La situación de la enfermería en la Región de las Américas. Informe final del Foro Regional para el Avance de la Enfermería en América Latina (8 y 9 de septiembre del 2022) / The situation of nursing in the Region of the Americas. Final report of the Regional Forum for the Advancement of Nursing in Latin America (September 8 and 9, 2022)

Los días 8 y 9 de septiembre del 2022, La Organización Panamericana de la Salud, la Federación Panamericana de Profesionales de Enfermería y la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia celebraron el Foro Regional para el Avance de la Enfermería en América Latina. El objetivo del encuentro fue fomentar acciones con las asociaciones nacionales, las federaciones de profesionales y los colegios de enfermería dirigidas a avanzar el debate sobre la inversión nacional en los y las profesionales de enfermería y sobre la implantación de la enfermería de práctica avanzada para la atención primaria de salud. En este informe final se recogen los debates e intervenciones de ambas jornadas, así como las conclusiones y los próximos pasos acordados en el foro.(AU)

Integration of an advanced practice nurse into a primary care practice: a qualitative analysis of experiences with changes in general practitioner professional roles in a Swiss multiprofessional primary care practice.

BACKGROUND: The complex care needs of people with chronic illnesses and multimorbidity pose a significant challenge to the Swiss primary care system. Ensuring efficient, high-quality care will require new care models. Internationally, the integration of advanced practice nurses (APNs) into primary care models has shown promising results. The current study investigates how general practitioners (GPs) in Switzerland experience the integration of APNs into their primary care teams with respect to their own professional roles. METHODS: We used a qualitative, social-constructivist approach, focusing on six individual interviews with general practitioners within the frame of a larger study including GPs and APNs in a Swiss multiprofessional primary care practice. Data were analysed following Braun and Clarke's approach for reflexive thematic analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study took place between August 2019 and February 2020 in a Swiss multiprofessional primary care practice that had been working with APNs for nine years. Participants included six general practitioners. RESULTS: We identified three main themes characterising Swiss GPs' experiences with the integration of APNs into their primary care team: (1) trust as foundation for collaboration with APNs; (2) build-up of the APN role by delegation, teaching, and supervision, investing time particularly at the beginning of their collaboration with the APN - a time investment that declined significantly as the APNs' competencies grew - and (3) synergies of partnership-based collaboration with APNs. Physicians who were experienced teachers and supervisors, and who delegated tasks based on who would be able to fulfil them most efficiently and effectively, experienced not only a broad range of synergies, but also possibilities to further develop the range of their own activities. Comprehensive, high-quality patient care was perceived as a particular added value. CONCLUSION: Our analysis revealed that GPs experienced interprofessional synergies when working collaboratively with APNs. These were rooted in trust and relied on abilities in teaching, supervision and delegation to achieve maximum impact. Capitalising on the integration of APNs into primary care, this new care model can be adapted to diverse individual settings. We conclude this article by highlighting the potential of working collaboratively with APNs, who play increasingly important roles in the primary care of polymorbid patients with complex needs.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on APRN practice: Results from a national survey.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) practice is not well known. PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe state practice barriers and explore the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on APRN practice. METHODS: A descriptive study design used a 20-item web-based survey open from June 1 through September 23, 2020. FINDINGS: A total of 7,467 APRNs responded from all 50 states, including nurse practitioners (n = 6,478, 86.8%), certified registered nurse anesthetists (n = 592, 7.9%), certified nurse-midwives (n = 278, 3.7%), and clinical nurse specialists (n = 242, 3.2%). A number of barriers to practice prior to the pandemic were identified. Most respondents (n = 6334, 84.8%) identified that practice barriers limited the ability of APRNs to provide care during the pandemic. DISCUSSION: Barriers to APRN practice continue to restrict aspects of patient care and patient access to care, even in states with Full Practice Authority (FPA), during the COVID-19 pandemic and with state executive orders waiving practice restrictions. The study findings can be used to advocate for policy changes to support APRN practice authority.

A critical gap: Advanced practice nurses focused on the public's health.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for nurse leaders who "embrace the interconnection" between medicine and public health. The inequitable impact of COVID-19 on people of color demonstrates the importance of applying expertise from nursing practice and public health systems to work with communities and other professions on complex health issues. Yet, despite a clear need for improved population health, educational programs designed to produce Advanced Public Health Nurses, with skills to address complex system changes, have become increasingly scarce. PURPOSE: We put forward the perspective that the nation needs more advanced practice nurses prepared for leadership roles focused on the health of whole populations, marginalized communities, and the systems and policies that promote their health. DISCUSSION: We argue that opportunities should be expanded for nurses to attain education for these roles through increased investments in the Doctor of Nursing Practice model to prepare nurses for advanced public health specialty practice.

Workforce issues: the blurring of boundaries in surgical care.

Bradley Russell and Nicholas Fletcher discuss the need for clear boundaries for those nurses practising at an advanced level in surgical specialties.

[Advanced practice nurse: new clinical competencies for the benefit of the patient]. / Infirmier en pratique avancée: de nouvelles compétences cliniques au service du patient.

Advanced practice is an opportunity for nurses wishing to develop their career while keeping their hand in clinical practice, in direct contact with the patient. This new role is in its infancy. Its implantation in the hospital setting must be thought through and assessed by the whole team in order to demonstrate the benefit it can offer.

[The ANFIPA in practice: the example of the chronic kidney disease, dialysis, transplant college]. / L'Anfipa en pratique : exemple du collège Maladie rénale chronique, dialyse, transplantation.

The French association of advanced practice nurses (anfipa) is actively participating in setting up advanced practice across the country. Colleges are places of interaction and work for advanced practice nurses and students. Highlighting missions of this college enables us to create places of discussion and exchanges in the field, and to take part in the rollout of this new profession.

[The setting up of advanced practice nursing with patients with schizophrenia]. / L'implantation d'une IPA auprès de patients atteints de schizophrénie.

The first advanced practice nurses in psychiatry and mental health are being deployed across the country. Such is the case at Paris XV psychiatric university hospital, which is working to gradually integrate an advanced practice nurse into medico-psychological centres to work with patients with schizophrenia. The role also comprises time devoted to research and teaching.

[Development of advanced practice nursing in geriatric oncology]. / Développement de la pratique infirmière avancée en oncogériatrie.

The first challenge, after graduating as an advanced practice nurse is to establish a new model of care in one's place of practice. The feedback from the creation of an advanced practice nurse position in oncology in Amiens-Picardie university hospital, using a population-based approach, illustrates the roles and skills required in this new health profession.

An illumination of the ICN's core competencies in disaster nursing version 2.0: Advanced nursing response to COVID-19 outbreak in China.

AIM: This study aims to report on the actions and incident management of the advanced practice nurses of a disaster operation team who were deployed in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, and to explore how it illustrated the Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing Version 2.0 delineated by the International Council of Nurses in 2019. METHODS: This is a descriptive study. The participants (responders) communicated and reported their actions in the operation with headquarter on a popular social media platform in China (WeChat), established specifically for the three-rescue teams. RESULTS: The response approach of advanced nurses to COVID-19 encompassed six of the eight domains of the competencies outlined in ICN CCDN V2.0, namely on preparation and planning, communication, incident management systems, safety and security, assessment and intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The response teams of advanced practice nurses in this study clearly demonstrated their competencies in disaster rescue, which fulfilled most of the core competencies set forth by the ICN. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The findings of this study contributed to understand the roles played by advanced practice nurses and nurse managers in disaster management and how these relate to the competencies set forth by the ICN.

Utilization of Advanced Practice Providers in Advanced Practice Provider-Led Stroke Clinic to Expand Outpatient Stroke Follow-up Care.

Stroke follow-up care with neurology specialty advanced practice providers is critical to focus on stroke prevention. The need for which is underscored by results of a recent study noting that many stroke survivors of first-ever strokes were not receiving stroke standard-of-care prevention measures including consistent antiplatelet therapies and regular exercise. Study findings further note the rates of usage for stroke prevention interventions (daily anti-platelet therapy, smoking cessation, regular exercise, hypertension control) were between 50% and 70%. Clinical nurse specialists along with nurse practitioner and physician assistant advanced practice providers are uniquely suited to manage outpatient ischemic stroke care to reduce the recurrence of stroke and improve patient outcomes.

A new kind of gatekeeper: The increasing prevalence of Advanced Practice Nurses as case managers in US hospitals.

Case management is a representation of managed care, cost-containment organizational practices in healthcare, where managed care and its constitutive parts are situated against physician autonomy and decision-making. As a professional field, case management has evolved considerably, with the role recently taken up increasingly by Advanced Practice Nurses in various health care settings. We look at this evolution of a relatively new work task for Advanced Practice Nurses using a countervailing powers perspective, which allows us to move beyond discussions of case management effectiveness and best practices, and draw connections to trends in the social organization of healthcare, especially hospitals. We evaluated organizational (hospital-level) and environmental (county and state-level) characteristics associated with hospitals' use of Advanced Practice Nurses as case managers, using data from U.S. community acute care hospitals for 2016-2018, collected from three data sources: American Hospital Association annual survey (AHA), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and Area Resource File. Among organizational characteristics, we found that hospitals that are a part of established Accountable Care Organizations (OR = 2.55, p = 0.009; 95% CI = 1.26-5.14) and those that serve higher acuity patients, as indicated by possessing a higher Case Mix Index (OR = 1.32, p = 0.001; 95% CI = 1.13-1.55), were more likely to use Advanced Practice Nurses as case managers. Among environmental characteristics, having higher local Advanced Practice Nurses concentrations (OR = 1.24, p < 0.001; 95% CI = 1.11-1.39) was associated with hospital Advanced Practice Nurses case management service provision. Beyond the health impacts of Covid-19, its associated recession is placing families, governments and insurers under unprecedented financial stress. Governments and insurers alike are looking to reduce costs anywhere possible. This will inevitably result in increasing amounts of managed care, and decreasing reimbursements to hospitals, likely resulting in higher demand for APRN patient navigators.

Leveraging nurse practitioner capacities to achieve global health for all: COVID-19 and beyond.

AIM: To argue that nurse practitioners have been under-utilized generally in the current global health environment, creating barriers to achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. BACKGROUND: Nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses possessing expert knowledge and leadership skills that can be optimized to narrow disparities and ensure access to high-quality health care globally. Nurses worldwide have been challenged to meet global public health needs in the context of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 virus), and there are early indications that nurse practitioners are being called upon to the full extent of their capabilities in the current pandemic. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: PubMed; Google Scholar; the International Council of Nurses; World Health Organization; United Nations; and the experiences of the authors. DISCUSSION: Several international reports, nursing and health organizations have called for continued investment in and development of nursing to improve mechanisms that promote cost-effective and universally accessible care. Expanding nurse practitioner scopes of practice across nations will leverage their clinical capacities, policy and advocacy skills, and talents to lead at all levels. CONCLUSION: Ongoing empirical data and policy change is needed to enable the full scope and strategic utilization of nurse practitioners across healthcare systems and contexts. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE, AND NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Widespread education regarding nurse practitioner capacities for interdisciplinary partners, policymakers and the public is needed. Policies that safely expand their roles are critical. Role titles and remuneration reflective of their scope and service are required to lead, sustain and grow the workforce internationally.

Organizational facilitators and barriers to optimal APRN practice: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: The organizational environment can foster or impede full deployment of advance practice registered nurses (APRNs), affecting the quality of care and patient outcomes. Given the critical role APRNs play in health care, it is important to understand organizational factors that promote or hinder APRN practice to maximize the potential of this workforce in health care systems. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to synthesize evidence about APRN practice environments, identify organizational facilitators and barriers, and make recommendations for better APRN utilization. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, and PsychInfo, yielding 366 studies. No time or geographic limitations were applied. Study quality was appraised using the National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Studies. RESULTS: Thirty studies conducted in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands met inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies involved nurse practitioners. Facilitators to optimal practice environment were autonomy/independent practice and positive physician/APRN relations. Barriers included policy restrictions on practice, poor physician relations, poor administrator relations, and others' lack of understanding of the APRN role. Barriers correlate with job dissatisfaction and increased intent to leave job. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The review highlights the importance of physician and administration relations, organizational-level policies, and colleagues' understanding of the APRN role in promoting effective practice environments. Organizations should align policy reform efforts with factors that foster positive APRN practice environments to efficiently and effectively utilize this increasingly vital workforce. Future research is warranted.

Práctica avanzada de la enfermera en urgencias extrahospitalarias y comparación con la casuística atendida por equipos con médicos / Advanced practice of the nurse in out-of-hospital emergencies and comparison with the casuistry attended by teams with doctors

OBJETIVO: Explorar la práctica enfermera en urgencias extrahospitalarias y comparar su casuística con la de equipos con médico presencial. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal, con pacientes del Distrito Málaga atendidos por una enfermera (2012-2016) y por 6 equipos con médico presencial (2012). VARIABLES: prioridad, motivo de asistencia, diag-nósticos enfermeros, medicamentos y derivación. Estadística descriptiva e inferencial multivariante. RESULTADOS: La enfermera atendió 2253 pacientes. Los equipos con méicos atendieron 21226, presentando patologías similares el 34,8%. Motivos de asistencia: cérvico-dorso-lumbo-ciatalgia (12,6%), mareos/vértigo (9.6%), sin patología urgente (9,2%), etc. El 63,9% de pacientes precisó medicación: diazepam (19,3%), metoclopramida (13,6%), metamizol (12,5%), etc. El manejo del tratamiento y de dispositivos sanitarios, junto al afrontamiento de problemas se asociaron a los motivos de asistencia. El 92% de avisos fueron resueltos in situ. CONCLUSIÓN: La enfermera es una opción muy eficiente para la atención compartida de la demanda, aún con la legalización de la prescripción de medicamentos pendiente

OBJECTIVE: To explore prehospital emergency nursing and to compare the case-mix attended with prehospital medical teams. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including patients from Málaga District attended by a prehospital nurse (2012 - 2016), and by prehospital medical teams (2012). MAIN VARIABLES: priority, cause of the demand, nursing diagnosis, medication and referral. Descriptive and multiple inferencial analyses. RESULTS: The nurse attended 2253 patients. Medical teams attended 21226 patients, and 34.8% presented similar pathologies. Case-mix: Cervical-back-sciatica pain (12.6%), dizziness/vertigo (9.6%), no urgent pathology (9.2%), etc. 63.9% of patients needed medication: Diazepam (19.3%), metoclopramida (13.6%), metamizol (12.5%), etc. Management of medication or healthcare devices, and problem coping were usually associated to assistance demands. 92% of demands were resolved in situ. CONCLUSIONS: The emergency nurse turns out to be an efficient choice for sharing prehospital demands, even with nursing prescription not yet legalized

Panorama Internacional de los Enfermeros en los servicios de bomberos / The International Overview of Nurses at firefighter services

OBJETIVOS: Describir lafigura del enfermero profesional de las secciones sanitarias de los Servicios de Extinción de Incendios y Salvamento (SEIS). METODOLOGÍA: Revisión panorámica mediante búsqueda sistemática de información a partir de artículos indexados en PubMed, Cuiden y CINAHL. Compilación de información de webs de las administraciones públicas, o tras la solicitud directa. Recopilación de datos sobre determinados items. Análisis de datos realizado mediante síntesis cualitativa. RESULTADO: Se han encontrado 7 artículos, 6 ponencias de congresos, 7 páginas web y contacto con otros SEIS, obteniendo información de 11 secciones sanitarias. Los requisitos de acceso son variables. Los problemas de salud centrados en el compromiso vital. Enfermeros acompañados de técnicos o médicos. Disponiendo de ambulancias o helicópteros sanitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: Los aspectos comunes permiten establecer un perfil profesional del enfermero y de recursos para su extensión a otros SEIS, ajustado a un modelo de práctica avanzada en un escenario complejo

OBJECTIVE: To describe the Professional Nurse in the Healthcare Units of Fire and Rescue Services. METHODOLOGY: Panoramic review through systematic research of information from articles indexed in PubMed, Cuiden and CINAHL. Compilation of information from websites of public administrations, or after direct requEst Collection of data on certain items. Data analysis performed using qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: 7 publications, 6 congress communications, 7 websites and contact with other Healthcare Units of Fire and Rescue Services, obtaining information from a total of 11 sanitary sections. Except for the nursing degree, there is a great variety of access requirements. The health problems addressed focus on life threatening situations. Nurses are accompanied by technicians and/ordoctors. Having ambulances and/or medical helicopters. CONCLUSION: The common aspects enable the establishment of the nurse and resource profile for its extension to other Fire and Rescue Servicesa, adjusted to an advanced practice model in a complex scenario

The Effects of Dementia Care Co-Management on Acute Care, Hospice, and Long-Term Care Utilization.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although nurse practitioner dementia care co-management has been shown to reduce total cost of care for fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries, the reasons for cost savings are unknown. To further understand the impact of dementia co-management on costs, we examined acute care utilization, long-term care admissions, and hospice use of program enrollees as compared with persons with dementia not in the program using FFS and managed Medicare claims data. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental controlled before-and-after comparison. SETTING: Urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 856 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Alzheimer's and Dementia Care program patients were enrolled between July 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015, and 3,139 similar UCLA patients with dementia not in the program. Comparison patients were identified as having dementia using International Classification of Diseases-9 codes and natural language processing of clinical notes. Coarsened exact matching was used to reduce covariate imbalance between intervention and comparison patients. INTERVENTION: Dementia co-management model using nurse practitioners partnered with primary care providers and community organizations. MEASUREMENTS: Average difference-in-differences per quarter over the 2.5-year intervention period for all-cause hospitalization, emergency department (ED) visits, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and number of inpatient hospitalization days; admissions to long-term care facilities; and hospice use in the last 6 months of life. RESULTS: Intervention patients had fewer ED visits (odds ratio [OR] = .80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .66-.97) and shorter hospital length of stay (incident rate ratio = .74; 95% CI = .55-.99). There were no significant differences between groups for hospitalizations or ICU stays. Program participants were less likely to be admitted to a long-term care facility (hazard ratio = .65; 95% CI = .47-.89) and more likely to receive hospice services in the last 6 months of life (adjusted OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.13-2.37). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive nurse practitioner dementia care co-management reduced ED visits, shortened hospital length of stay, increased hospice use, and delayed admission to long-term care.