Polyphenolic Compounds Extracted and Purified from Buddleja Globosa Hope (Buddlejaceae) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Centrifugal Partition Chromatography.

Chemical profiling of Buddleja globosa was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT/MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS). The identification of 17 main phenolic compounds in B. globosa leaf extracts was achieved. Along with caffeoyl glucoside isomers, caffeoylshikimic acid and several verbascoside derivatives (ß-hydroxyverbascoside and ß-hydroxyisoverbascoside) were identified. Among flavonoid compounds, the presence of 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside was confirmed. Campneoside I, forsythoside B, lipedoside A and forsythoside A were identified along with verbascoside, isoverbascoside, eukovoside and martynoside. The isolation of two bioactive phenolic compounds verbascoside and forsythoside B from Buddleja globosa (Buddlejaceae) was successfully achieved by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Both compounds were obtained in one-step using optimized CPC methodology with the two-phase solvent system comprising ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water (0.25:0.75:0.1:1, v/v). Additionally, eight Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) were tested for the extraction of polyphenols and compared with 80% methanol. The contents of verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside after extraction with 80% methanol were 26.165 and 3.206 mg/g, respectively. Among the NADESs tested in this study, proline- citric acid (1:1) and choline chloride-1, 2- propanediol (1:2) were the most promising solvents. With these NADES, extraction yields for verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were 51.045 and 4.387 mg/g, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study confirm that CPC enabled the fast isolation of bioactive polyphenols from B. globosa. NADESs displayed higher extraction efficiency of phenolic and therefore could be used as an ecofriendly alternative to classic organic solvents.

Fitoquímicos: una nueva clase de prebióticos / Phytochemicals: a new class of prebiotics

RESUMEN La microbiota intestinal (MI) es considerada como un nuevo blanco para la prevención y manejo nutricional de las alteraciones inflamatorias y metabólicas asociadas a las enfermedades crónicas no-transmisibles. Los prebióticos son principalmente fibras solubles cuyo consumo favorece el crecimiento de poblaciones bacterianas beneficiosas de la MI e impacta favorablemente la salud del consumidor. Esta revisión presenta a los fitoquímicos dietarios, que incluyen a más de 8.000 compuestos, como una nueva clase de prebióticos debido a su capacidad de estimular poblaciones de Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia y de bacterias productoras de butirato en el colon, a expensa de bacterias potencialmente dañinas como C. histolyticum. Además, los fitoquímicos son transformados por la MI en múltiples metabolitos que ejercen actividades biológicas a veces más potentes que la molécula inicial de la cual provienen. Individuos con distintos metabotipos han sido descritos de acuerdo a su capacidad de responder al consumo de isoflavonas, lignanos o elagitaninos, dependiendo de la presencia en su MI de bacterias capaces de transformar dichos polifenoles en equol, enterolactona/enterodiol y urolitinas, respectivamente, los cuales exhiben actividades biológicas. Valerolactonas y ácidos aromáticos también son producidos por la MI a través del metabolismo de las proantocianidinas. El efecto prebiótico de los fitoquímicos contribuiría a explicar los efectos saludables del consumo de frutas y verduras ricos en fitoquímicos.

ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota (IM) is considered as a new target for the prevention and nutritional management of inflammatory and metabolic alterations associated with non-transmissible chronic diseases. Prebiotics are mainly soluble fibers whose consumption favors the growth of beneficial bacterial populations of the IM and positively impacts health. This review discusses dietary phytochemicals, which include more than 8,000 compounds, as a new class of prebiotics due to its ability to stimulate populations of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia and butyrate producing bacteria in the colon at the expense of potentially harmful bacteria, such as C. histolyticum. In addition, phytochemicals are transformed by IM into a great array of metabolites exerting biological activities and are sometimes more potent than the initial molecule from which they are derived. Individuals with different metabotypes have been described according to their ability to respond to the consumption of isoflavones, lignans or ellagitannins, depending on the presence in their IM of bacteria capable of transforming these polyphenols into equol, enterolactone/enterodiol and urolithins, respectively, which exhibit biological activities. Valerolactones and aromatic acids are also produced by the IM through proanthocyanidin metabolism. The prebiotic effect of phytochemicals would help to explain the healthy effects associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals.

Total polyphenol intake, polyphenol subtypes and incidence of cardiovascular disease: The SUN cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polyphenol-rich diets have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few prospective epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between classes of ingested polyphenols and risk of CVD. Our aim was to evaluate the association between polyphenol intake and risk of major cardiovascular events in a prospective Spanish cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 17,065 university graduates (60.7% women, mean age: 37.2 years, age range: 20-89) followed-up for a mean of 10.1 years. Polyphenol intake was assessed at baseline using a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food frequency questionnaire and matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death). Cherries, chocolate, coffee, apples, and olives were the major sources of variability in polyphenol intake. Participants with higher flavonoids intake (fifth quintile) had a 47% lower incidence of cardiovascular events compared to those in the lowest quintile (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.98; P for trend = 0.09) after adjusting for potential confounders. The results were non-significant for other polyphenol types. CONCLUSION: The intake of flavonoids showed an inverse association with risk of cardiovascular events in a prospective cohort of Spanish middle-aged adult university graduates. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02669602 in Clinical Trials.

Evaluation of phenolic profile, antioxidant and anticancer potential of two main representants of Zingiberaceae family against B164A5 murine melanoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Curcuma longa Linnaeus and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are two main representatives of Zingiberaceae family studied for a wide range of therapeutic properties, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antibacterial, analgesic, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus properties and anticancer effects. This study was aimed to analyse the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma rhizome (Curcuma longa Linnaeus) and Zingiber rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in terms of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-melanoma potential employing the B164A5 murine melanoma cell line. RESULTS: In order to evaluate the total content of polyphenols we used Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The antioxidant activity of the two ethanolic extracts was determined by DPPH assay, and for the control of antiproliferative effect it was used MTT proliferation assay, DAPI staining and Annexin-FITC-7AAD double staining test. Results showed increased polyphenols amount and antioxidant activity for Curcuma rhizome ethanolic extract. Moreover, 100 µg/ml of ethanolic plant extract from both vegetal products presented in a different manner an antiproliferative, respectively a proapoptotic effect on the selected cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that Curcuma rhizome may be a promising natural source for active compounds against malignant melanoma.

Evaluation of phenolic profile, antioxidant and anticancer potential of two main representants of Zingiberaceae family against B164A5 murine melanoma cells

BACKGROUND: Curcuma longa Linnaeus and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are two main representatives ofZingiberaceae family studied for a wide range of therapeutic properties, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antibacterial, analgesic, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus properties and anticancer effects. This study was aimed to analyse the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma rhizome (Curcuma longa Linnaeus) and Zingiber rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in terms of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-melanoma potential employing the B164A5 murine melanoma cell line. RESULTS: In order to evaluate the total content of polyphenols we used Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The antioxidant activity of the two ethanolic extracts was determined by DPPH assay, and for the control of antiproliferative effect it was used MTT proliferation assay, DAPI staining and Annexin-FITC-7AAD double staining test. Results showed increased polyphenols amount and antioxidant activity forCurcuma rhizome ethanolic extract. Moreover, 100 μg/ml of ethanolic plant extract from both vegetal products presented in a different manner an antiproliferative, respectively a proapoptotic effect on the selected cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that Curcuma rhizome may be a promising natural source for active compounds against malignant melanoma.

Testes fitoquímicos em extratos foliares de Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. (Orchidaceae) / Phytochemical tests in Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. (Orchidaceae) leaf extracts

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a capacidade antioxidante de Oeceoclades maculata. A atividade foi determinada de acordo com a capacidade do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas reduzir o radical DPPH. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os conteúdos de polifenóis e flavonas/flavonóis são maiores no extrato preparado a frio (EBHF) do que no extrato preparado a quente (EBHQ), sugerindo que o aquecimento usado na preparação do extrato altera esses componentes ativos. Portanto, para esta espécie deve ser realizado o método de extração a frio para conservar as substâncias que possuem atividade antioxidante.

This work aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity of Oeceoclades maculata. The antioxidant activity was determined in accordance with the ability of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves to reduce the DPPH radical. The results showed that the polyphenol and flavonoid contents are greater in the cold extract (EBHF) than in the hot extract (EBHQ), which suggests that the heating effect in the preparation of the extract modifies these active compounds. Therefore, for this species, the cold extraction method must be carried in order to conserve the substances with antioxidant activity.

[Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of typically consumed species in Mexico]. / Compuestos polifenólicos y capacidad antioxidante de especias típicas consumidas en México.

Spices are aromatic plants that have been widely used in Mexico to preserve or seasoning different foods, but have also been used as herbal remedies to cure some diseases. These culinary and medicinal properties of spices have been attributed to several food components, including phytochemicals. Among them, polyphenolic compounds have been extensively studied for their effect against several chronic and degenerative diseases, probably due to their antioxidant activity. The study of the antioxidant capacity of Mexican spices may lead to new research on the potential benefits of these spices on human health. This paper analyzes the main studies on the potential beneficial effects of traditional Mexican spices on human health.

Las especias son plantas aromáticas que han sido utilizadas ampliamente en México para preservar o sazonar diversos alimentos, aunque también se han usado como remedios herbolarios para curar algunas enfermedades. Las propiedades culinarias y medicinales de las especias han sido atribuidas a diversos componentes, entre ellos los fitoquímicos. De estos últimos, los compuestos polifenólicos han sido ampliamente estudiados por el efecto contra enfermedades crónico degenerativas que se les atribuye, posiblemente por su capacidad antioxidante. El estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de las especias mexicanas abre puertas a nuevas investigaciones sobre los posibles beneficios de estas especias en la salud humana. El presente trabajo presenta las principales investigaciones sobre los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de las especias tradicionales mexicanas en la salud humana.