Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel RNA Virus Identified from a Deep-Sea Animal, Osedax japonicus.

The deep sea, the largest biosphere on Earth, nurtures a large variety of animals. However, no virus that infects deep-sea animals has been found. We herein report the first full-length RNA viral genome sequence identified from the deep-sea animal, Osedax japonicus, called Osedax japonicus RNA virus 1 (OjRV1). This sequence showed the highest amino acid sequence similarity to a virus of the family Togaviridae. However, the phylogenetic position and genome structure of OjRV1 differed from those of viruses in Togaviridae. These results suggest that OjRV1 belongs to a new virus family and that deep-sea animals may associate with new viruses.

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp.

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen-free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV-infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid-body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve-SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.

Replication of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the polychaete Dendronereis spp.

This study investigated whether WSSV replicates in naturally infected Dendronereis spp., a common polychaete (Nereididae) species in shrimp ponds in Indonesia. To detect WSSV replication, (i) immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a monoclonal antibody against WSSV VP28 protein and (ii) nested RT-PCR using specific primers set for the vp28 gene to detect WSSV-specific mRNA were applied. WSSV immunoreactive-nuclei were detected in the gut epithelium of the polychaete and WSSV mRNA was detected with nested RT-PCR. This, together with the IHC results, confirmed that WSSV could replicate in Dendronereis spp. This is the first report showing that WSSV replicated in a naturally infected non-crustacean host.

Porcentaje del grado de infestación de polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 (Polychaeta: spionidae) por clase de talla de Crassostrea rhizhophorae (Guilding, 1828) de la Laguna La Restinga (Isla de Margarita Venezuela) / Percentage of Infestation Level of Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 (Polychaeta: spionidae) by size class of Crassostrea rhizhophorae (Guilding, 1828) on La restinga Lagoon (Margarita Island Venezuela)

La infestación de moluscos bivalvos de interés comercial por parte de poliquetos espiónidos, especialmente aquellos pertenecientes a los géneros Polydora, Dipolydora y Carazziella, ha sido referida en numerosas ocasiones. Se realizó un estudio sobre la infestación de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) por el poliqueto espiónido Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 con el fin de determinar el nivel de infestación y la preferencia del poliqueto por una u otra valva. Se realizaron colectas mensuales (enero-julio) separando manualmente los bivalvos de las raíces de los mangles en la laguna de La Restinga. La presencia, ausencia e intensidad del ataque se registró en ambas valvas de cada individuo, estableciéndose niveles de infestación de acuerdo al número de galerías. El 64,57 por ciento de los bivalvos estaban infestados por el poliqueto. Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en la abundancia de galerías entre valvas (ts = 5,786, P < 0,001). No se observó correlación (Pearson) entre la talla y el número de galerías ni entre la biomasa y el número de galerías.

The infestation of mullusks bivalves with commercial importance by spionid polychaetes belonging, mainly, to genera Polydora, Dipolydora and Carazziella, has been recorded in many occasions. A study about of infestation of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) by spionid polychaete Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 was made in order to determine the level of infestation and the polychaete worm preference by one or the other shell. Monthly samplings (January-July) were made. Bivalves were manually separated of mangroves roots from La Restinga lagoon. Presence or not and attack intensity was recorded in both valves of each specimen in order to establish infestation levels according to galleries spionid abundance. Almost 65 por ciento of bivalves showed infestation by the polychaete. Highly significative differences in the abundance of galleries between valves (ts = 5.786, P < 0.001)were found. Not Pearson correlation between the bivalve size and galleries number, nor biomass and galleries number was observed.

Polychaete worms--a vector for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV).

The present work provides the first evidence of polychaete worms as passive vectors of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the transmission of white spot disease to Penaeus monodon broodstocks. The study was based on live polychaete worms, Marphysa spp., obtained from worm suppliers/worm fishers as well as samples collected from 8 stations on the northern coast of Tamilnadu (India). Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon broodstock with undeveloped ovaries were experimentally infected with WSSV by feeding with polychaete worms exposed to WSSV. Fifty percent of polychaete worms obtained from worm suppliers were found to be WSSV positive by 2-step PCR, indicating high prevalence of WSSV in the live polychaetes used as broodstock feed by hatcheries in this area. Of 8 stations surveyed, 5 had WSSV positive worms with prevalence ranging from 16.7 to 75%. Polychaetes collected from areas near shrimp farms showed a higher level of contamination. Laboratory challenge experiments confirmed the field observations, and > 60% of worms exposed to WSSV inoculum were proved to be WSSV positive after a 7 d exposure. It was also confirmed that P. monodon broodstock could be infected with WSSV by feeding on WSSV contaminated polychaete worms. Though the present study indicates only a low level infectivity in wild polychaetes, laboratory experiments clearly indicated the possibility of WSSV transfer from the live feed to shrimp broodstock, suggesting that polychaete worms could play a role in the epizootiology of WSSV.