellic acid 3, molecule -indole-3-acetic acid, and jasmonic acid from both leaves and roots, as well as xylem anatomical traits from both stems and roots were measured. Root Cd2+ flux increased from 50 to 100 mmol L-1 Cd2+ stress, however it decreased at 150 mmol L-1 Cd2+. Cellulose and hemicellulose in leaves, stems and roots did not change significantly under cadmium stress, while pectin decreased significantly. The nonstructural carbohydrate content of both leaves and stems showed significant changes under cadmium stress while the root nonstructural carbohydrate content was not affected. In both leaves and roots, the abscisic acid content significantly increased under cadmium stress, while the gibberellic acid 3, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid methylester content significantly decreased. Both xylem specific hydraulic conductivity and xylem water potential decreased with cadmium stress, however tracheid diameter and double wall thickness of the stems and roots were not affected. High cadmium intensity was found in both the stem xylem and phloem in all cadmium stressed treatments. Our study highlighted the in situ observation of cadmium distribution in both the xylem and phloem, and demonstrated the instant response of physiological traits such as xylem water potential, xylem specific hydraulic conductivity, root Cd2+ flux, nonstructural carbohydrate content, as well as phytohormonal content under cadmium stress, and the less affected traits such as xylem anatomical traits, cellulose and hemicellulose.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Pinus , Plântula , Xilema , Cádmio/metabolismo , Xilema/metabolismo , Xilema/fisiologia , Pinus/fisiologia , Pinus/anatomia & histologia , Pinus/metabolismo , Pinus/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/fisiologia , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Caules de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Caules de Planta/metabolismo , Caules de Planta/fisiologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The goal of this study was to determine and correlate the main morphometric characteristics of fruits, seeds, and seedling vigor of Agonandra brasiliensis, in Roraima. The design was completely randomized with three treatments, consisting of six replications with 20 seeds. The treatments established were three classes of seeds: T1 - small seeds (S = 1.50-1.69 g); T2 - medium seeds (M = 1.70-1.89 g) and T3 - large seeds (L = 1.90-2.09 g). The variables evaluated were: length; diameter; the fresh mass of fruits and seeds; percentage, speed (in index) and average time of emergence, length of roots and aerial part; number of leaves; fresh, dry and total seedling mass; seedling lignification index; root/shoot ratio and dry root/shoot ratio and correlations between all studied variables. The fresh mass of the fruit of Agonandra brasiliensis has a high positive correlation with the mass of seeds. Small seeds of Agonandra brasiliensis exhibit a higher percentage of emergence in the conditions of the northern Amazon.
Assuntos
Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Biometria , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Frutas/anatomia & histologia , GerminaçãoRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Elevated expression of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins led to closer vein spacing and higher vein density in rice leaves. To feed the growing global population and mitigate the negative effects of climate change, there is a need to improve the photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of major crops such as rice to enhance grain yield potential. Alterations in internal leaf morphology and cellular architecture are needed to underpin some of these improvements. One of the targets is to generate a "Kranz-like" anatomy in leaves that includes decreased interveinal spacing close to that in C4 plant species. As C4 photosynthesis has evolved from C3 photosynthesis independently in multiple lineages, the genes required to facilitate C4 may already be present in the rice genome. The Taiwan Rice Insertional Mutants (TRIM) population offers the advantage of gain-of-function phenotype trapping, which accelerates the identification of rice gene function. In the present study, we screened the TRIM population to determine the extent to which genetic plasticity can alter vein density (VD) in rice. Close vein spacing mutant 1 (CVS1), identified from a VD screening of approximately 17,000 TRIM lines, conferred heritable high leaf VD. Increased vein number in CVS1 was confirmed to be associated with activated expression of two nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. Overexpression of the two NB-LRR genes individually in rice recapitulates the high VD phenotype, due mainly to reduced interveinal mesophyll cell (M cell) number, length, bulliform cell size and thus interveinal distance. Our studies demonstrate that the trait of high VD in rice can be achieved by elevated expression of NB-LRR proteins limited to no yield penalty.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Repetições Ricas em Leucina/genética , Proteínas NLR/genética , Oryza/genética , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , DNA Bacteriano , Resistência à Doença/genética , Expressão Ectópica do Gene , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Repetições Ricas em Leucina/metabolismo , Células do Mesofilo , Mutação , Proteínas NLR/metabolismo , Oryza/anatomia & histologia , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta/citologia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/genéticaRESUMO
The yield and quality of an annual crop are highly dependent on uniform and rapid germination of the seeds. In case of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), the germination and field emergence is always a problem as seeds have thick and hard seed coat. Pre-sowing hydro-priming is one of the most suitable, affordable, easily available, and cost-effective techniques in breaking down seed dormancy to enhance germination. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in Surkhet district of Nepal 2020 to assess the effect of different hydro-priming duration on germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd. The experiment was laid out in single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and seven treatments including different hydro-priming durations (T0: control, T1: 6 hours, T2: 12 hours, T3: 18 hours, T4: 24 hours, T5: 36 hours and T6: 48 hours) of bitter gourd seeds of Palee variety, the most popular variety among the farmers. The highest water uptake and germination were found in 48 hours of seed hydro-primed seeds whereas the lowest water uptake and germination were observed on non-primed seeds. Similarly, the tallest seedling, most vigorous seedling in terms of seedling vigour index I and II was observed in 48 hours hydro-primed seeds followed by 36 hours of seed hydro-priming and shortest seedling and the least vigorous seedling in control. Thus 48 hours of seed hydro-priming was found to be effective for increasing germination and seedling growth in bitter gourd, which needs to be further investigated under large, open-field conditions with different varieties.
Assuntos
Germinação/fisiologia , Momordica charantia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/fisiologia , Água , Vigor Híbrido/fisiologia , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Plântula/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Nowadays, the use of biostimulants to reduce agrochemical input is a major trend in agriculture. In this work, we report on calcium phosphate particles (CaP) recovered from the circular economy, combined with natural humic substances (HSs), to produce a plant biostimulant. CaPs were obtained by the thermal treatment of Salmo salar bones and were subsequently functionalized with HSs by soaking in a HS water solution. The obtained materials were characterized, showing that the functionalization with HS did not sort any effect on the bulk physicochemical properties of CaP, with the exception of the surface charge that was found to get more negative. Finally, the effect of the materials on nutrient uptake and translocation in the early stages of development (up to 20 days) of two model species of interest for horticulture, Valerianella locusta and Diplotaxis tenuifolia, was assessed. Both species exhibited a similar tendency to accumulate Ca and P in hypogeal tissues, but showed different reactions to the treatments in terms of translocation to the leaves. CaP and CaP-HS treatments lead to an increase of P accumulation in the leaves of D. tenuifolia, while the treatment with HS was found to increase only the concentration of Ca in V. locusta leaves. A low biostimulating effect on both plants' growth was observed, and was mainly scribed to the low concentration of HS in the tested materials. In the end, the obtained material showed promising results in virtue of its potential to elicit phosphorous uptake and foliar translocation by plants.
Assuntos
Agricultura/economia , Fosfatos de Cálcio/química , Fosfatos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Substâncias Húmicas/análise , Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Peixes , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Valerianella/química , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Raising nitrogen use efficiency of crops by improving root system architecture is highly essential not only to reduce costs of agricultural production but also to mitigate climate change. The physiological mechanisms of how biochar affects nitrogen assimilation by crop seedlings have not been well elucidated. RESULTS: Here, we report changes in root system architecture, activities of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, and cytokinin (CTK) at the seedling stage of cotton with reduced urea usage and biochar application at different soil layers (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased significantly when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer. Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layer. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT) increased significantly as well. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots. In addition, AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2 were significantly up-regulated in the very fine roots when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied. CONCLUSION: Nitrogen assimilation efficiency was significantly affected when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer at the seedling stage of cotton. The co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in the fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The synergistic expression of the ammonium transporter gene and gdh3 suggests that biochar may be beneficial to amino acid metabolism.
Assuntos
Carvão Vegetal/metabolismo , Gossypium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gossypium/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/metabolismo , Produtos Agrícolas/anatomia & histologia , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gossypium/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The efficient acquisition and transport of nutrients by plants largely depend on the root architecture. Due to the absence of complex microbial network interactions and soil heterogeneity in a restricted soilless medium, the architecture of roots is a function of genetics defined by the soilless matrix and exogenously supplied nutrients such as nitrogen (N). The knowledge of root trait combinations that offer the optimal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is far from being conclusive. The objective of this study was to define the root trait(s) that best predicts and correlates with vegetative biomass under differed N treatments. We used eight image-derived root architectural traits of 202 diverse spinach lines grown in two N concentrations (high N, HN, and low N, LN) in randomized complete blocks design. Supervised random forest (RF) machine learning augmented by ranger hyperparameter grid search was used to predict the variable importance of the root traits. We also determined the broad-sense heritability (H) and genetic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations between root traits and the vegetative biomass (shoot weight, SWt). Each root trait was assigned a predicted importance rank based on the trait's contribution to the cumulative reduction in the mean square error (MSE) in the RF tree regression models for SWt. The root traits were further prioritized for potential selection based on the rg and SWt correlated response (CR). The predicted importance of the eight root traits showed that the number of root tips (Tips) and root length (RLength) under HN and crossings (Xsings) and root average diameter (RAvdiam) under LN were the most relevant. SWt had a highly antagonistic rg (- 0.83) to RAvdiam, but a high predicted indirect selection efficiency (- 112.8%) with RAvdiam under LN; RAvdiam showed no significant rg or rp to SWt under HN. In limited N availability, we suggest that selecting against larger RAvdiam as a secondary trait might improve biomass and, hence, NUE with no apparent yield penalty under HN.
Assuntos
Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Spinacia oleracea/genética , Biomassa , Aprendizado de Máquina , Fenótipo , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/genética , Plântula/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/anatomia & histologia , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismoRESUMO
H2 18 O enrichment develops when leaves transpire, but an accurate generalized mechanistic model has proven elusive. We hypothesized that leaf hydraulic architecture may affect the degree to which gradients in H2 18 O develop within leaves, influencing bulk leaf stable oxygen isotope enrichment (ΔL ) and the degree to which the Péclet effect is relevant in leaves. Leaf hydraulic design predicted the relevance of a Péclet effect to ΔL in 19 of the 21 species tested. Leaves with well-developed hydraulic connections between the vascular tissue and the epidermal cells through bundle sheath extensions and clear distinctions between palisade and spongy mesophyll layers (while the mesophyll is hydraulically disconnected) may have velocities of the transpiration stream such that gradients in H2 18 O develop and are expressed in the mesophyll. In contrast, in leaves where the vascular tissue is hydraulically disconnected from the epidermal layers, or where all mesophyll cells are well connected to the transpiration stream, velocities within the liquid transport pathways may be low enough that gradients in H2 18 O are very small. Prior knowledge of leaf hydraulic design allows informed selection of the appropriate ΔL modelling framework.
Assuntos
Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Transpiração Vegetal/fisiologia , Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Transporte Biológico , Células do Mesofilo/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/fisiologia , Água/fisiologiaRESUMO
Pinus massoniana Lamb. is one of the most sensitive species to acid deposition among forest woody plants, but differences in acid resistance among pine families still exist. It is of great significance to study the differences in acid resistance of Masson pine families and to analyze the physiological regulation mechanism of their acid resistance. In this study, the 100-day-old seedlings of 16 Masson pine families were treated with the simulated acid rain (SAR) at different pH levels (5.6, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5) for 100 days to investigate the plant morphology, chlorophyll content, and root physiological responses. Results showed that pine family No. 35 maintained the good morphology, high chlorophyll content and organic acids secretion, and low plasma membrane permeability exposed to SAR, while family No. 79 presented the opposite. SAR not only increased the root plasma membrane permeability, but also induced an exudation of organic acids from the pine roots, and the test parameters changed sharply when the SAR pH was lower than 4.5. The results indicated that Masson pine could resist to acidic environment (pH 4.5-5.6), and family No. 35 had the acid resistance while the family No. 79 was sensitive to acid stress. The acid resistance diversity of different pine families had close relation with the root physiological processes, including the root plasma membrane permeability and organic acids secretion. For the future research, the natural genetic variation of Masson pine in response to acid stress and its acid resistance mechanism should be further studied.
Assuntos
Pinus/anatomia & histologia , Pinus/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/metabolismo , Solo , Ácidos/metabolismo , Ácidos/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sarcandra glabra is an evergreen and traditional Chinese herb with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Light is one of the most influential factor affecting the growth and quality of herbs. In recent times, the introduction of Light Emission Diode (LED) technology has been widely used for plants in greenhouse. However, the impact of such lights on plant growth and the regulatory mechanism of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds in S. glabra remain unclear. RESULTS: The red LED light (RL) substantially increased the plant height and decreased the stem diameter and leaf area relative to the white LED light (WL), while the blue LED light (BL) significantly reduced the height and leaf area of S. glabra. According to transcriptomic profiling, 861, 378, 47, 10,033, 7917, and 6379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the groups of leaf tissue under BL (BY) vs. leaf tissue under RL (RY), BY vs. leaf tissue under WL (WY), RY vs. WY, root tissue under WL (WG) vs. WY, stem tissue under WL (WJ) vs. WG, and WJ vs. WY, respectively. We identified 46 genes encoding for almost all known enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, e.g., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and flavonol synthase (FLS). We found 53 genes encoding R2R3-MYB proteins and bHLH proteins, respectively, where several were related to flavonoids biosynthesis. A total of 454 metabolites were identified based on metabolomic profiling, of which 44, 87, and 296 compounds were differentially produced in WY vs. RY, WY vs. BY, and WY vs. WG. In BY there was a substantial reduction in the production of esculetin, caffeic acid, isofraxidin, and fraxidin, while the yields of quercitrin and kaempferol were significantly up-regulated. In RY, the contents of cryptochlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and kaempferol decreased significantly. Besides, in WG, the production of metabolites (e.g. chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and scopolin) declined, while their yields increased significantly (e.g. esculetin, fraxetin, isofraxidin, and fraxidin). CONCLUSION: These results provide further insight into the regulatory mechanism of accumulation patterns of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds in S. glabra under various light conditions, allowing optimum breeding conditions to be developed for this plant.
Assuntos
Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Plântula/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Genes de Plantas , Luz , Magnoliopsida/anatomia & histologia , Magnoliopsida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Magnoliopsida/efeitos da radiação , Metabolômica , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/efeitos da radiação , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common challenge in crop production. Screening and research of Fe-efficient cultivars could alleviate plant stress and increase crop yields in Fe-deficient soils. In the present study, we conducted two hydroponic culture experiments with a control (100 µmol/L Fe3+-EDTA) and low Fe treatment (10 µmol/L Fe3+-EDTA) to study the morphological and physiological mechanisms of response to low Fe stress in maize hybrids seedlings. In the first experiment, we investigated 32 major maize hybrids in Southwest China. We found that six of them, including Zhenghong 2 (ZH 2), were Fe-efficient. Fifteen other cultivars, such as Chuandan 418 (CD 418), were Fe-inefficient. In the second experiment, we investigated the Fe-efficient ZH 2 and Fe-inefficient CD 418 cultivars and found that low Fe stress resulted in significant decreases in root volume, root length, number of root tips, root surface area, and root dry weight, and increased root to shoot ratio, average root diameter, and Fe-dissolution ability per mass of roots in both maize cultivars. However, the increase in Fe-dissolution ability per mass of roots in ZH 2 was higher than that in CD 418, whereas for the other measurements, the low Fe stress-induced changes in ZH 2 were less pronounced than in CD 418. Therefore, under low Fe stress, the above-mentioned growth factors in ZH 2 were higher by 54.84%, 121.46%, 107.67%, 83.96%, 140.00%, and 18.16%, respectively, than those in CD 418. In addition, leaf area, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, soluble protein content, and Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD) activities in ZH 2 were higher by 274.95%, 113.95%, 223.60%, 56.04%, 17.01% and 21.13% than those in CD 418. Therefore, compared with the Fe-inefficient cultivar (CD 418), the Fe-efficient cultivar (ZH 2) had a more developed root system and greater Fe absorption capacity per mass of roots under low iron stress, promoted the efficient absorption of Fe, maintained a higher photosynthetic area and photosynthetic rate, thereby facilitating the accumulation of photosynthetic products. Moreover, higher soluble protein content and activities of CAT and POD permitted high osmotic regulation and scavenging ability, which is an important physiological mechanism for ZH 2 adaptation to low Fe stress.
Assuntos
Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Plântula/fisiologia , Zea mays/fisiologia , Ferro/metabolismo , Fotossíntese , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Zea mays/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and 9,311 are two elite rice cultivars in China. They have achieved high yield through quite different mechanisms. One of the major features that gives high yield capacity to 9,311 is its strong early vigor, i.e., faster establishment of its seedling as well as its better growth in its early stages. To understand the mechanistic basis of early vigor in 9,311, as compared to HHZ the cultivar, we have examined, under controlled environmental conditions, different morphological and physiological traits that may contribute to its early vigor. Our results show that the fresh weight of the seeds, at germination, not only determined the seedling biomass at 10 days after germination (DAG), but was also responsible for ~ 80% of variations in plant biomass between the two cultivars even up to 30 DAG. Furthermore, the 9,311 cultivar had a larger root system, which led to its higher nitrogen uptake capacity. Other noteworthy observations about 9,311 being a better cultivar than HHZ are: (i) Ten out of 15 genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were much more highly expressed in its roots; (ii) it had a higher water uptake rate, promoting better root-to-shoot nitrogen transfer; and (iii) consistent with the above, it had higher leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. All of the above identified features explain, to a large extent, why the 9,311, as compared to HHZ, exhibits much more vigorous early growth.
Assuntos
Oryza/anatomia & histologia , Oryza/fisiologia , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Fotossíntese/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/metabolismo , Plântula/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The red (R) and blue (B) light wavelengths are known to influence many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. To understand how R and B light influences plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, we investigated changes in leaf anatomy, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Calvin cycle-related enzymes expression and their activities in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to four light qualities: monochromatic white (W, control), R, B and mixed R and B (RB) light with the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 µmol/m2·s. RESULTS: The results revealed that seedlings grown under R light had lower biomass accumulation, CO2 assimilation and photosystem II (PSII) electron transportation compared to plants grown under other treatments. These changes are probably due to inactivation of the photosystem (PS). Biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation were significantly enriched in B- and RB-grown plants, especially the latter treatment. Their leaves were also thicker, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity, as well as the photosynthetic rate were enhanced. The up-regulation of the expression and activities of Rubisco, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which involved in the Calvin cycle and are probably the main enzymatic factors contributing to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate) synthesis, were also increased. CONCLUSIONS: Mixed R and B light altered plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, mainly through its effects on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic electron transportation and the expression and activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.
Assuntos
Capsicum/efeitos da radiação , Dióxido de Carbono/efeitos da radiação , Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos da radiação , Fotossíntese/efeitos da radiação , Ribulose-Bifosfato Carboxilase/efeitos da radiação , Biomassa , Capsicum/anatomia & histologia , Capsicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Capsicum/fisiologia , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Luz , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/efeitos da radiação , Ribulose-Bifosfato Carboxilase/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/fisiologia , Plântula/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Cuscuta (dodders) is a group of parasitic plants with tremendous economic and ecological significance. Their seeds are often described as "simple" or "unspecialized" because they do not exhibit any classical dispersal syndrome traits. Previous studies of seed morphology and/or anatomy were conducted on relatively few species. We expanded research to 101 species; reconstructed ancestral character states; investigated correlations among seed characters and explored allometric relationships with breeding systems, the size of geographical distribution of species in North America, as well as the survival of seedlings. Seed morphological and anatomical characters permit the separation of subgenera, but not of sections. Identification of Cuscuta species using seed characteristics is difficult but not impossible if their geographical origin is known. Seeds of subg. Monogynella species, exhibit the likely ancestral epidermis type consisting of elongated and interlocked cells, which are morphologically invariant, uninfluenced by dryness/wetness. Subgenera Cuscuta, Pachystigma and Grammica have evolved a seed epidermis with isodiametric cells that can alternate their morphology between two states: pitted when seeds are dry, and papillose after seed imbibition. A seed coat with double palisade architecture throughout the entire seed has also apparently evolved in subgenera Cuscuta, Pachystigma and Grammica, but several species in two clades of the latter subgenus reverted to a single palisade layer outside the hilum area. The same latter species also evolved a peculiar, globose embryo, likely having a storage role, in contrast to the ancestral filiform and coiled embryo present throughout the remainder of the genus. Autogamous species had on average the highest number of seeds per capsule, whereas fully xenogamous taxa had the lowest. No correlation was revealed between the size of the seeds and the size of their geographical distribution in North America, but seedlings of species with larger seeds survived significantly longer than seedlings resulted from smaller seeds. Diversity and evolution of seed traits was discussed in relationship with their putative roles in dormancy, germination and dispersal.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Evolução Biológica , Classificação , Cuscuta/anatomia & histologia , Cuscuta/classificação , Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Análise de Variância , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Tamanho do Órgão , Filogenia , Melhoramento Vegetal , Análise de Regressão , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Sementes/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Leaf stomatal density is known to co-vary with leaf vein density. However, the functional underpinning of this relation, and how it scales to whole-plant water transport anatomy, is still unresolved. We hypothesized that the balance of water exchange between the vapour phase (in stomata) and liquid phase (in vessels) depends on the consistent scaling between the summed stomatal areas and xylem cross-sectional areas, both at the whole-plant and single-leaf level. This predicted size co-variation should be driven by the co-variation of numbers of stomata and terminal vessels. We examined the relationships of stomatal traits and xylem anatomical traits from the entire plant to individual leaves across seedlings of 53 European woody angiosperm species. There was strong and convergent scaling between total stomatal area and stem xylem area per plant and between leaf total stomatal area and midvein xylem area per leaf across all the species, irrespective of variation in leaf habit, growth-form or relative growth rate. Moreover, strong scaling was found between stomatal number and terminal vessel number, whereas not in their respective average areas. Our findings have broad implications for integrating xylem architecture and stomatal distribution and deepen our understanding of the design rules of plants' water transport network.
Assuntos
Estômatos de Plantas/fisiologia , Plântula/fisiologia , Xilema/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estômatos de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água/metabolismo , Madeira , Xilema/fisiologiaRESUMO
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen seedlings do not grow well in the typical red soils of tropical regions. Eighteen culture substances filled with different substrate combinations and proportions of red soil, coconut coir powder, deciduous leaf powder, and sand were used as to determine their effects on the growth, root system development, dry matter accumulation and allocation, leaf relative electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, root superoxide dismutase activity, root malondialdehyde content, and total soluble sugar content of D. odorifera. Results demonstrated that different substrate combinations and proportions had different effects on the performance of D. odorifera. All mixed substrates were better than any single substrate. The suitable substrate combinations and proportions of sand, coconut coir powder, and deciduous leaf powder mixed with red soil improved the growth, root architecture, and physiological characteristics of D. odorifera seedling. For example, groups C1-2 (coconut coir/red soil = 2/2, v/v, the same below) and C3-2 (red soil/sand = 2/2) exerted the best effects on plant growth and biomass accumulation. Groups C1-2, C2-2 (deciduous leaf powder/red soil = 2/2), and C3-2 remarkably enhanced root system development. Group C6 (coconut coir/red soil/sand = 1/1/1) substantially promoted root nodule development. Group C3-1 (red soil/sand = 3/1) exhibited the best effects on physiological characteristics. On the basis of the comprehensive evaluation of Euclid's multidimensional space mathematical model, we found that the suitable substrate combinations followed the order of C1-2 > C3-1 > C2-2. This research provides scientific guidance for the proper seedling culture of D. odorifera and the rational utilization of solid wastes such as coconut coir and deciduous leaves of Ficus elastica.
Assuntos
Dalbergia/fisiologia , Solo/química , Biomassa , Clorofila/análise , Dalbergia/anatomia & histologia , Dalbergia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eletrólitos/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/análise , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/enzimologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/fisiologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most studies of crop salinity tolerance are conducted under short-term stress condition within one growth stage. Understanding of the mechanisms of crop response to long-term salinity stress (LSS) is valuable for achieving the improvement of crop salinity tolerance. In the current study, we exposed allohexaploid wheat seeds to LSS conditions from germination stage to young seedling stage for 30 days. To elucidate the adaptive strategy of allohexaploid wheat to LSS, we analyzed chloroplast ultrastructure, leaf anatomy, transcriptomic profiling and concentrations of plant hormones and organic compatible solutes, comparing stressed and control plants. RESULTS: Transcriptomic profiling and biochemical analysis showed that energy partitioning between general metabolism maintenance and stress response may be crucial for survival of allohexaploid wheat under LSS. Under LSS, wheat appeared to shift energy from general maintenance to stress response through stimulating the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway and suppressing gibberellin and jasmonic acid pathways in the leaf. We further distinguished the expression status of the A, B, and D homeologs of any gene triad, and also surveyed the effects of LSS on homeolog expression bias for salinity-tolerant triads. We found that LSS had similar effects on expression of the three homeologs for most salinity-tolerant triads. However, in some of these triads, LSS induced different effects on the expression of the three homeologs. CONCLUSIONS: The shift of the energy from general maintenance to stress response may be important for wheat LSS tolerance. LSS influences homeolog expression bias of salinity-tolerant triads.
Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Adaptação Fisiológica , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Tolerância ao Sal/genética , Triticum/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Ploidias , Estresse Salino , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/genética , Plântula/fisiologia , Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Sementes/genética , Sementes/parasitologia , Transdução de Sinais , Estresse Fisiológico , Fatores de Tempo , Triticum/anatomia & histologia , Triticum/fisiologiaRESUMO
Chemical defoliation is an important part of cotton mechanical harvesting, which can effectively reduce the impurity content. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is the most used chemical defoliant on cotton. To better clarify the mechanism of TDZ promoting cotton leaf abscission, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on two cotton cultivars (CRI 12 and CRI 49) by using 100 mg L-1 TDZ at the eight-true-leaf stage. Results showed that TDZ significantly promoted the formation of leaf abscission zone and leaf abscission. Although the antioxidant enzyme activities were improved, the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of TDZ increased significantly compared with CK (water). The photosynthesis system was destroyed as net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased dramatically by TDZ. Furthermore, comparative RNA-seq analysis of the leaves showed that all of the photosynthetic related genes were downregulated and the oxidation-reduction process participated in leaf shedding caused by TDZ. Consequently, a hypothesis involving possible cross-talk between ROS metabolism and photosynthesis jointly regulating cotton leaf abscission is proposed. Our findings not only provide important insights into leaf shedding-associated changes induced by TDZ in cotton, but also highlight the possibility that the ROS and photosynthesis may play a critical role in the organ shedding process in other crops.
Assuntos
Desfolhantes Químicos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Gossypium/metabolismo , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Tiadiazóis/farmacologia , Carboidratos/análise , Clorofila/análise , Fibra de Algodão , Desfolhantes Químicos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Ontologia Genética , Gossypium/efeitos dos fármacos , Gossypium/genética , Malondialdeído/análise , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Epiderme Vegetal/anatomia & histologia , Epiderme Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Epiderme Vegetal/ultraestrutura , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Estômatos de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Estômatos de Plantas/fisiologia , RNA-Seq , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Plântula/anatomia & histologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Induced mutation is an important approach for creating novel plant germplasms. The introduction of dwarf or semi-dwarf genes into wheat has led to great advancements in yield improvement. In this study, four elite dwarf wheat mutants, named dm1-dm4, induced from γ-ray irradiation or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, were used to identify transcriptome variations and dwarfing mechanisms. The results showed that the hotspot regions of mutations distributed on the chromosomes were consistent among the four mutant lines and these regions were mainly located around the 50, 360 and 400 Mb positions of chromosome 1A and the distal regions of chromosomes 2A and 2BL. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses suggested that 'protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum' was the most common significantly enriched pathway based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between wildtype (WT) and the mutants. Notably, 18 out of 20 genes involved in this process encode heat shock proteins (HSPs). The results implied that HSPs might participate in wheat dwarfism response and function in the dwarfism process through protein folding and/or degradation. Moreover, seven genes in dm4 involved in modulating auxin levels were down-regulated and dm4 was more sensitive to auxin treatment compared with WT, indicating the important roles of auxin in regulation of dwarf phenotype in dm4. This study not only identified transcriptome sequence variation induced by physical and chemical mutagenesis but also revealed potential dwarfing mechanisms in the wheat mutant lines.