RESUMO
Despite increased use of early detection methods and more aggressive treatment strategies, the worldwide incidence of colorectal cancer is still on the rise. Consequently, it remains urgent to identify novel agents with enhanced efficacy in prevention and/or therapeutic protocols. Our studies focused on the use of Plumbagin, a natural phytochemical that showed promising results against other tumor types, to determine its effectiveness in blocking the proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells in experimental protocols mimicking the environment in primary tumors (attached culture conditions) and in circulating tumor cells (unattached conditions). Under both experimental settings, exposure of HCT116 cells to Plumbagin concentrations in the low micromolar range resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, apoptosis via the mitochondrial cell death pathway, and increased production of reactive oxygen species. The cell cycle effects were more noticeable in attached cells, whereas the induction of cell death was more evident in unattached cells. These effects were consistent with the nature and the magnitude of the alterations induced by Plumbagin on the expression levels of a set of proteins known to play key roles in the regulation of cell cycle dynamics, apoptosis mechanisms and cell proliferation. In light of its previously reported lack of toxicity on normal colon cells and the striking anti-survival effect on colon cancer cells observed in our study, Plumbagin should be considered a promising drug for the treatment of colon cancer.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Naftoquinonas , Extratos Vegetais , Plumbaginaceae , Humanos , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Plumbaginaceae/química , Células HCT116 , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Periodontitis is clinically characterized by destruction of the tooth support system and tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) plays a dominant role in periodontitis. Fractions and isolated compounds from an acetone-water extract of the roots of Limonium brasiliense (Lb) were tested in vitro for their anti-adhesive capacity against Pg on human KB buccal cells, influence on gingipains, the main virulence factors of Pg, and biofilm formation. Fractions EAF and FLB7 (50 µg/mL) reduced the bacterial adhesion of Pg to KB cells significantly (63 resp. 70%). The proanthocyanidin samarangenin A inhibited the adhesion (72%, 30 µM), samarangenin B (71%, 20 µM), and the flavan-3-ol epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (79%, 30 µM). Fraction AQF, representing hydrophilic compounds, reduced the proteolytic activity of Arginin-specific gingipain (IC50 12.78 µg/mL). Fractions EAF and FLB7, characterized by lipohilic constituents, inhibited Arg-gingipain (IC50 3 µg/mL). On Lysine-specific gingipain, AQF has an IC50 15.89, EAF 14.15, and FLB7 6 µg/mL. The reduced bacterial adhesion is due to a strong interaction of proanthocyanidins with gingipains. AQF, EAF, and FLB7 significantly inhibited biofilm formation: IC50 11.34 (AQF), 11.66 (EAF), and 12.09 µg/mL (FLB7). In silico analysis indicated, that the polyphenols act against specific targets of Pg, not affecting mammalian cells. Therefore, Lb might be effective for prevention of periodontal disease by influencing virulence factors of Pg.
Assuntos
Adesinas Bacterianas , Aderência Bacteriana , Biofilmes , Cisteína Endopeptidases , Cisteína Endopeptidases Gingipaínas , Extratos Vegetais , Plumbaginaceae , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Fatores de Virulência , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Adesinas Bacterianas/efeitos dos fármacos , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plumbaginaceae/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Proantocianidinas/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas/isolamento & purificação , Células KB , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel condition characterized by inflammation within the mucous membrane, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and pain experienced in the abdominal region. Existing medications for UC have limited treatment efficacy and primarily focus on symptom relief. Limonium bicolor (LB), an aquatic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), exerts multi-targeted therapeutic effects with few side effects and is used to treat anemia and hemostasis. Nevertheless, the impact of LB on UC and its mechanism of action remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of ethanol extract of LB (LBE) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. The results showed that LBE suppressed the secretion of cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. LBE had protective effects against DSS-induced colitis in mice, decreased the disease activity index (DAI) score, alleviated symptoms, increased colon length, and improved histological characteristics, thus having protective effects against DSS-induced colitis in mice. In addition, it reversed disturbances in the abundance of proteobacteria and probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Blautia in mice with DSS-induced UC. Based on the results of network pharmacology analysis, we identified four main compounds in LBE that are associated with five inflammatory genes (Ptgs2, Plg, Ppar-γ, F2, and Gpr35). These results improve comprehension of the biological activity and functionality of LB and may facilitate the development of LB-based compounds for the treatment of UC.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Sulfato de Dextrana , Disbiose , Etanol , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Plumbaginaceae , Animais , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Disbiose/tratamento farmacológico , Plumbaginaceae/química , Etanol/química , Masculino , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/patologia , Colo/metabolismoRESUMO
Plumbago scandens L. (Plumbaginaceae) occurs in all regions of Brazil. It has been described as toxic to cattle and goats. Caustic lesions in the upper digestive tract characterize poisoning. P. scandens contains a naphthoquinone named plumbagin, which presents high cytotoxic activity. Plumbago auriculata Lam., a widely used ornamental plant, is considered potentially toxic, but there is limited data about its toxicity. This work aimed to validate analytical methodologies for determining the levels of plumbagin in samples of leaves, stems, and rumen content to be used as an auxiliary chemical marker in the laboratory diagnosis of intoxication. One methodology used thin layer chromatography (TLC), and another used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs), corn silage, and rumen content did not interfere with plumbagin in the two methodologies. The TLC methodology generates qualitative results but is simple to implement and has a low cost. The HPLC methodology showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 µg/mL. Leaf and stem samples of P. scandens evaluated showed high levels of plumbagin (0.261 ± 0.087 % and 0.327 ± 0.055 %, respectively). In contrast, leaves of P. auriculata did not show detectable levels of the toxin, and some stem samples showed low levels (up to 0.000114 %). Thus, these methodologies can be used to confirm or rule out the consumption of P. scandens in rumen content from animals suspected of poisoning.
Assuntos
Naftoquinonas , Plumbaginaceae , Animais , Bovinos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Plumbaginaceae/química , Raízes de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, Sicily, Italy, has proven to be a rich source of plants and shrubs used in folk medicine. These plants, often native to the island, have been very poorly investigated for their phytochemical composition and biological potential to be translated into pharmacological applications. To start achieving this purpose, a specimen of Limonium lopadusanum, a plant native to Lampedusa, was investigated for the first time. This manuscript reports the results of a preliminary biological assay, focused on antimicrobial activity, carried out using the plant organic extracts, and the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the secondary metabolites obtained. Thus 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (syn: methyl isovanillate, (1), methyl syringate (2), pinoresinol (3), erythrinassinate C (4) and tyrosol palmitate (5) were isolated. Their antimicrobial activity was tested on several strains and compound 4 showed promising antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Thus, this metabolite has antibiotic potential against the drug-resistant opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis.
Assuntos
Plumbaginaceae , Plumbaginaceae/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Medicina Tradicional , Itália , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Plumbago zeylanica L., a traditional Chinese medicine, has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and it is critical important to explore the chemical compounds and evaluate their biological actions from the medicinal plant. However, the chemical structure and biological activities of polysaccharides from P. zeylanica. were still poorly understood. In this study, two water-soluble polysaccharides named WPZP-2-1 and WPZP-2-2 were purified from P. zeylanica L. Chemical and spectroscopic tests showed that the main chain of WPZP-2-1 was â4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 â 2)-α-L-Rhap-(1â, and the branch chain was galactose or arabinose. The main chain of WPZP-2-2 was composed of â4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 â 2)-α-L-Rhap-(1â, and the O-2 and O-3 of â4)-α-D-GalpA had a small amount of acetylation. In addition, in vitro test showed that WPZP-2-1 and WPZP-2-2 significantly improved the inflammatory damage of LPS + IFN-γ-induced THP-1 cells via reducing the protein levels of CD14, TLR4 and MyD88, thereby promoting IL-10 expression and inhibiting the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß. Those findings indicated that WPZP-2-1 and WPZP-2-2 from the plant should be served as the potential anti-inflammatory agents.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Plumbaginaceae , Plumbaginaceae/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Limonium. Mill is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Plumbaginaceae family. The present study aimed to compare two Limonium species (L.â pruinosum Kuntze and L.â tunetanum (Barratte & Bonnet) Maire) in terms of their chemical composition and bioactivity. Chemical profiling showed that the methanolic (MeOH) extracts of both species were the most enriched with total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents. The TFC were higher in L.â tunetanum compared to L.â pruinosum. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that distinctly the gallic acid and L-tyrosine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin were the main compounds for L.â pruinosum and L.â tunetanum, respectively. For both Limonium. Mil species, the MeOH extracts displayed the highest antioxidant with IC50 of 7.7 and 8.4â µg/mL for L.â pruinosum and L.â tunetanum, respectively. The highest anti-15-lipoxygnase activity was recorded in the ethyl acetate (IC50 =14.2â µg/mL) and Methanol (IC50 =15.6â µg/mL) extracts for L.â pruinosum. However, for L.â tunetanum the best activity was recorded for dichloromethane extract (IC50 =10.4â µg/mL). L.â pruinosum extracts displayed the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and HCT-116â cell lines compared to L.â tunetanum ones. The obtained bioactivity discrepancy between Limonium. Mill species was discussed in relation to the organic extract chemical richness.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Plumbaginaceae , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plumbaginaceae/química , Áreas Alagadas , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologiaRESUMO
Five undescribed guanidine alkaloids, plumbagines HK (1-4) and plumbagoside E (5), as well as five known analogues (6-10) were isolated from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. In addition, 1-10 were accessed their anti-inflammatory activities by measuring nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. However, all compounds especially 1 and 3-5 could not inhibit the secretion of NO but significant increase the secretion of NO. The result reminded us that 1-10 may become potential novel immune potentiators.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Plumbaginaceae , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Guanidinas/química , Guanidinas/isolamento & purificação , Guanidinas/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Raízes de Plantas/química , Plumbaginaceae/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Animais , Camundongos , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
The genus Plumbago (family Plumbaginaceae), commonly known as leadwort, is a sub-tropical shrub that produces secondary metabolite plumbagin, which is employed by pharmaceutical companies and in clinical research. Plumbagin is a potent pharmaceutical because of its anti-microbial, anti-malarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-fertility, anti-plasmodium, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other effects. This review documents the biotechnological innovations used to produce plumbagin. The use of modern biotechnological techniques can lead to a variety of benefits, including better yield, increased extraction efficiency, mass production of plantlets, genetic stability, increased biomass, and more. Large-scale in vitro propagation is necessary to minimize over-exploitation of the natural population and allow the use of various biotechnological techniques to improve the plant species and secondary metabolite production. During in vitro culture, optimum conditions are requisites for explant inoculation and plant regeneration. In this review, we provide information on various aspects of plumbagin, depicting its structure, biosynthesis, and biotechnological aspects (both conventional and advanced) along with the future prospects. KEY POINTS: ⢠Critical assessment on in vitro biotechnology in Plumbago species ⢠In vitro propagation of Plumbago and elicitation of plumbagin ⢠Biosynthesis and sustainable production of plumbagin.
Assuntos
Naftoquinonas , Plumbaginaceae , Plumbaginaceae/química , Plumbaginaceae/metabolismo , Biotecnologia , Naftoquinonas/química , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase-High-performance liquid chromatography) method for the quantitative estimation and validation of the plumbagin in the methanolic fraction of Plumbago zeylanica L. was developed. METHOD: For achieving good separation, the RP-HPLC method was carried out with reverse phase C18 column, using methanol and water as mobile phase in the ratio of 65:35 (v/v), at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 265 nm. RESULTS: The retention time of plumbagin was found at 7.5±0.2 min. The coefficient of determination of plumbagin was found to be (r2) 0.9985 and equation Y=23148x+4327. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 34.06 and 113 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed method was accurate, specific, precise, and reproducible. This RP-HPLC may be useful for quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents present in the plant extract as well as the quality assessment of the herbal product.
Assuntos
Naftoquinonas , Plumbaginaceae , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Plumbaginaceae/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Naftoquinonas/análiseRESUMO
Periodontal diseases are a global oral health problem affecting almost 10% of the global population. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the main bacteria involved in the initiation and progression of inflammatory processes as a result of the action of the cysteine proteases lysin- and arginine-gingipain. Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles containing a lyophilized proanthocyanidin-enriched fraction from the rhizomes of Limonium brasiliense, traditionally named "baicuru" (ethyl acetate fraction), were manufactured. The ethyl acetate fraction was characterized by UHPLC by the presence of samarangenins A and B (12.10 ± 0.07 and 21.05 ± 0.44%, respectively) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (13.44 ± 0.27%). Physiochemical aspects of Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles were characterized concerning particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, ethyl acetate fraction release, and mucoadhesion. Additionally, the presence of the ethyl acetate fraction-loaded microparticles was performed concerning potential influence on viability of human buccal KB cells, P. gingivalis adhesion to KB cells, gingipain activity, and P. gingivalis biofilm formation. In general, all Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles tested showed strong adhesion to porcine cheek mucosa (93.1 ± 4.2% in a 30-min test), associated with a prolonged release of the ethyl acetate fraction (up to 16.5 ± 0.8% in 24 h). Preincubation of KB cells with Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles (25 µg/mL) resulted in an up to 93 ± 2% reduced infection rate by P. gingivalis. Decreased activity of the P. gingivalis-specific virulence factors lysin- and arginine-gingipain proteases by Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles was confirmed. Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles decreased biofilm formation of P. gingivalis (97 ± 2% at 60 µg/mL). Results from this study prove the promising activity of Surelease/polycarbophil microparticles containing ethyl acetate fraction microparticles as a prophylaxis strategy to prevent the recurrence of P. gingivalis.
Assuntos
Plumbaginaceae , Proantocianidinas , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Cisteína Endopeptidases Gingipaínas , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Adesinas Bacterianas , Proantocianidinas/farmacologia , Cisteína Endopeptidases , Plumbaginaceae/químicaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to examine whether Limonium tetragonum, cultivated in a smart-farming system with LED lamps, could increase exercise capacity in mice. C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered vehicle or Limonium tetragonum water extract (LTE), either 30 or 100 mg/kg, and were subjected to moderate intensity treadmill exercise for 4 weeks. Running distance markedly increased in the LTE group (100 mg/kg) by 80 ± 4% compared to the vehicle group, which was accompanied by a higher proportion of oxidative fibers (6 ± 6% vs. 10 ± 4%). Mitochondrial DNA content and gene expressions related to mitochondrial biogenesis were significantly increased in LTE-supplemented gastrocnemius muscles. At the molecular level, the expression of PGC-1α, a master regulator of fast-to-slow fiber-type transition, was increased downstream of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway. LTE induction of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway was also observed in C2C12 cells, which was effectively suppressed by PKA inhibitors H89 and Rp-cAMP. Altogether, these findings indicate that LTE treatment enhanced endurance exercise capacity via an improvement in mitochondrial biosynthesis and the increases in the formation of oxidative slow-twitch fibers. Future study is warranted to validate the exercise-enhancing effect of LTE in the human.
Assuntos
Condicionamento Físico Animal , Extratos Vegetais , Plumbaginaceae , Corrida , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Biogênese de Organelas , Estresse Oxidativo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Resistência Física , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plumbaginaceae/químicaRESUMO
In this study, the antimicrobial properties of Plumbago indica root bark against bacterial strains and a fungal strain were investigatedusing the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and column chromatography analyses were conducted to identify and isolate the active compounds. A docking study was performed to identify possible interactions between the active compound and DNA gyrase using the Schrödinger Glide docking program. Both methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of the root bark showed significant antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria than against the gram-negative bacteria and the fungal strain. The active compound was identified as plumbagin. A disc diffusion assay of plumbagin revealed potent antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking of plumbagin revealed high specificity towards the DNA gyrase binding site with a high fitness score and a minimum energy barrier of -7.651 kcal/mol. These findings indicate that P. indica exhibits significant antimicrobial activity, primarily due to the presence of plumbagin. The specificity of plumbagin toward DNA gyrase in S. aureus indicates the feasibility of utilizing P. indica for developing new drug leads against drug resistant microbial strain. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Plumbaginaceae , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , DNA Girase/metabolismo , Ligantes , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/metabolismo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Naftoquinonas , Plumbaginaceae/química , Plumbaginaceae/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Plumbago indica L. is considered a valuable source in the Plumbaginaceae family for various types of active compound such as alkaloids, phenolics and saponins. To promote the usage of P. indica in the bionanotechnology field, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were biosynthesized by using its alcoholic extract. The inhibitory effects of ZnONPs and the plant extract were also evaluated against HSV-1. METHODS: ZnONPs were described by the following techniques, UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The phenolic and flavonoid contents of P. indica extract, which are accountable for bioreduction, formation and stabilization of the nanoparticles, were analyzed by HPLC technique. The antiviral assessment was implemented on both agents by using Vero cell lines. RESULTS: DLS revealed that the average size of ZnONPs was 32.58 ± 7.98 nm and the zeta potential was -20.8 mV. The observation of TEM analysis revealed that the particle size of ZnONPs varied from 2.56 to 8.83 nm. The XRD analysis verified the existence of pure crystals of hexagonal shapes of nanoparticles of ZnO with a main average size of 35.28 nm that is approximating to the values of particle size acquired by SEM analysis (19.64 and 23.21 nm). The HPLC analysis of P. indica ethanolic extract showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin were the major compounds, with concentrations equal to 8203.99, 2965.95 and 1144.99 µg/g, respectively. Regarding the antiviral assessment, the synthesized uncalcinated ZnONPs were found to exhibit a promising activity against HSV-1, with CC50 and IC50 values equal to 43.96 ± 1.39 and 23.17 ± 2.29 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: The green synthesized ZnONPs are considered promising adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of HSV-1 drugs.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Plumbaginaceae , Óxido de Zinco , Antivirais/farmacologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plumbaginaceae/química , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
Plumbago europaea L. is a plant utilized in Palestinian ethnomedicine for the treatment of various dermatological diseases. The current investigation was designed to isolate plumbagin from P. europaea leaves, roots and for the first time from the stems. Moreover, it aimed to evaluate the antimycotic activity against three human fungal pathogens causing dermatophytosis, also against an animal fungal pathogen. The qualitative analysis of plumbagin from the leaves, stems, and roots was conducted using HPLC and spectrophotometer techniques, while the structure of plumbagin was established utilizing Proton and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Infrared (IR) techniques. The entire plant constituents were determined by GC-MS. Moreover, the antimycotic activity against Ascosphaera apis, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was assessed utilizing the poison food technique method. The percentage of plumbagin recorded in the leaves, stems, and roots was found to be 0.51±0.001%, 0.16±0.001%, and 1.65±0.015%, respectively. The GC-MS examination declared the presence of 59 molecules in the plant extract. The plant extract and pure plumbagin exhibited complete inhibition against all tested dermatophytes at 6.0mg/mL for the extracts and 0.2mg/mL for plumbagin. P. europaea root is the best source of plumbagin and the plant extract could represent a potential drug candidate for the treatment of dermatophytosis infections. Further studies required to design suitable dosage forms from the natural P. europaea root extracts or plumbagin alone, to be utilized for the treatment of dermatological and veterinary ailments.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Naftoquinonas/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Caules de Planta/química , Plumbaginaceae/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microsporum/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Onygenales/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrofotometria InfravermelhoRESUMO
This work aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extracts and their fractions of two edible halophytic Limonium species, L. effusum (LE) and L. sinuatum (LS). The total phenolic content resulted about two-fold higher in the ethyl acetate fraction of LE (522.82 ± 5.67 mg GAE/g extract) than in that of LS (274.87 ± 1.87 mg GAE/g extract). LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that tannic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in both species (71,439.56 ± 3643.3 µg/g extract in LE and 105,453.5 ± 5328.1 µg/g extract in LS), whereas hyperoside was the most abundant flavonoid (14,006.90 ± 686.1 µg/g extract in LE and 1708.51 ± 83.6 µg/g extract in LS). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and TAC assays, and the stronger antioxidant activity in ethyl acetate fractions was highlighted. Both species were more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram negatives and showed considerable growth inhibitions against tested fungi. Interestingly, selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed with LE and LS. Particularly, the water fraction of LS strongly inhibited AChE (IC50 = 0.199 ± 0.009 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fractions of LE and LS, as well as the n-hexane fraction of LE, exhibited significant antityrosinase activity (IC50 = 245.56 ± 3.6, 295.18 ± 10.57 and 148.27 ± 3.33 µg/mL, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract of LS also significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 83.76 ± 4.19 and 162.2 ± 7.29 µg/mL, respectively). Taken together, these findings warrant further investigations to assess the potential of LE and LS as a bioactive source that can be exploited in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries.
Assuntos
Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plumbaginaceae/química , Polifenóis/análise , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Proteínas de Peixes/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Lipase/antagonistas & inibidores , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
This work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of the aromatic plant Limonium oleifolium Mill. essential oil (EO) and organic extracts. L.â oleifolium aerial parts essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, and 46 constituents representing 98.25±1.12 % of the oil were identified. γ-Muurolene (10.81±0.07 %), cis-caryophyllene (7.71±0.06 %), o-cymene (7.07±0.01 %) and α-copaene (5.02±0.05 %) were the essential oil main compounds. The antioxidant activity of L.â oleifolium EO and organic extracts (MeOH, CHCl3 , AcOEt, BuOH) was explored using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, ß-carotene/linoleic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing power assays. The results showed that L.â oleifolium EO exhibit antioxidant capacity (IC50 =17.40±1.32â µg/mL for DPPH assay, IC50 =29.82±1.08â µg/mL for ß-carotene assay, IC50 =25.23±1.01â µg/mL for ABTS assay, IC50 =9.11±0.08â µg/mL for CUPRAC assay and IC50 =19.41±2.06â mg/mL for reducing power assay). Additionally, the EO showed significant activity against trophozoite form of Acanthamoeba castellanii (IC50 =7.48±0.41â µg/mL) and promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 =19.36±1.06â µg/mL) and low cytotoxicity on murine macrophages (LC50 â 90.23±1.09â µg/mL), as well as good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that L.â oleifolium essential oil is a valuable source of bioactive compounds presenting antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is considered nontoxic.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plumbaginaceae/química , Acanthamoeba castellanii/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antiparasitários/química , Antiparasitários/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzotiazóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Sulfônicos/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The genus Limonium includes important halophyte plants containing a variety of bioactive compounds of therapeutic interest. In the present work, the untargeted phytochemical profiles of both aerial part and root extracts from six Limonium species namely, L. bellidifolium, L. globuliferum, L. gmelinii, L. lilacinum, L. sinuatum and L. iconicum from Turkey were determined. Furthermore, several biological activities (in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects) were investigated. Overall, significant amounts of total phenolics (43.64-238.18 mg g-1) and flavonoids (1.61-129.69 mg g-1) were recorded. Particularly, the root extracts of L. gmelinii, L. iconicum and L. globuliferum showed the highest total phenolic content (204.13-238.18 mg g-1), whilst the highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the root extracts of L. gmelinii (129.69 mg g-1). Overall, the tested extracts demonstrated potent radical scavenging activities in both DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (90.10-507.94 mg g-1 and 163.39-1175.34 mg g-1, respectively). However, the highest scavenging potential (p < 0.05) was displayed by the root extracts of L. iconicum. Conversely, the metal chelating ability assay revealed that L. lilacinum root extract showed the highest activity (21.03 mg g-1). Interestingly, all the extracts were found to be active inhibitors of cholinesterases (AChE (acetylcholinesterase): 4.20-5.11 mg GALAE (galantamine equivalent) per g; BChE (butyrylcholinesterase): 3.89-10.75 mg GALAE per g), amylase (0.52-1.09 mmol ACAE (acarbose equivalent) per g) and tyrosinase (119.41-155.67 mg KAE (kojic acid equivalent) per g), unlike for glucosidase (2.31-2.41 mmol ACAE per g). Taken together, these findings demonstrated a diverse chemical profiles and biological of the extracts, to be potentially considered as phytotherapeutic or functional ingredients due to their antioxidant properties and inhibition of key enzymes involved in several diseases.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Metaboloma , Plumbaginaceae/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Inibidores Enzimáticos/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Fenóis/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Plumbaginaceae/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , TurquiaRESUMO
The pro-apoptotic property of n-BuOH extract of Limonium duriusculum (BEL) and its major isolated components [apigenin (APG1) and apigenin7-O-ß-D-(6''-methylglucuronide) (APG2)] were tested. The anti-proliferative IC50 of BEL and APG1 was quantified as 7.60 µg/mL and 25.74 µM respectively, while APG2 did not affect cell proliferation in HCT116 p53 wild type cells. Growth inhibition by BEL treatment was associated with reduced signaling from the MAP kinase, activation of the p53 response pathway and PARP cleavage. The multi-effect of Limonium duriusculum could be due through their major apigenin compounds and the other bioactive constituents that may possibly act in synergy to exercise the most favorable anti-tumor activities.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Apigenina/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Plumbaginaceae , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Apigenina/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Plumbaginaceae/química , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53RESUMO
Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana is an endemic plant of Kazakhstan of which phytochemical analysis has not been reported. The present study found out that this species enriched with antioxidant chemicals. Isolation and structural identification processes reveal twelve phenolic compounds (1-12) having dihydroflavanonol, flavonol, isoflavone and flavanol skeletons. The annotation of individual components in the extract was carried out by LC-ESI-MS/MS to represent a chemotaxonomic marker of the target plant. The antioxidant activities of all compounds were screened using three different radical sources (DPPH, ORAC, and hydroxyl radicals). Most compounds (1-11) had significant antioxidant activity against three radical sources, and their efficacies were found to differ by their functionality and skeleton. The potential of the isolated compounds in preventing oxidative damage of DNA was evaluated with pBR322 plasmid DNA. Compounds (1, 5, 7, and 8) had protective effects on DNA damaged with 80% efficacy at 60 µM concentration.