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1.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30241360

RESUMO

The presence of toxic polonium-210 (Po-210) in the environment is due to the decay of primordial uranium-238. Meanwhile, several studies have reported elevated Po-210 radioactivity in the rivers around the world due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. However, the primary source of Po-210 in Langat River, Malaysia might be the natural weathering of granite rock along with mining, agriculture and industrial activities. Hence, this is the first study to determine the Po-210 activity in the drinking water supply chain in the Langat River Basin to simultaneously predict the human health risks of Po-210 ingestion. Therefore, water samples were collected in 2015⁻2016 from the four stages of the water supply chain to analyze by Alpha Spectrometry. Determined Po-210 activity, along with the influence of environmental parameters such as time-series rainfall, flood incidents and water flow data (2005⁻2015), was well within the maximum limit for drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and World Health Organization. Moreover, the annual effective dose of Po-210 ingestion via drinking water supply chain indicates an acceptable carcinogenic risk for the populations in the Langat Basin at 95% confidence level; however, the estimated annual effective dose at the basin is higher than in many countries. Although several studies assume the carcinogenic risk of Po-210 ingestion to humans for a long time even at low activity, however, there is no significant causal study which links Po-210 ingestion via drinking water and cancer risk of the human. Since the conventional coagulation method is unable to remove Po-210 entirely from the treated water, introducing a two-layer water filtration system at the basin can be useful to achieve SDG target 6.1 of achieving safe drinking water supplies well before 2030, which might also be significant for other countries.


Assuntos
Água Potável/análise , Polônio/análise , Polônio/toxicidade , Medição de Risco/estatística & dados numéricos , Rios/química , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Purificação da Água/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Humanos , Malásia
2.
J Environ Radioact ; 174: 71-77, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27577696

RESUMO

The activity levels of naturally occurring radionuclides Polonium-210 and lead-210 in different subjects including plant species have direct or indirect impact on human beings. High levels of ionising radiation cause oxidative stress and the interaction between antioxidative defense and radionuclides is not well established in plant systems. In this study, we aimed to understand the impact of oxidative stress caused by 210Po and 210Pb in two Mediterranean plants; Quercus coccifera and Pistacia lentiscus. We analysed the constitutive and seasonal levels of 210Po, 210Pb, lipid peroxidation levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the field-collected samples. The highest activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb were detected in both plants in summer and Q. coccifera had higher levels than that of P. lentiscus. SOD and APX activity trends were different between oak and mastic; as compared to P. lentiscus, Q. coccifera efficiently used the two major components of antioxidative defense. Lipid peroxidation levels were low in both plants in all seasons except that of spring which were in good agreement with high antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, we found that high 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in oak and mastic did not interfere with their growth and life cycles. The ability of both plants for survival and adaptation to Mediterranean environmental constraints provided an additional advantage for coping radionuclide induced oxidative stress as well.


Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Chumbo/toxicidade , Pistacia/fisiologia , Polônio/análise , Quercus/fisiologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/análise , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos da radiação , Estresse Oxidativo , Pistacia/efeitos da radiação , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Polônio/toxicidade , Quercus/efeitos da radiação , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo
3.
Sci Total Environ ; 568: 1010-1017, 2016 Oct 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27369089

RESUMO

Polonium-210 ((210)Po) is a naturally-occurring, carcinogenic member of the (238)U decay series and the granddaughter of (210)Pb. It has a half life of 138.4days and is rarely found in drinking water at levels exceeding 5mBq/L because it strongly binds to aquifer sediment. When the current US Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) covering (210)Po was promulgated in December 2000, very little was known about its occurrence and the processes responsible for mobilizing it. More is now known about the processes that mobilize (210)Po from sediments and a review of recent occurrence data show that it may not be as rare in the US as the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thought in 2000. Worldwide, only about 2200 analyses for (210)Po in drinking water were identified, with activities exceeding 500mBq/L being found only in Finland, India, Sweden, and the US. The median of 400 (210)Po analyses from the US is 4.75mBq/L and >10% of the samples exceed 500mBq/L. Current compliance-monitoring regulations in the US essentially guarantee that (210)Po contamination will not be detected except in very contaminated wells. Major problems with the US Gross Alpha Activity MCL include the volatility of (210)Po and extended holding times and sample-compositing methods that can allow the majority of (210)Po in a sample bottle to decay before analysis. In light of new information, the radionuclide rule should be changed and direct measurements of (210)Po should be made in all public-water supply wells to rule out its presence. Much of the important biological and toxicological research on (210)Po is more than four decades old and new laboratory research using modern tools is needed. Biological and epidemiological investigations of known contaminated areas are needed to assess the effect (210)Po exposure is having on animals and humans consuming the water.


Assuntos
Água Potável/análise , Concentração Máxima Permitida , Polônio/análise , Polônio/toxicidade , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/toxicidade , Partículas alfa , Água Subterrânea/análise , Humanos , Exposição à Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação , Estados Unidos , Poços de Água
4.
Sud Med Ekspert ; 58(6): 14-19, 2015.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26856053

RESUMO

In the present review, the data on the pathology of acute and chronic polonium injuries available from the an open-access domestic and foreign literature are primarily systemized and analyzed. The historical background of the research is presented in brief. On the basis of clinical and experimental generalizations, the current concept regarding the pathogenesis of polonium intoxication has been developed.


Assuntos
Polônio , Lesões por Radiação , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Toxicologia Forense/métodos , Humanos , Polônio/química , Polônio/metabolismo , Polônio/toxicidade , Lesões por Radiação/diagnóstico , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Lesões por Radiação/metabolismo , Lesões por Radiação/fisiopatologia
5.
Sud Med Ekspert ; 58(6): 4-13, 2015.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26856052

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was the molecular-genetic authentication of the remains as an indispensable condition for the evaluation of the medical hypotheses of the cause of death in 2004 of Yasser Arafat, the former Palestinian leader and the first president of the Palestinian National Administration, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. We carried out molecular-genetic investigations aimed at establishing the circumstances and cause of the death of Yasser Arafat including the analysis of the relevant medical documentation, the examination of the burial place at Ramallah, remains, and personal belongings stored in his Al Muqata'ah residence at Ramallah. The objective of the present molecular- genetic investigations was to confirm the authenticity of the fragments of Yasser Arafat's remains available for radio-toxicological, chemical toxicological, and other laboratory studies. The reference objects were the contact traces left on the personal belongings by their owner. The aggregate probabilistic estimate of the coincidence of genotype traits of autosomal DNA, Y-chromosomal DNA, and mtDNA was at least 99,(9)29 4% which gives evidence of the genetic identity of the objects of study. It is this value (99.999999 <...> 9999999(29) 4%) that characterizes the probability that the bone fragments provided for the laboratory studies are actually authentic remains of Yasser Arafat.


Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Pessoas Famosas , Genética Forense/métodos , Patologia Legal/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos , Sepultamento/métodos , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Masculino , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/diagnóstico , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/etiologia , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/história , Polônio/análise , Polônio/química , Polônio/toxicidade
6.
Environ Health Perspect ; 120(9): 1230-7, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22538346

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Polonium-210 (²¹°Po) concentrations that exceed 1 Bq/L in drinking-water supplies have been reported from four widely separated U.S. states where exposure to it went unnoticed for decades. The radionuclide grandparents of ²¹°Po are common in sediments, and segments of the public may be chronically exposed to low levels of ²¹°Po in drinking water or in food products from animals raised in contaminated areas. OBJECTIVES: We summarized information on the environmental behavior, biokinetics, and toxicology of ²¹°Po and identified the need for future research. METHODS: Potential linkages between environmental exposure to ²¹°Po and human health effects were identified in a literature review. DISCUSSION: ²¹°Po accumulates in the ovaries where it kills primary oocytes at low doses. Because of its radiosensitivity and tendency to concentrate ²¹°Po, the ovary may be the critical organ in determining the lowest injurious dose for ²¹°Po. ²¹°Po also accumulates in the yolk sac of the embryo and in the fetal and placental tissues. Low-level exposure to ²¹°Po may have subtle, long-term biological effects because of its tropism towards reproductive and embryonic and fetal tissues where exposure to a single alpha particle may kill or damage critical cells. ²¹°Po is present in cigarettes and maternal smoking has several effects that appear consistent with the toxicology of ²¹°Po. CONCLUSIONS: Much of the important biological and toxicological research on ²¹°Po is more than four decades old. New research is needed to evaluate environmental exposure to ²¹°Po and the biological effects of low-dose exposure to it so that public health officials can develop appropriate mitigation measures where necessary.


Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Polônio/farmacocinética , Polônio/toxicidade , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Humanos , Polônio/análise , Polônio/química , Monitoramento de Radiação , Distribuição Tecidual
7.
Chem Res Toxicol ; 25(8): 1551-64, 2012 Aug 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22530998

RESUMO

The discovery of polonium (Po) was first published in July, 1898 by P. Curie and M. Curie. It was the first element to be discovered by the radiochemical method. Polonium can be considered as a famous but neglected element: only a few studies of polonium chemistry have been published, mostly between 1950 and 1990. The recent (2006) event in which (210)Po evidently was used as a poison to kill A. Litvinenko has raised new interest in polonium. 2011 being the 100th anniversary of the Marie Curie Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the aim of this review is to look at the several aspects of polonium linked to its chemical properties and its radiotoxicity, including (i) its radiochemistry and interaction with matter; (ii) its main sources and uses; (iii) its physicochemical properties; (iv) its main analytical methods; (v) its background exposure risk in water, food, and other environmental media; (vi) its biokinetics and distribution following inhalation, ingestion, and wound contamination; (vii) its dosimetry; and (viii) treatments available (decorporation) in case of internal contamination.


Assuntos
Polônio/química , Partículas alfa , Animais , Quelantes/química , Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos , Água Doce/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Metalotioneína/química , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Polônio/história , Polônio/toxicidade , Termodinâmica , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/química , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/toxicidade
8.
Chemosphere ; 87(11): 1295-300, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22342336

RESUMO

Activity concentrations of (210)Po and (210)Pb in the species Mytilus galloprovincialis from Croatian Adriatic coast were determined. The samples were collected in thirteen sampling places which are also a part of Croatian Mediterranean mussel watch project. The results of (210)Po and (210)Pb activity concentrations were found to vary between (22.1±2.5)-(207±21) Bq kg(-1) fresh weight and (2.8±1.4)-(9.3±0.7) Bq kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively. (210)Po/(210)Pb ratio ranged between 6.2 and 30.7. The highest measured activities were found in the enclosed basins of the Neretva channel, where the majority of Croatian mussel cultivation is taking place. The estimated consequent average total annual effective ingestion dose due to (210)Po and (210)Pb from mussel consumption in Croatian coastal region is 202±99 µSv with 96% contribution of (210)Po to the total effective dose.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Chumbo/análise , Mytilus/química , Polônio/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Croácia , Humanos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/análise , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/toxicidade , Oceanos e Mares , Polônio/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade
9.
Health Phys ; 101(5): 545-50, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21979538

RESUMO

Public responses to large-scale radiological incidents are often thought to be disproportionate to the objective risk and can involve widespread societal disruption. Recent experiences of the (200)Po incident in central London suggest that public responses depend heavily on the nature of the incident and the effectiveness of risk communication efforts. This paper describes the outcome of several studies done in the aftermath of the (200)Po incident that suggest the reaction of the public on this occasion was muted, even for those directly affected. However, the desire for accurate, up-to-date and individually-tailored information was strong, and satisfaction with the efforts of the responding agencies was mediated by this information provision. A small minority of individuals was difficult to reassure effectively. This group may confer a particular drain on resources. Lessons for the risk communication efforts of public health responders are identified, in particular the importance of helping individuals to identify their risk of exposure, understand the difference between acute and chronic effects of exposure, and appreciate the meaning of any test results. Attempts at providing reassurance in the absence of specific information are likely to be counterproductive in any future radiological incident.


Assuntos
Comunicação , Exposição Ambiental , Polônio/toxicidade , Liberação Nociva de Radioativos/prevenção & controle , Planejamento em Desastres/métodos , Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Londres , Risco
10.
J Nucl Med ; 52(4): 642-9, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21421713

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Uptake of radiopharmaceuticals and chemotherapeutic drugs is nonuniform at the microscopic level. Their distributions are typically lognormal, suggesting that failure in chemotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy may be attributable, in part, to the characteristics of this biologically ubiquitous distribution. The lognormal problem can be overcome by using cocktails of 2 or more agents, tailored such that at least 1 agent is strongly incorporated by every cell in the target population. Therefore, critical assessment of the tissue uptake of each cocktail component is warranted. METHODS: Cellular incorporation of the α-particle-emitting radiochemical ((210)Po-citrate) and 2 anticancer drugs (daunomycin and doxorubicin) was determined using flow cytometry. The role of their lognormal distribution in clonogenic cell survival was evaluated. RESULTS: The shape parameter of the lognormal distribution was found to be correlated to both intracellular agent concentration and cell survival. Although no difference emerged between the shape parameters for citrate within the first 2 logs of cell kill, those for daunomycin and doxorubicin changed significantly. CONCLUSION: Changes in the value of the lognormal shape parameter and slope of the cellular drug uptake curves can be used to rapidly screen radiopharmaceuticals and other cytotoxic agents to formulate more effective cocktails for cancer therapy.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Ácido Cítrico/química , Combinação de Medicamentos , Polônio/química , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Algoritmos , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Química Farmacêutica , Ácido Cítrico/farmacocinética , Ácido Cítrico/toxicidade , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Daunorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Daunorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Daunorrubicina/toxicidade , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Desenho de Fármacos , Polônio/farmacocinética , Polônio/toxicidade , Radiometria , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacocinética , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/toxicidade
11.
J Environ Radioact ; 102(5): 443-7, 2011 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21296469

RESUMO

Polonium-210 ((210)Po) radioactive concentrations were determined in human semen fluid of vasectomized non-smoker volunteers. The (210)Po levels ranged from 0.10 to 0.39 mBq g(-1) (mean: 0.23 ± 0.08 mBq g(-1)). This value decreased to 0.10 ± 0.02 mBq g(-1) (range from 0.07 to 0.13 mBq g(-1)) after two weeks of a controlled diet, excluding fish and seafood. Then, volunteers ate during a single meal 200 g of the cooked mussel Perna perna L., and (210)Po levels were determined again, during ten days, in semen fluid samples collected every morning. Volunteers continued with the controlled diet and maintained sexual abstinence through the period of the experiment. A 300% increase of (210)Po level was observed the day following mussel consumption, with a later reduction, such that the level returned to near baseline by day 4.


Assuntos
Bivalves/efeitos dos fármacos , Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos/análise , Polônio/toxicidade , Monitoramento de Radiação , Alimentos Marinhos/toxicidade , Sêmen/química , Sêmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Animais , Bivalves/química , Bivalves/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônio/análise , Polônio/metabolismo , Medição de Risco , Sêmen/metabolismo
12.
J Environ Radioact ; 102(2): 128-37, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21145143

RESUMO

The activity of (210)Po and (210)Pb was determined in mussels of the same size (3.5-4.0 cm shell length) sampled monthly over a 17-month period at the Atlantic coast of Portugal. Average radionuclide concentration values in mussels were 759±277 Bq kg(-1) for (210)Po (range 460-1470 Bq kg(-1) dry weight), and 45±19 Bq kg(-1) for (210)Pb (range 23-96 Bq kg(-1) dry weight). Environmental parameters and mussel biometric parameters were monitored during the same period. Although there was no seasonal variation of radionuclide concentrations in sea water during the study period, the concentration of radionuclide activity in mussels varied seasonally displaying peaks of high concentrations in winter and low concentrations in summer. Analysis of radionuclide data in relation to the physiological Condition Index of mussels revealed that (210)Po and (210)Pb activities in the mussel (average activity per individual) remained nearly constant during the investigation period, while mussel body weight fluctuated due to fat storage/expenditure in the soft tissues. Similar variation of radionuclide concentrations was observed in mussels transplanted from the sea coast into the Tejo Estuary. However, under estuarine environmental conditions and with higher food availability throughout the year, transplanted mussel Condition Index was higher than in coastal mussels and average radionuclide concentrations were 210±75 Bq kg(-1) (dry weight) for (210)Po and 10±4 Bq kg(-1) (dry weight) for (210)Pb, therefore lower than in coastal mussels with similar shell length. It is concluded that the apparent seasonal fluctuation and inter-site difference of radionuclide concentrations were mostly caused by mussel body weight fluctuation and not by radionuclide body burden fluctuation. This interpretation can be extended to the apparent seasonal fluctuation in concentrations of lipophilic and lipophobic contaminants in mussels, and provides an explanation for occasional high concentrations of (210)Po and man-made contaminants measured in mussels far from pollution sources.


Assuntos
Bivalves/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/farmacocinética , Polônio/farmacocinética , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/farmacocinética , Animais , Bivalves/fisiologia , Constituição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal , Geografia , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/análise , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/toxicidade , Polônio/análise , Polônio/toxicidade , Portugal , Estações do Ano , Água do Mar/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/toxicidade
13.
Int J Radiat Biol ; 86(11): 946-56, 2010 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20670110

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To study the natural radionuclides in the freshwater fish samples around the uranium mining areas of Bagjata and Banduhurang, East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The naturally occurring radioisotopes of uranium, U(nat), consisting of (234)U, (235)U and (238)U; (226)Ra, (230)Th and (210)Po were analysed in the fish samples from the surface water of Bagjata and Banduhurang mining areas after acid digestion. The ingestion dose, concentration factor and excess lifetime cancer risk of the radionuclides were estimated. RESULTS: The geometric mean activity of U(nat), (226)Ra, (230)Th and (210)Po in the fish samples was found to be 0.05, 0.19, 0.29 and 0.95 Bq kg(-1)(fresh) (Becquerel per kilogram fresh fish), respectively, in the Bagjata mining area, while for Banduhurang mining area it was estimated to be 0.08, 0.41, 0.22 and 2.48 Bq kg(-1)(fresh), respectively. The ingestion dose was computed to be 1.88 and 4.16 µSvY(-1), respectively, for both the areas which is much below the 1 mSv limit set in the new International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations. The estimation of the Concentration Factors (CF) reveal that the CF from water is greater than 1 l/kg(-1)in most of the cases while from sediment CF is less than 1. The excess individual lifetime cancer risk due to the consumption of fish was calculated to be 2.53 × 10(-5) and 6.48 × 10(-5), respectively, for Bagjata and Banduhurang areas, which is within the acceptable excess individual lifetime cancer risk value of 1 × 10(-4). CONCLUSION: The study confirms that current levels of radioactivity do not pose a significant radiological risk to freshwater fish consumers.


Assuntos
Peixes , Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos/análise , Mineração , Radioisótopos/análise , Urânio/análise , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Peixes/classificação , Peixes/metabolismo , Água Doce , Geografia , Índia , Polônio/análise , Polônio/toxicidade , Radioisótopos/efeitos adversos , Rádio (Elemento)/análise , Rádio (Elemento)/toxicidade , Medição de Risco/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Tório/análise , Tório/toxicidade , Urânio/toxicidade
16.
Isis ; 100(3): 453-84, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19960838

RESUMO

The first scientific paper on polonium-210 in tobacco was published in 1964, and in the following decades there would be more research linking radioisotopes in cigarettes with lung cancer in smokers. While external scientists worked to determine whether polonium could be a cause of lung cancer, industry scientists silently pursued similar work with the goal of protecting business interests should the polonium problem ever become public. Despite forty years of research suggesting that polonium is a leading carcinogen in tobacco, the manufacturers have not made a definitive move to reduce the concentration of radioactive isotopes in cigarettes. The polonium story therefore presents yet another chapter in the long tradition of industry use of science and scientific authority in an effort to thwart disease prevention. The impressive extent to which tobacco manufacturers understood the hazards of polonium and the high executive level at which the problem and potential solutions were discussed within the industry are exposed here by means of internal documents made available through litigation.


Assuntos
Neoplasias/história , Polônio/história , Radioisótopos/história , Indústria do Tabaco/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Polônio/toxicidade , Radioisótopos/toxicidade , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/história
18.
Occup Med (Lond) ; 57(4): 238-45, 2007 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17437956

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: An earlier study of mortality among male former employees at a tin smelter in Humberside, UK, had identified excess mortality from lung cancer, which appeared to be associated with occupational exposure. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between lung cancer mortality and quantitative measures of exposure. METHODS: Using available records of occupational hygiene measurements, we established exposure matrices for arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony and polonium-210 ((210)Po), covering the main process areas of the smelter. We established work histories from personnel record cards for the previously defined cohort of 1462 male employees. Three different methods of extrapolation were used to assess exposures prior to 1972, when no measurement results were available. Lung cancer mortality was examined in relation to cumulative inhalation exposure by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: No significant associations could be found between lung cancer mortality and simple cumulative exposure to any of the substances studied. When cumulative exposures were weighted according to time since exposure and attained age, significant associations were found between lung cancer mortality and exposures to arsenic, lead and antimony. CONCLUSIONS: The excess of lung cancer mortality in the cohort can most plausibly be explained if arsenic is the principal occupational carcinogen (for which the excess relative risk diminishes with time since exposure and attained age) and if there is a contribution to excess mortality from an enhanced prevalence of smoking within the cohort. The implications of the dose-response for arsenic exposure for risk estimation merit further consideration.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Metalurgia , Doenças Profissionais/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/toxicidade , Antimônio/toxicidade , Arsênio/toxicidade , Cádmio/toxicidade , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Humanos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Polônio/toxicidade
19.
J Environ Radioact ; 93(2): 119-26, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17267081

RESUMO

The aim of this work was to determine the 210Po content in marine birds which permanently or temporally live in the Polish part of the Baltic Sea. We chose 11 species of sea birds: three species permanently residing at southern Baltic Sea, four species of wintering birds and three species of migrating birds. The results show that the polonium is non-uniformly distributed in the marine birds. The highest activities of 210Po were observed in feathers, muscles and liver and the lowest in skin and skeleton. Species of birds that eat crustaceans, molluscs, fish and plants (long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca) accumulated more polonium than species that eat mainly fish (great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, common guillemot Uria aalge) or plants (tufted duck Aythya fuligula). Moreover, about 63% of the 210Po that was located in feathers of razorbil (Alca torda) and long-tailed duck (C. hyemalis) was apparently adsorbed, suggesting an external source such as the air. It means that the adsorption of 210Po on the feather surface may be an important transfer from air to water.


Assuntos
Aves/metabolismo , Cadeia Alimentar , Polônio/farmacocinética , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/farmacocinética , Animais , Países Bálticos , Crustáceos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Plumas/química , Plumas/metabolismo , Peixes , Biologia Marinha , Moluscos , Oceanos e Mares , Plantas Tóxicas , Polônio/toxicidade
20.
Sci Total Environ ; 275(1-3): 109-25, 2001 Jul 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11482397

RESUMO

Although the biokinetics of polonium has been studied extensively, interpretation of the data is complicated by potential differences with species and route of exposure and the questionable reliability of much of the reported excretion data for man. A study was undertaken to identify the data that are most likely to represent the typical behavior of polonium and apply those data to construct an improved, physiologically realistic systemic biokinetic model for polonium in man. Such a model is needed for interpretation of urinary excretion data for workers exposed to 210Po and reconstruction of the radiation doses received by those workers. This paper reviews the database on the biokinetics of polonium and describes a new systemic biokinetic model for polonium in man.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/química , Polônio/farmacocinética , Animais , Sangue/efeitos da radiação , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Factuais , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Fezes/química , Feminino , Gônadas/metabolismo , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Rim/metabolismo , Cinética , Fígado/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Biológicos , Músculos/metabolismo , Papio , Polônio/análise , Polônio/sangue , Polônio/toxicidade , Polônio/urina , Pele/metabolismo , Baço/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
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