O financiamento da infraestrutura urbana de esporte no Brasil: fontes, magnitude e direcionamento do orçamento federal de 2004 a 2019 / Financing urban sports infrastructure in Brazil: sources, magnitude and direction of the federal budget from 2004 to 2019

O objetivo desta investigação científica foi analisar o financiamento e gasto do orçamento público federal com a infraestrutura urbana de esporte de 2004 a 2019. O estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, de cunho quantiqualitativo, desenvolvida a partir de levantamento documental no Siga Brasil, tendo sido os dados analisados a partir dos indicadores "fontes de financiamento", "magnitude" e "direção do gasto". A maioria dos recursos para infraestrutura de esporte foi proveniente do Ministério do Esporte/Secretaria Especial do Esporte e de recursos ordinários advindos de emendas parlamentares. Ao longo do tempo oscilaram bastante os referidos gastos, tendo eles sofrido contingenciamentos. O direcionamento dos recursos se deu, principalmente, com grandes eventos esportivos e esteve concentrado na região Sudeste.

The objective of this scientific investigation was to analyze the financing and expenditure of the federal public budget on urban sports infrastructure from 2004 to 2019. The study is characterized as descriptive-exploratory research, with a quantitative and qualitative nature, developed from a survey document in Siga Brasil, the data having been analyzed based on indicators of funding sources, magnitude and direction of expenditure. Most of the resources for sports infrastructure came from the Ministério do Esporte/Secretaria Especial do Esporte and from ordinary resources arising from parliamentary amendments. Over time, these expenses fluctuated a lot, having suffered restrictions. The allocation of resources took place, mainly, with major sporting events and were concentrated in the Southeast region.

A financeirização das políticas sociais no 'neodesenvolvimentismo': estratégias de ampliação do capital financeiro / The financialization of social policies in 'neodesenvolvimentism': strategies for expanding financial capital / Financialización de políticas sociales en 'neodesenvolvimentismo': estrategias paraampliar el capital financiero

O objetivo deste artigo foi o de, primeiramente, problematizar o modelo político socioeconômico adotado pelo governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores - PT, sob a liderança de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 e 2007-2010) e Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014), denominado de 'neodesenvolvimentista'. Secundariamente, o texto busca apontar alguns elementos presentes das políticas sociais nesse contexto, com foco na primeira gestão deste período e articulá-los às transformações sofridas pelo capitalismo nas últimas décadas, como o processo de financeirização e monetarização, enquanto estratégias de reduzir as contradições sociais, por meio do estímulo ao consumo de bens e serviços e sua articulação com o modelo 'neodesenvolvimentista'. O artigo foi elaborado a partir da revisão de literatura sobre alguns dos principais teóricos que discorreram sobre a temática, tais como Behring e Boschetti (2011), Pereira (2012), Paulani (2014), Pfeifer (2017), Brettas (2017) Boito Jr. (2018), Antunes (2018), Silva (2012), Oliveira (1998) e Salvador (2017).(AU)

The objective of the article was to, firstly, problematize the socio-economic political model adopted by the Workers Party - PT government, under the leadership of Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 and 2007-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014), called 'neo-developmentalist'. Secondarily, the text seeks to point out some elements present in social policies in this context, focusing on the first administration of this period and linking them to the transformations undergone by capitalism in recent decades, such as the process of financialization and monetization, while directed to reduce social contradictions, through the stimulus to the consumption of goods and services and its articulation with the 'neodevelopmentalist' model. The article was elaborated from a literature review on some of the main theorists who spoke on the subject, such as Behring and Boschetti (2011), Pereira (2012), Paulani (2014), Pfeifer (2017), Brettas (2017) Boito Jr. (2018), Antunes (2018), Silva (2012), Oliveira (1998) and Salvador (2017).(AU)

El objetivo del artículo fue, en un primer momento, discutir el modelo político socio-económico adoptado por el gobierno del Partido de los Trabajadores - PT, bajo el liderazgo de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 y 2007-2010) y Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014), llamado 'neodesarrollista'. En segundo lugar, el texto busca señalar algunos elementos presentes en las políticas sociales en este contexto, enfocándose en la primera administración de este período y vinculándolos a las transformaciones que ha experimentado el capitalismo en las últimas décadas, como el proceso de financiarización y monetización, mientras dirigido a reducir las contradicciones sociales, a través del estímulo al consumo de bienes y servicios y su articulación con el modelo 'neodesarrollista'. El artículo fue elaborado a partir de una revisión de la literatura sobre algunos de los principales teóricos que hablaron sobre el tema, como Behring y Boschetti (2011), Pereira (2012), Paulani (2014), Pfeifer (2017), Brettas (2017) Boito Jr. (2018), Antunes (2018), Silva (2012), Oliveira (1998) y Salvador (2017).(AU)

COVID-19 induced economic loss and ensuring food security for vulnerable groups: Policy implications from Bangladesh.

At present nearly half of the world's population is under some form of government restriction to curb the spread of COVID-19, an extremely contagious disease. In Bangladesh, in the wake of five deaths and 48 infections from COVID-19, between March 24 and May 30, 2020, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown. While this lockdown restricted the spread of COVID-19, in the absence of effective support, it can generate severe food and nutrition insecurity for daily wage-based workers. Of the 61 million employed labor force in Bangladesh, nearly 35% of them are paid on a daily basis. This study examines the food security and welfare impacts of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on daily wage workers both in the farm and nonfarm sectors in Bangladesh. Using information from more than 50,000 respondents complied with the 2016-17 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) in Bangladesh, this study estimates daily wage rates as Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 272.2 in the farm sector and BDT 361.5 in the nonfarm sector. Using the estimated daily wage earnings, this study estimates that a one-day complete lockdown generates a US$64.2 million equivalent economic loss only considering the wage loss of the daily wage workers. After estimating the daily per capita food expenditure separately for farm and nonfarm households, this study estimates a minimum compensation package for the daily wage-based farm and nonfarm households around the US $ 1 per day per household to ensure minimum food security for the daily wage-based worker households.

An Evaluation of the Impact of Monetary Easing Policies in Times of a Pandemic.

This article tests five major economies of the world, United Kingdom, Japan, Brazil, Chin and lastly, India, for the changes in the monetary policy decisions that have been implemented following the Covid-19 outbreak. The assessment was undertaken in the form of an event study analysis, further substantiated with a regression analysis conducted for exploring the significance of CPI and real GDP in predicting the policy interest rates in the economy. The results of the event study analysis presented that the abnormal changes in the interest rates were statistically significant in the case of the United Kingdom, Brazil, and China, while the abnormal changes were found to be statistically insignificant in the case of India and Japan.

Ações do Governo Federal no combate à coronacrise: limites, insuficiências e escassos acertos / Federal Government actions in the fight against coronacrisis: limits, insufficiencies and few successes

Resumo O artigo analisa as ações do Governo Federal no contexto do combate à Covid-19, estabelecendo seus limites, insuficiências e mesmo os escassos acertos, conforme dados disponíveis até o momento, haja vista o fato de a Emenda Constitucional (EC) nº 106/2020 ter sido recentemente publicada, impossibilitando uma análise real de seus efeitos, razão pela qual se avaliaram seus institutos e possíveis reflexos. Dentre as medidas consideradas estão: Lei nº 13.979/2020, Medida Provisória (MP) nº 924/2020; Portaria nº 395/2020; Plano do Ministério da Economia de R$ 147,3 bilhões; MP nº 296/2020; Decreto nº 10.283/2020; e a EC nº 106/2020. Utiliza-se metodologia de abordagem dedutiva e de inferência, no campo teórico, com métodos de procedimento histórico e legal. Por fim, uma série de conclusões são extraídas, são elas: a continuidade do vínculo entre o Governo Federal e a racionalidade neoliberal, que é parte da sua plataforma política, mesmo quando se analisa a EC nº 106/2020; a necessidade de revogação da EC nº 95/2016, para que se tenha maior margem de atuação na contenção dos danos; e a aferição de que a maior parcela dos recursos injetados pelo Governo Federal neste combate não constituem créditos novos e sim remanejamento e antecipação de valores futuros já previstos, diferindo das posturas estatais internacionais.

Abstract The article analyzes the actions of the Federal Government in the context of combating Covid-19, establishing its limits, shortcomings and even the few successes, according to data available so far, given the fact that Constitutional Amendment (EC) No. 106/2020 recently published, making it impossible to carry out a real analysis of its effects, which is why its institutes and possible reflexes were evaluated. Among the measures considered are: Law No. 13,979/2020, Provisional Measure (MP) No. 924/2020; Ordinance No. 395/2020; Ministry of Economy Plan of R $ 147.3 billion; MP No. 296/2020; Decree No. 10,283/2020; and EC No. 106/2020. A deductive and inference approach methodology is used in the theoretical field, with historical and legal procedure methods. Finally, a series of conclusions are drawn, such as: the continuity of the link between the Federal Government and neoliberal rationality, which is part of its political platform, even when analyzing EC 106/2020; the need to revoke EC No. 95/2016, so that there is greater scope for action to contain damage; and the assessment that the greater part of the resources injected by the Federal Government in this fight do not constitute new credits, but rather the re-management and anticipation of future values already foreseen, differing from international state positions.

Financiamento público, preparação olímpica e aplicação de recursos: o caso da confederação brasileira de handebol / Public funding, olympic preparation and resources application: the case of the brazilian handball confederation

RESUMO Esse estudo, de caráter documental, teve como objetivo investigar o volume e a aplicação de recursos públicos federais da CBHb no período entre 2008 e 2016, em relação as funções estabelecidas às entidades de administração do esporte, pelo Sistema Brasileiro do Desporto. Identificou-se as principais receitas da entidade e coletou-se documentos e prestações de contas (e.g. e-SIC, ME e COB) contendo os valores dos repasses e suas aplicações. Considerou-se apenas os valores executados pela entidade. No período, a CBHb executou R$ 129,6 milhões, que, embora segmentados, teve como a principal fonte os repasses de empresas estatais (41%). Em sua maioria, os recursos apresentaram interrupções e expressivas variações, mas que ao longo do período sofreram um aumento expressivo, justificado pela necessidade de impulsionar a preparação olímpica. Os dados apontaram para uma sobreposição no uso das políticas de financiamento quanto sua aplicação no esporte de elite e suas áreas de atuação. Identificou-se a ausência de uma política estruturada que garanta a oferta de atividades esportivas nas esferas educacionais e de participação que, consequentemente, alimentam o esporte de elite. Além disso, as políticas desenvolvidas se caracterizaram como ações que embora retardem o abandono do esporte, tendem a não estimular a renovação esportiva.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this documentary study was to investigate the amount and allocation of public funding directed to the CBHb in the period between 2008 and 2016, in relation to the functions established to sports federations, by the Brazilian System of Sports. The main revenues of the entity were identified, and documents and accounts (e.g. e-SIC, ME e BOC) that contained the amounts of the onlendings were collected. Were considered only the values executed by the entity. In the period, CBHb executed R $ 129.6 million, which, although segmented, had as its main source the resources coming from state-owned companies (41%). For the most part, resources presented interruptions and significant variations in their onlendings, however, over the period, they suffered a significant increase, justified by the need to boost the Olympic preparation. The data pointed to an overlap in the use of financing policies regarding its application in elite sport and its areas of activity. It was identified the absence of a structured policy that guarantees the provision of sports activities in other spheres that, consequently, feed the elite sport. The policies developed have been characterized as actions that, although delaying the abandonment of sports, tend not to stimulate sports renewal.

Crisis in Brazil and impacts on the fragile regional and federative health policy governance. / Crise no Brasil e impactos na frágil governança regional e federativa da política de saúde.

Since 2014, Brazil has been experiencing an economic-fiscal-political-institutional crisis. This study evaluates whether the implementation of crisis responses contributed to weaken SUS regional and federative governance. This is an implementation study, and two theoretical categories of public health, the power in Testa and the subject in Campos have been incorporated. It presumes that the implementation shifts power and develops subjects. We analyzed public data from 2014 to 2018, organized into four axes of analysis: a) instruments for implementing crisis response; b) parliament and judicial interference in investments; c) legal frameworks of regionalization; d) federative actors and possible defense coalitions. Results show reduced federal resources, specifically for regional care networks; increased parliament and judicial interference with health resources, due to the evolution of congressional amendments and lawsuits, and changes in SUS regionalization guidelines. There is a shift of power from federative regional arrangements to the central government, parliament, the judiciary, and isolated local services. It is concluded that the response to the crisis weakened the regional federative governance of SUS, aggravating the impacts of the crisis on health.

Desde 2014, o Brasil vive crise econômica-fiscal-política-institucional. Este estudo avalia se a implementação das respostas à crise contribuiu para fragilizar a governança regional e federativa do SUS. Trata-se de estudo de implementação, ampliando-o com duas categorias da saúde coletiva, o poder em Testa e o sujeito em Campos, compreendendo que a implementação desloca poder e constrói sujeitos. Analisamos dados públicos, de 2014 a 2018, organizados em quatro eixos de análise: a) instrumentos de implementação da resposta à crise; b) interferência do Legislativo e do Judiciário nos investimentos; c) marcos legais da regionalização; d) atores federativos e possíveis coalizões de defesa. Os resultados revelam redução de recursos federais, especificamente para redes regionais de atenção; aumento da interferência legislativa e judicial nos recursos da saúde, pela evolução das emendas parlamentares e das ações judiciais e mudanças nas diretrizes de regionalização do SUS. Observa-se deslocamento de poder dos arranjos regionais federativos para o governo central, parlamento, judiciário e serviços locais isolados. Conclui-se que a resposta à crise fragilizou a governança regional federativa do SUS, agravando os impactos da crise na saúde.

Envejecimiento Positivo para Chile: ¿Una vejez sin Estado? / Positive aging for Chile. Aging without State? / Envelhecimento positivo/ativopara o Chile? Uma velhice sem Estado?

El artículo propone analizar y constatar la vigencia dealgunos de los postulados del economista estadounidense, Milton Friedman, y su relación con la política pública, en específico para el caso de Chile, y las políticas en materia de envejecimiento. Desdeuna aproximación sociohistórica y biopolítica al tratamiento que la vejez ha tenido a nivel público, se analizan los postulados de Friedman, y como estos promueven la construcción de un sujeto activo-exitoso, como único responsable de su devenir. Finalmente se comparten reflexiones que podrían contribuir a re-elaborar y tensionar las propuestas de envejecimiento positivo-activopara Chile, y Latinoamérica.

The article proposes to analyze and verify the validity of some of the postulates of the American economist, Milton Friedman, and their relationship with public policy, specifically in the case of Chile, and aging policies. From a sociohistorical and biopolitical approach to the treatment that old age has had at the public level, Friedman's postulates are analyzed, and how they promote the construction of an active-successful subject, as the only person responsible for their future. Finally, reflections are shared that could contribute to re-elaborate and discuss the proposals of positive-active aging for Chile, and Latin America.

O artigo propõe analisar e verificar a validade de alguns dos postulados do economista americano Milton Friedman e sua relação com políticas públicas, especificamente no caso do Chile, e políticas de envelhecimento.De uma abordagem sócio-histórica e biopolítica ao tratamento que a velhice teve no nível público, são analisados os postulados de Friedman e como eles promovem a construção de um sujeito ativo e bem-sucedido, como aúnica pessoa responsável por seu futuro. Por fim, são compartilhadas reflexões que poderiam contribuir para reelaborar e enfatizar aspropostas de envelhecimento positivo e ativopara o Chile e a América Latina.

Evaluation of a social protection policy on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) still represents a major public health problem in Latin America, with low success and high default rates. Poor adherence represents a major threat for TB control and promotes emergence of drug-resistant TB. Expanding social protection programs could have a substantial effect on the global burden of TB; however, there is little evidence to evaluate the outcomes of socioeconomic support interventions. This study evaluated the effect of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) policy on treatment success and default rates in a prospective cohort of socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data were collected on adult patients with first diagnosis of pulmonary TB starting treatment in public healthcare facilities (HCFs) from 16 health departments with high TB burden in Buenos Aires who were followed until treatment completion or abandonment. The main exposure of interest was the registration to receive the CCT. Other covariates, such as sociodemographic and clinical variables and HCFs' characteristics usually associated with treatment adherence and outcomes, were also considered in the analysis. We used hierarchical models, propensity score (PS) matching, and inverse probability weighting (IPW) to estimate treatment effects, adjusting for individual and health system confounders. Of 941 patients with known CCT status, 377 registered for the program showed significantly higher success rates (82% versus 69%) and lower default rates (11% versus 20%). After controlling for individual and system characteristics and modality of treatment, odds ratio (OR) for success was 2.9 (95% CI 2, 4.3, P < 0.001) and default was 0.36 (95% CI 0.23, 0.57, P < 0.001). As this is an observational study evaluating an intervention not randomly assigned, there might be some unmeasured residual confounding. Although it is possible that a small number of patients was not registered into the program because they were deemed not eligible, the majority of patients fulfilled the requirements and were not registered because of different reasons. Since the information on the CCT was collected at the end of the study, we do not know the exact timing for when each patient was registered for the program. CONCLUSIONS: The CCT appears to be a valuable health policy intervention to improve TB treatment outcomes. Incorporating these interventions as established policies may have a considerable effect on the control of TB in similar high-burden areas.

Austerity and the future of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): health in perspective.

This article proposes an analysis of the fiscal austerity measures of the Brazilian government and its unfolding in the public health system. It has examined the post-impeachment period of the president of Brazil and the changes of the social policies conduct in opposition to the principle of equity and universality in health with impacts on Brazilian sovereignty. It was a scientific essay on the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the policy development based on fiscal austerity that is taking place in the Brazilian political scenario, seeking to articulate a diagnosis of the impact of these actions on the structure of the country and the health rights. In this way, we conclude that the SUS is in imminent danger and that austerity policies in Brazil have denied the social gains achieved from previous governments, contributing to the discussion on health systems in the context of the neoliberal economic pressure and its impacts on lifestyles and access to the health services of the Brazilian people.

Associação entre desfecho do tratamento, características sociodemográficas e benefícios sociais recebidos por indivíduos com tuberculose em Salvador, Bahia, 2014-2016 / Asociación entre resultado del tratamiento, características sociodemográficas y beneficios sociales recibidos por individuos con tuberculosis en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, 2014-2016 / Association between treatment outcome, sociodemographic characteristics and social benefits received by individuals with tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2014-2016

Objetivo: analisar associação entre desfecho do tratamento da tuberculose, características sociodemográficas e benefícios sociais recebidos. Métodos: estudo de coorte desenvolvido em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no período 2014-2016; analisaram-se associações bivariadas entre desfecho do tratamento, características sociodemográficas e benefícios sociais. Resultados: foram acompanhados 216 indivíduos, dos quais 79,6% foram curados; maior proporção de cura associou-se com escolaridade >9 anos (87,5%; p=0,028), união conjugal (86,3%; p=0,031) e densidade domiciliar ≤2 pessoas/dormitório (84,1%; p=0,013); foram adotados como referência indivíduos com escolaridade ≤9 anos, sem união conjugal, e densidade domiciliar >2 pessoas/dormitório; maior proporção de cura também foi verificada entre indivíduos que recebiam benefícios governamentais e não governamentais (90,5%) ou somente benefícios diretos (81,6%). Conclusão: escolaridade >9 anos, união conjugal e densidade domiciliar ≤2 pessoas/dormitório associaram-se com maior proporção de cura; este desfecho foi mais frequente entre indivíduos que acumulavam benefícios governamentais e não governamentais ou recebiam somente benefícios diretos.

Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre resultados del tratamiento de la tuberculosis, características sociodemográficas y los beneficios sociales recibidos. Métodos: estudio de cohorte en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, en el período 2014-2016; se analizaron correlaciones bivariadas entre resultados del tratamiento, características sociodemográficas y beneficios. Resultados: participaron 216 individuos, de los cuales 79,6% fueron curados; una mayor proporción de cura se asoció con escolaridad >9 años (87,5%; p=0,028), unión conyugal (86,3%; p=0,031) y densidad domiciliaria ≤2 personas/dormitorio (84,1%; p=0,013); fueron adoptados como referencia escolaridad ≤9 años, solteros y densidad domiciliaria >2 personas/dormitorio; mayor curación también se verificó entre individuos que recibían beneficios gubernamentales y no gubernamentales (90,5%) o únicamente beneficios directos (81,6%). Conclusión: escolaridad >9 años, unión conyugal y densidad domiciliaria ≤2 personas/dormitorio se asociaron con curación; este resultado fue más frecuente entre los que acumulaban beneficios gubernamentales y no gubernamentales o recibían solamente beneficios directos.

Objective: to analyze association between tuberculosis treatment outcome, sociodemographic characteristics and receipt of social benefits. Methods: this was a cohort study conducted in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the period 2014-2016; we analyzed bivariate associations between treatment outcome, sociodemographic characteristics and social benefits. Results: 216 individuals were followed, of whom 79.6% were cured; higher cure proportion was associated with schooling >9 years (87.5%; p=0.028), marital union (86.3%; p=0.031), and household density ≤2 individuals/bedroom (84.1%; p=0.013); we took as our reference individuals with schooling ≤9 years, not in marital union, and housing density >2 people/bedroom; higher cure proportion was also found among recipients of government and non-government benefits (90.5%), and among those who only received direct benefits (81.6%). Conclusion: schooling >9 years, marital union, and household density ≤2 individuals/bedroom were associated with higher cure; this outcome was more frequent among individuals receiving government and non-government benefits, and among individuals receiving only direct benefits.

Implementation of the national school nourishment program in the Brazilian Federal institution of Education of Bahia State / A implementação do programa nacional de alimentação escolar na instituição federal de ensino da Bahia

The Brazilian National School Nourishment Program (PNAE) is one of the strongest public policies of food and nutrition in the world. Besides guaranteeing free and high-quality meals to students in the basic public educational system, the PNAE also establishes that at least 30% of the resources passed on to the municipalities by the federal government should be destined for the acquisition of foodstuffs from family agriculture. However, the budget execution of the PNAE by Federal Institutes of Education has been challenging and limiting regarding the practicability of the acquisition of food from family farmers. In this study, we provided empirical evidence that constitutes an essential analytical approach still little explored in the literature, but capable of revealing operational barriers to the implementation of the program. The objective of this study was to describe the implementation and to understand the difficulties perceived by the agents responsible for the operationalization of the PNAE in the campuses of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia State (IF Baiano). Therefore, we collected secondary data from institutional documents, whereas the primary data were obtained by semi-structured interviews performed in ten campuses of IF Baiano and the rectory. We observed that in some years, the budget destined to PNAE returned without implementation, evidencing flaws in the resources management. Thus, we concluded that some challenges need to be overcome before the implementation of the Program in these Federal Institutions.(AU)

Mundialmente existem distintos modelos de Programas voltados para a alimentação escolar, dentre esses, o Brasil ganha destaque com o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Trata-se de uma das políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição expressiva, quando comparado com os demais países. O PNAE garante alimentação gratuita e de qualidade aos estudantes da educação básica pública e, também estabelece que, no mínimo, 30% dos recursos repassados aos municípios pelo governo federal deverão ser utilizados na aquisição de gêneros alimentícios da agricultura familiar. No entanto, a execução orçamentária do PNAE, por parte das escolas denominadas Institutos Federais, tem se mostrado complexa e limitante à operacionalização da compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar. Essa evidência empírica constitui, neste trabalho, importante enfoque analítico, ainda pouco explorado pela literatura, mas capaz de desvelar barreiras operacionais à implementação do PNAE. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a execução orçamentária do Programa e compreender as dificuldades percebidas pelos agentes responsáveis pela operacionalização do PNAE nos Campi do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano). A metodologia utilizada foi a coleta de dados secundários, por meio de documentos institucionais. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, em dez Campi do IF Baiano e na reitoria. Como resultados verificou-se que o orçamento do PNAE, em alguns anos, foi devolvido sem execução, o que demonstra entraves na operacionalização dos recursos. Concluiu-se que alguns obstáculos precisam ser sanados para que o programa seja efetivado nessas instituições federais.(AU)

A crise e a universidade / The crisis and the university / La crisis y la universidad

A universidade pública tem encontrado progressivas limitações financeiras no Brasil, manifestadas de forma aguda na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Análises ingênuas tomam como fenômeno inevitávelo que é, na verdade, o resultado de políticas inadequadas e de uma ideologia que defende a mutilação do Estado e o consequente descompromisso do mesmo com o ensino superior. A inatenção para os reais determinantes e o sentido da “crise” tem feito proliferarem propostas de enfrentamento inadequadas, equivocadas e inaplicáveis, que ignoram ou desconsideram o papel fundamental de ações do Estado para a redução da crescente desigualdade social, destacando-se entre elas precisamente a manutenção de universidades públicas, provendo ensino gratuito e qualificado.

The public university has encountered more and more finance restrictions in Brazil, evidenced sharply at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro State University). Naive analyses consideras an inevitable phenomenon what is in fact the consequence of inadequate polictics and of an ideology defending a mutilated state which consequently does not compromise with higher education. The lack of attention to real determinants and to the sense of the “crisis” produces a proliferation of inadequate, equivocated and inapplicable propositions to face the problems which ignore or do not take into account the important role played by actions of state for reducing the increase of social inequality. Between the actions to be highlighted is the preservation of public universities, providing free and qualified education.

La universidad pública está encontrando limitaciones financieras progresivas en Brasil, manifestadas en forma aguda en la Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Unversidad del Estado de Rio de Janeiro).Análisis ingenuas consideran como fenómeno inevitable aquel que en realidad es el resultado de políticas inadecuadas y de uma ideología que defiende la mutilación del Estado y la consecuente ausencia de su compromiso con la educación superior. La falta de atención a los determinantes reales y a el significado de la“crisis” provoca la proliferación de propuestas de enfrentamiento inadecuadas, equivocadas y inaplicables,que ignoran o desconsideran el papel fundamental de las acciones del Estado para reducir la creciente desigualdad social. Entre ellas, debemos destacar, precisamente, el mantenimiento de las universidades públicas, proporcionando educación gratuita y cualificada.

Inclusion of persons with disabilities in systems of social protection: a population-based survey and case-control study in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the needs of people with disabilities and their level of inclusion in social protection programmes. DESIGN: Population based-survey with a nested case-control study. SETTING: Morropon, a semiurban district located in Piura, northern Peru. PARTICIPANTS: For the population survey, a two-stage sampling method was undertaken using data from the most updated census available and information of each household member aged ≥5 years was collected. In the nested case-control study, only one participant, case or control, per household was included in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability was screened using the Washington Group short questionnaire. A case, defined as an individual aged ≥5 years with disabilities, was matched with one control without disabilities by sex and age (±5 years). Information was collected on socioeconomic status, education, health and rehabilitation and social protection participation. RESULTS: The survey included 3684 participants, 1848 (50.1%) females, mean age: 36.4 (SD: 21.7). A total of 290 participants (7.9%; 95% CI 7.0% to 8.7%) were classified as having disability. Adults with disabilities were more likely to be single (OR=3.40; 95% CI 1.54 to 7.51) and not to be working (OR=4.36; 95% CI 2.26 to 8.40), while those who did work were less likely to receive the national minimum wage (ie, 750 PEN or about US$265; p=0.007). People with disabilities were more likely to experience health problems. There was no difference between those enrolled in any social protection programme among participants with and without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: People with disabilities were found to have higher needs for social protection, but were not more likely to be enrolled in social protection programmes. The Peruvian social protection system should consider adding disability status to selection criteria in their cash transfer programmes as well as implementing disability-specific interventions.

Costs of Extending the Noncontributory Pension Program for Elderly: The Mexican Case.

Population aging coupled with high poverty rates among older persons and a lack of access to social-security benefits or traditional support systems have led governments in low and middle-income countries to introduce non-contributory pension programs for the elderly. This article reviews a non-contributory pension program introduced in Mexico in 2007 that has since expanded greatly. We use a variety of sources to estimate current and future costs of this program.

Estimating the Impacts of Local Policy Innovation: The Synthetic Control Method Applied to Tropical Deforestation.

Quasi-experimental methods increasingly are used to evaluate the impacts of conservation interventions by generating credible estimates of counterfactual baselines. These methods generally require large samples for statistical comparisons, presenting a challenge for evaluating innovative policies implemented within a few pioneering jurisdictions. Single jurisdictions often are studied using comparative methods, which rely on analysts' selection of best case comparisons. The synthetic control method (SCM) offers one systematic and transparent way to select cases for comparison, from a sizeable pool, by focusing upon similarity in outcomes before the intervention. We explain SCM, then apply it to one local initiative to limit deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The municipality of Paragominas launched a multi-pronged local initiative in 2008 to maintain low deforestation while restoring economic production. This was a response to having been placed, due to high deforestation, on a federal "blacklist" that increased enforcement of forest regulations and restricted access to credit and output markets. The local initiative included mapping and monitoring of rural land plus promotion of economic alternatives compatible with low deforestation. The key motivation for the program may have been to reduce the costs of blacklisting. However its stated purpose was to limit deforestation, and thus we apply SCM to estimate what deforestation would have been in a (counterfactual) scenario of no local initiative. We obtain a plausible estimate, in that deforestation patterns before the intervention were similar in Paragominas and the synthetic control, which suggests that after several years, the initiative did lower deforestation (significantly below the synthetic control in 2012). This demonstrates that SCM can yield helpful land-use counterfactuals for single units, with opportunities to integrate local and expert knowledge and to test innovations and permutations on policies that are implemented in just a few locations.

Cuba confronts climate change.

Among environmental problems, climate change presents the greatest challenges to developing countries, especially island nations. Changes in climate and the resulting effects on human health call for examination of the interactions between environmental and social factors. Important in Cuba's case are soil conditions, food availability, disease burden, ecological changes, extreme weather events, water quality and rising sea levels, all in conjunction with a range of social, cultural, economic and demographic conditions.