Academic Outcomes of School-Aged Children Born Preterm: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Children born preterm are at an elevated risk of academic underachievement. However, the extent to which performance across domain-specific subskills in reading and mathematics is associated with preterm birth remains unclear. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of academic outcomes of school-aged children born preterm, compared with children born at term, appraising evidence for higher- and lower-order subskills in reading and mathematics. Data Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases from January 1, 1980, to July 30, 2018, were searched for population, exposure, and outcome terms such as child (population), preterm birth (exposure), and education* (outcome). Study Selection: Peer-reviewed English-language publications that included preterm-born children and a comparison group of term-born children aged 5 to 18 years and born during or after 1980 and that reported outcomes on standardized assessments from cohort or cross-sectional studies were screened. Of the 9833 articles screened, 33 unique studies met the inclusion criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data were analyzed from August 1 to September 29, 2018. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Two reviewers independently screened the databases and extracted sample characteristics and outcomes scores. Pooled mean differences (MDs) were analyzed using random-effects models. Main Outcomes and Measures: Performance on standardized assessment of higher-order subskills of reading comprehension and applied mathematics problems; lower-order reading subskills of decoding, pseudoword decoding, and word identification; and lower-order mathematics subskills of knowledge, calculation, and fluency. Results: Outcomes data were extracted for 4006 preterm and 3317 term-born children, totaling 7323 participants from 33 unique studies. Relative to children born at term, children born preterm scored significantly lower in reading comprehension (mean difference [MD], -7.96; 95% CI, -12.15 to -3.76; I2 = 81%) and applied mathematical problems (MD, -11.41; 95% CI, -17.57 to -5.26; I2 = 91%) assessments. Across the assessments of lower-order skills, children born preterm scored significantly lower than their term-born peers in calculation (MD, -10.57; 95% CI, -15.62 to -5.52; I2 = 92%), decoding (MD, -10.18; 95% CI, -16.83 to -3.53; I2 = 71%), mathematical knowledge (MD, -9.88; 95% CI, -11.68 to -8.08; I2 = 62%), word identification (MD, -7.44; 95% CI, -9.08 to -5.80; I2 = 69%), and mathematical fluency (MD, -6.89; 95% CI, -13.54 to -0.23; I2 = 72%). The associations remained unchanged after sensitivity analyses for reducing heterogeneity. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings provide evidence that preterm birth is associated with academic underperformance in aggregate measures of reading and mathematics, as well as a variety of related subskills.

The Effects of Enrolling in Oversubscribed Prekindergarten Programs Through Third Grade.

This study leverages naturally occurring lotteries for oversubscribed Boston Public Schools prekindergarten program sites between 2007 and 2011, for 3,182 children (M = 4.5 years old) to estimate the impacts of winning a first choice lottery and enrolling in Boston prekindergarten versus losing a first choice lottery and not enrolling on children's enrollment and persistence in district schools, grade retention, special education placement, and third-grade test scores. There are large effects on enrollment and persistence, but no effects on other examined outcomes for this subsample. Importantly, children who competed for oversubscribed seats were not representative of all appliers and almost all control-group children attended center-based preschool. Findings contribute to the larger evidence base and raise important considerations for future prekindergarten lottery-based studies.

The South African 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Birth to 5 Years: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sitting Behavior, Screen Time, and Sleep.

BACKGROUND: In December 2018, the South African 24-hour movement guidelines for birth to 5 years were released. This article describes the process used to develop these guidelines. METHODS: The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-ADOLOPMENT approach was followed, with some pragmatic adaptions, using the Australian guidelines for the early years as a starting point. A consensus panel, including stakeholders in early childhood development and academics, was formed to assist with the development process. RESULTS: At a face-to-face meeting of the panel, global and local literatures were considered. Following this meeting, a first draft of the guidelines (including a preamble) was formulated. Further reviews of these drafts by the panel were done via e-mail, and a working draft was sent out for stakeholder consultation. The guidelines and preamble were amended based on stakeholder input, and an infographic was designed. Practical "tips" documents were also developed for caregivers of birth to 5-year-olds and early childhood development practitioners. The guidelines (and accompanying documents) were released at a launch event and disseminated through various media channels. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first movement guidelines for South African and the first such guidelines for this age group from a low- and middle-income country.

Análisis de la composición corporal y violencia en escolares de Educación Primaria / Analysis of body composition and violence in Primary School children

El incremento de conductas de violencia interpersonal en la infancia y adolescencia ha generado la necesidad de estudiar todos los factores que puedan ser determinantes. Por tanto, el objetivo fue analizar la relación entre composición corporal y patrones de violencia entre iguales. Se desarrolló un estudio en 214 escolares españoles, de 8-12 años de edad. Se midieron variables antropométricas y se evaluó la violencia interpersonal con el Cuestionario de Violencia Escolar Cotidiana. El análisis inferencial mostró la correlación entre peso y talla con la dimensión de Violencia observada (p = 0'038; p = 0'001, respectivamente). No se detectaron diferencias en relación al estado de peso (infrapeso-normopeso vs. sobrepeso-obesidad) en las dimensiones de Violencia sufrida y Violencia observada. Los resultados sugieren una correlación débil entre peso y talla con la violencia interpersonal. Más evidente parece la ausencia de diferencias entre el estado de peso y la violencia interpersonal

The increase in interpersonal violence behaviors in childhood and adolescence has generated the need to study all the factors that may be determinant. Therefore, the objective was to analyze the relationship between body composition and patterns of violence between equals. A study was developed in 214 Spanish schoolchildren, aged 8-12 years. Anthropometric variables were measured and interpersonal violence was evaluated with the Daily School Violence Questionnaire. The inferential analysis showed the correlation between weight and height with the Observed Violence dimension (p = 0.038, p = 0.001, respectively). No differences were detected in relation to the state of weight (underweight- normal weight vs. overweight-obesity) in the dimensions of Violence suffered and Violence observed. The results suggest a weak correlation between weight and height with interpersonal violence. More evident is the absence of differences between weight status and interpersonal violence

Time-to-pregnancy and offspring finger-length ratio (2D:4D).

OBJECTIVES: Time-to-Pregnancy (TTP) is an epidemiological tool to assess couple fecundity. The finger digit ratio (2D:4D) has been suggested as a marker of androgen exposure in utero. Maternal, paternal, or couple-mediated factors related to fecundity may also have an effect on androgen exposure during pregnancy. We aimed to investigate the association between TTP, infertility, or use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and offspring 2D:4D. METHODS: Data from 673 mother-child pairs were collected from questionnaires in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study across 10 cities in Canada. The mean maternal age was 33.4 years (SD 4.7), with a median gestational age of 12.1 weeks (SD 1.3), at the time of recruitment. Our study included 338 girls and 335 boys, and the mean age of the children at follow-up was 3.5 years (SD 1.0). TTP was assessed through questionnaires during the first trimester of pregnancy. Digital photographs of both hands were taken in a follow-up study to calculate the children's 2D:4D (2-5 years). anova, t tests, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Boys had significantly lower mean 2D:4Ds (0.936 ±0.041 in right hand, 0.936 ±0.040 in left hand) compared to girls (0.948 ±0.038 in right hand, 0.945 ±0.038 in left hand). The mean 2D:4D did not differ according to TTP, infertility, or use of ART. The only factors associated with the child's 2D:4D were the child's age and maternal 2D:4D. CONCLUSIONS: Our study does not support an association between TTP, infertility, or use of ART and children's 2D:4D.

Factores socioeducativos asociados al consumo de tabaco en escolares de nivel secundario de una zona rural del norte peruano / Socio-educational factors associated with tobacco use in secondary school students in a rural area of northern Peru

Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia, las características y los factores socioeducativos asociados al consumo de tabaco en escolares de nivel secundario de una zona rural del norte peruano. Material y métodos: estudio transversal analítico basado en un cuestionario que se aplicó a escolares adolescentes del primer a quinto año de nivel secundario de un colegio del norte peruano. La variable principal fue el consumo de tabaco en escolares. Las variables socioeducativas fueron género, edad, año de estudios, lugar de procedencia, tipo de casa donde vivía (propia, pensión). Se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes para el análisis descriptivo y se usaron modelos lineales generalizados para obtener la asociación estadística. Resultados: de los 155 escolares, el 52,9% (82) fueron varones, con una mediana de edad de 14 años. El 9,7% (15) ha fumado alguna vez, de ellos el 86,7% (13) ha fumado por curiosidad y los padres del 86,7% (13) de los fumadores no saben que sus hijos fuman. El 40% (6) comenzó a fumar a los 14 años. El 93,3% (14) fuma un cigarrillo al día y el 60% (9) lo hace más con amigos. Solo 6,7% (1) fuma actualmente. El ser hombre estuvo asociado con el haber fumado en algún momento (RPa: 16,6; IC 95: 1,9-148,4; p: 0,012), ajustado por la edad, el año de estudios, el que resida en una zona urbana y el que viva solo. Conclusiones: existe una baja frecuencia de tabaquismo en escolares de nivel secundario de un colegio nacional parroquial. Se encontraron factores socioeducativos de género asociados al consumo de tabaco (AU)

Objective: to determine the frequency, characteristics and socio-educational factors associated with consumption of snuff in secondary school level in a rural area of northern Peru. Material and methods: cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire that was applied to adolescent students from the first to fifth year of secondary level of a school in northern Peru. The main variable was tobacco consumption among students. Socio-educational variables were gender, age, year of study, place of origin, type of house where he lived (own, rent, pension) were. Frequencies and percentages for the descriptive analysis were described and generalized linear models were used for the statistical associa­tion. Results: of the 155 students, 52.9% (82) were males, with a median age of 14 years. 9.7% (15) have ever smoked, 86.7% of them (13) have smoked out of curiosity and 86.7% (13) of their parents do not know that their children smoke. 40% (6) started smoking at age 14. 93.3% (14) smokes 1 cigarette per day and 60% (9) makes it with friends. Only 6.7% (1) currently smoke. Being male was associated with having smoked at some time (RPA: 16.6; 95% CI: 1.9 to 148.4; p value: 0.012), adjusted for age, year of study, residing in an urban area and living alone. Conclusions: there is a low frequency of smoking in secondary school level of a national parochial school. Gender and socio-educational factors were found associated with tobacco consumption. Gender and socio-educational factors were found associated with tobacco consumption (AU)

Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children.

Early-life antibiotic use is associated with increased risk for metabolic and immunological diseases, and mouse studies indicate a causal role of the disrupted microbiome. However, little is known about the impacts of antibiotics on the developing microbiome of children. Here we use phylogenetics, metagenomics and individual antibiotic purchase records to show that macrolide use in 2-7 year-old Finnish children (N=142; sampled at two time points) is associated with a long-lasting shift in microbiota composition and metabolism. The shift includes depletion of Actinobacteria, increase in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, decrease in bile-salt hydrolase and increase in macrolide resistance. Furthermore, macrolide use in early life is associated with increased risk of asthma and predisposes to antibiotic-associated weight gain. Overweight and asthmatic children have distinct microbiota compositions. Penicillins leave a weaker mark on the microbiota than macrolides. Our results support the idea that, without compromising clinical practice, the impact on the intestinal microbiota should be considered when prescribing antibiotics.

Consumo habitual de alimentos fonte de vitamina A em pré-escolares da zona rural no Norte de Minas Gerais / Habitual consumption of vitamin a food sources by preschool children in rural areas in Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliou-se o consumo habitual de alimentos fontes de vitamina A em pré-escolares da zona rural de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais.Métodos: Em estudo do tipo transversal foram pesquisados 337 pré-escolares por meio de entrevista com seus pais. Foram avaliados: a) características socioeconômicas da família; b) recebimento de suplementação de vitamina A provida pelo governo, c) o hábito de consumo de alimentos fontes de vitamina A através de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. O hábito de consumo foi classificado entre alto/moderado ou baixo e associado às variáveis socioeconômicas usando-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson para calcular a razão de prevalência e respectivo intervalo de confiança a 95%.Resultados: A maioria das crianças era de famílias de baixa renda. Apenas 51% delas receberam pelo menos 4 doses de suplementação de vitamina A. O hábito de consumo de fontes dessa vitamina inferido pelo Questionário de Frequência Alimentar foi considerado alto/moderado para apenas 75 dos pré-escolares e baixo para 262 deles. O baixo consumo de alimentos fontes de vitamina A foi associado à renda ≤1 salário mínimo (RP=1,178) e consumo habitual de guloseimas (RP=1,256).Conclusão: As crianças avaliadas apresentaram baixo registro de recebimento da suplementação de vitamina A provida pelo governo e baixo consumo de alimentos fonte desse nutriente, sendo este último associado à baixa renda familiar e ao alto consumo de guloseimas.

Objective: The present study evaluated the habitual consumption of vitamin A food sources in preschool children in rural areas of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Methods: This is a cross sectional study that includes 337 preschool children which were evaluated through an interview conducted with their parents. The parameters evaluated were: a) socioeconomic characteristics of the family; b) use of the vitamin A supplementation provided by the government, c) habitual consumption of vitamin A food sources, assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Vitamin A food source consumption was classified as high/moderate or low, and it was associated to the socioeconomic variables using the Poisson regression model to calculate the prevalence odds ratio and the respective 95% confidence interval.Results: Most children were from low income families. Only 51% of them had received at least 4 doses of vitamin A supplementation. The habitual consumption of vitamin A sources, assessed using the food frequency questionnaire, was considered high/moderate for only 75 children and low for 262 children. The low of consumption of vitamin A sources was associated with living on minimum wage (PR=1,178) and high consumption of sweets (PR=1,256).Conclusion: The data obtained indicate that the children evaluated lack vitamin A supplementation provided by the government and show low consumption of foods high in vitamin; the former was associated with low-income status and high consumption of sweets.

The Presence of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Underserved Preschool Children.

This study identified risk factors (ie, high-risk racial/ethnic group, overweight/obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated casual blood glucose, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans) for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in underserved children with or without a family history of diabetes during annual preschool health screenings. Early identification of risk factors for the development of T2DM will allow for effective interventions to be implemented, thus, improving the long-term health-related quality of life of at-risk children.

Aportaciones de la guía GEMA 4.0 al asma infantil / No disponible

El asma infantil presenta peculiaridades, tanto en su diagnóstico y tratamiento como en su evolución, que la diferencia de la que se encuentra en el adulto. Por ello, es importante que las guías recojan estas características especiales para un mejor manejo del asma en la edad pediátrica, tanto por parte del especialista como del médico de atención primaria. La nueva edición de la Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA 4.0) refleja esta necesidad, refiriéndose más ampliamente al asma infantil, dedicando un mayor número de apartados específicos del niño que en su edición anterior. Así pues, esta revisión se centra exclusivamente en el aspecto pediátrico de la guía, comparando los cambios encontrados en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de asma en el niño, así como en sus variantes, como el asma grave de difícil control y sus patologías asociadas, como la rinitis

For a better treatment by both specialist and general practitioner of asthma in pediatric age, guidelines should include special characteristics related to childhood asthma as it presents peculiarities in its diagnosis, treatment and evolution as opposed to asthma in adults. The new edition of the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management (GEMA 4.0) reflects this need, referring more widely to infant asthma, devoting a greater number of specific sections for children than its previous edition. This review focuses solely on the pediatric aspect of the guide, comparing changes found in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma on infants including variants such as severe asthma difficult to control and its associated diseases like rhinitis

Energy expenditure and intake comparisons in Chilean children 4-5 years attending day-care centres / Comparación entre el gasto y el consumo de energía en niños chilenos de 4-5 años asistentes a jardines infantiles

Introduction: the doubly labelled water (DLW) method has an accuracy of 1% and within-subject precision of 5-8%, depending on subject’s age and environments issues. Energy intake assessment is prone to errors (>15- 20%) depending in the method utilized. Objective: to quantify DLW methodology errors in four to five year olds that could affect the comparison with energy intake. Methods: energy expenditure (TEE, by DLW), was assessed during 14 days in 18 preschool children, who attended eight hours daily to day-care centres. Energy intake was determined by a combined method: food weighing during weekdays and recall after leaving the Centre (17h to sleep time) plus 24 h recall, during the weekend. Several assumptions affecting DLW total error were assessed to determine their influence in the comparison to energy intake (i.e. background variability, space ratio, proportion of water subject to fractionation, food quotient value). Results: the individual mean energy expenditure was 1 373 ± 177 kcal and the energy intake (1 409 ± 161 kcal). The overall difference between intake and expenditure was 42.9 kcal/day (limits of agreement + 259.1 to -112.3 kcal/day). TEE measurement error only explained a minor quantity (2.4%), between both measurements, and the observed mean isotope dilution space was 1.030 ± 0.010 confirming the value utilized in adults studies. Conclusions: energy expenditure data is similar to other studies in preschool children. The small difference found between energy intake and expenditure may be attributed to the applied energy intake methodology, the homogeneous diet at care centres during the week-days and the lower DLW methodology error (AU)

Introducción: el método del agua doblemente marcada (ADM) tiene una precisión del 1% y en un mismo sujeto es de 5-8%, dependiendo de la edad y el entorno del sujeto. La evaluación de la ingesta energética es propensa a errores (> 15-20%), dependiendo del método utilizado. Objetivo: cuantificar los errores metodológicos del ADM en niños de 4-5 años que podrían afectar la comparación con la ingesta de energía. Métodos: el gasto de energía (GTE, por ADM), se evaluó durante 14 días en 18 preescolares, asistentes a guarderías infantiles. La ingesta energética se determinó mediante un método combinado: pesaje de alimentos durante los días de la semana y registro después de salir del centro (17 horas en adelante), además de un recordatorio de 24 horas, durante un día del fin de semana. Resultados: el promedio individual del gasto energético total fue 1373 ± 177 kcal y la ingesta de energía (1.409 ± 161 kcal). La diferencia global entre la ingesta y el gasto fue 42,9 kcal/día. El error de medición del GET explicó una variación del 2,4%, entre ambas mediciones, y el espacio de dilución de isótopos fue 1030 ± 0.010, confirmando el valor utilizado en los estudios de adultos. Conclusiones: los datos de GET fueron similares a otros estudios realizados en niños en edad preescolar. La pequeña diferencia encontrada entre la ingesta y el gasto energético se puede atribuir a la metodología de la ingesta de energía aplicada, la dieta homogénea en los centros de atención, durante los días de la semana, y el bajo error metodológico del ADM (AU)

Fatores associados ao estado nutricional de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras assistidas em creches públicas: uma revisão sistemática / Factors associated with the nutritional status of Brazilian preschool children attending public day care centers: a systematic review

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da produção do conhecimento sobre fatores associados ao estado nutricional de crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches públicas. Foi feita busca bibliográfica nas bases MedLine, Lilacs e SciELO, e revisão dos estudos publicados até 2013. Foi utilizada a seguinte estratégia de busca: ("estado nutricional" OR "antropometria" OR "desnutrição" OR "sobrepeso") AND "creches". No caso da busca no MedLine, o descritor Brazil também foi usado. Foram selecionados 24 manuscritos. Os fatores associados à desnutrição crônica mais citados pelos autores foram a idade da criança, o peso ao nascer, o número de irmãos, a renda familiar, a escolaridade da mãe e o tempo de frequência à creche. Apresentaram-se evidências positivas sobre a relação entre frequência à creche e melhoria do estado nutricional. Apesar do número reduzido de estudos sobre o estado nutricional de crianças que frequentam creches e sua concentração geográfica, os trabalhos apresentados mostram a importância de variáveis de índole biológica (relação inversa) - como idade e peso ao nascer da criança -, e socioeconômica (relação inversa), bem como da frequência à creche (relação positiva).

The objective of this paper was to conduct a systematic review on the research output of factors associated with the nutritional status of Brazilian children attending public day care centers. A search in MedLine, Lilacs, and SciELO was performed to identify studies published up to 2013. The search strategy included the use of the following search terms: ("nutritional state" OR "anthropometry" OR "malnutrition" OR "overweight") AND day care centers. In the MedLine search, the descriptor Brazil was also used. A total of 24 manuscripts were selected. The most frequently cited factors associated with chronic child malnutrition are: child's age, birth weight, number of siblings, family income, maternal education, and day care attendance. There were positive evidences of the relationship between day care attendance and improved nutritional status. Despite a limited number of studies on the nutritional status of Brazilian children attending day care centers and their geographic concentration, the studies selected show the importance of biological variables (inverse relationship), such as age and birth weight; socioeconomic variables (inverse relationship); and day care attendance (positive relationship).

Activity Patterns of Preschool-Aged Children at Risk for Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of obesity in young children highlights the importance of early interventions to promote physical activity (PA), there are limited data on activity patterns in this age group. The purpose of this study was to describe activity patterns in preschool-aged children and explore differences by weight status. METHODS: Analyses use baseline data from Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids-Preschool, a pilot obesity prevention trial of preschool-aged children who are overweight or at risk for being overweight. A modified parent-reported version of the previous-day PA recall was used to summarize types of activity. Accelerometry was used to summarize daily and hourly activity patterns. RESULTS: "Playing with toys" accounted for the largest proportion of a child's previous day, followed by "meals and snacks" and "chores." Accelerometry-measured daily time spent in sedentary behavior, light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was 412, 247, and 69 minutes, respectively. Percentage of hourly time spent in MVPA ranged from 3% to 13%, peaking in the late morning and evening hours. There were no statistically significant MVPA differences by weight status. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends our understanding of activity types, amounts, and patterns in preschool-aged children and warrants further exploration of differences in PA patterns by weight status.

[The effectiveness of primary prevention interventions promoting physical activity and healthy eating in preschool children: A review of reviews]. / Wie wirksam sind ernährungs- und bewegungsbezogene primärpräventive Interventionen im Setting Kita? : Ein Review von Reviews.

BACKGROUND: During their preschool years children establish nutritional and physical activity (PA) habits that may contribute to the development of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence for effective interventions promoting healthy eating and PA in childcare settings. METHODS: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Campbell Collaboration for systematic reviews published between 2007 and 2014. Ten systematic reviews and three meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 22 intervention studies. Intervention studies were conducted in North America (N = 14), Europe (N = 5), Asia (N = 2), and Australia (N = 1). Half of these addressed ethnic minority groups or socially disadvantaged children. We extracted information about the effects regarding anthropometric measures, eating habits, and physical activity, as well as the characteristics of effective interventions, and summarized them narratively. RESULTS: Evidence for intervention effects on anthropometric measurements was inconclusive. Seven out of nine studies showed beneficial effects on diet-related outcomes. Only isolated effects were reported on improvements in PA. Reviews indicated that interventions which comprised (1) the development of skills and competencies, (2) medium to high parental involvement, and (3) information on behavior-health links for parents were more effective. CONCLUSION: Preschool-based interventions showed some early improvements in eating habits and PA. Evidence is limited by the small number of studies, a lack of methodological quality, and inconsistencies among outcome measures. Evidence regarding anthropometric measurements is still inconclusive.

Epidemiologia da cárie dentária em crianças da primeira infância no município de Belém, PA / Caries epidemiology of children in the primary infancy in the City of Belém, PA

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil epidemiológico da cárie dentária em crianças de 6 a 36 meses de idade no município de Belém-PA. Métodos: A amostra consistiu de 340 crianças. Nove examinadores calibrados participaram deste estudo. Índices ceo-d e ceo-s foram utilizados para o exame clínico. As crianças foram divididas de acordo com a idade em: 6-12, 13-24 e 25-36 meses. Os dados foram estatisticamente avaliados através do teste de qui- -quadrado, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de cárie foi de 32,9% no total da amostra examinada. Índices ceo-d e ceo-s médios foram de 1,12 (dp=2,31) e 1,64 (dp=4,00), respectivamente. Observou-se um aumento significativo quanto à presença da cárie de acordo com a idade (P=0,0020). Do total de 6340 dentes decíduos examinados, houve maior proporção para o componente “cariado” com 362 dentes. Foi observada relação significativa de tratamentos curativos e a faixa etária de 25 a 36 meses (P=0,0057). Conclusão: Estes dados reforçam a importância da atenção odontológica precoce em crianças que se encontram na primeira infância neste município.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of children aged 6-36-months-old living in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. Methods: The final sample was 340 children. Nine calibrated examiners participated in this study. The DMFT and DMFS indexes were used for clinical examination. The children were divided by age in: 6-12, 13-24 and 25-36-months-old. Data was statistically analyzed using the Qui-square test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 32,9% in the total of the sample. Indexes dmft and dmfs were 1.12 (sd=2.31) and 1.64 (sd=4,00), respectively. There has been a highly significant increase in caries experience proportionally with increasing age (P=0.0020). From the 6340 examined teeth, it was observed a higher proportion for decayed component with 362 teeth. There was a statistically significance relationship between curatives treatments and the age of 25 to 36-months-old (P=0.0057). Conclusions: The results of the current study emphasize the importance of an early odontological assistance for primary infants living at this city.

¿Existe Violencia Escolar en Educación Infantil y Primaria? Una propuesta para su evaluación y gestión / Does School Violence Occur in Preschool and Primary Education? An Assessment and Management Proposal

La tradición investigadora de la violencia escolar se ha centrado fundamentalmente en los últimos ciclos de Educación Primaria y en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, abordándose muy poco la presencia, características, evaluación e intervención de los problemas interpersonales en edades tempranas. El objetivo del presente estudio es la construcción y validación de un cuestionario que identifique el inicio y las formas más frecuentes de violencia escolar en los primeros años de escolarización para diseñar programas de prevención eficaces. Los participantes fueron 195 niños/as del último curso de educación infantil y primer ciclo de educación primaria. La investigación realizada ha mostrado que el instrumento denominado Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria (CEVEIP) presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento consta de 27 ítems en formato de autoinforme que evalúa siete tipologías de violencia que se dan en el contexto escolar en edades tempranas desde tres perspectivas: violencia observada, vivida y realizada. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el comportamiento violento está presente desde los primeros años de escolarización, siendo éste de baja o moderada frecuencia e intensidad. Estos niveles de violencia podrían ser aprovechados en el ámbito educativo para una gestión más positiva en el desarrollo personal del alumno/a (AU)

Traditional research on school violence has focused mainly on the later primary education grades and on secondary education, and has barely addressed the presence, characteristics, assessment, and intervention of interpersonal problems at early ages. The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that identifies the onset and the most frequent forms of school violence in the first years of schooling in order to design effective prevention programs. The study participants were 195 children from the last year of preschool and the first stage of primary education. The research carried out demonstrates that the instrument, the Questionnaire for the Assessment of School Violence in the Preschool and Primary School (Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria, CEVEIP), has adequate psychometric properties. The instrument includes 27 self-report items that assess seven typologies of violence that occur in the school setting at early ages from three perspectives: observed violence, experienced violence, and perpetrated violence. The results reveal that violent behaviour of a low or moderate frequency and intensity is present, beginning in the first years of schooling. These levels of violence could be better managed in the educational setting in order to enhance students´ personal development (AU)

Reference ranges for Mexican preschool-aged children using the forced oscillation technique.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, multi-ethnic reference ranges for spirometry have been created for use worldwide. In comparison, forced oscillation technique (FOT) reference values are limited to specific equipment and study populations, with current FOT reference ranges created in a Caucasian population. We aimed to develop FOT reference ranges for preschool-aged Mexican children and to compare these with current FOT reference ranges. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) was measured in healthy Mexican children three to five years of age using commercial FOT equipment. The relationship between height and Rrs and Xrs was determined using regression analyses, taking into account age, weight, sex, and exposure to tobacco smoke. Reference equations were calculated for the Mexican children and Z-scores determined for Rrs and Xrs at 6 and 8Hz. A paired t-test assessed the difference in Z-scores between the Australian reference values and those created for the Mexican cohort. RESULTS: FOT was successfully measured in 584 children. Height was a significant predictor of Rrs and Xrs at 6 and 8Hz (P<.05). Z-scores calculated using the Australian reference equations overestimated lung function in Mexican children for both Rrs and Xrs at 6 and 8Hz (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The development of FOT reference ranges specific to Mexican preschool-aged children will allow for the correct interpretation of FOT measurements. This study also showed that current FOT reference ranges overestimate lung function in Mexican children. Highlighting, the importance of using ethnic appropriate reference ranges for interpreting lung function.

Effects of a play program on creative thinking of preschool children

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a play program in the creative thinking of preschool children. The study used a repeated measures experimental pretest-posttest design with control groups. The sample included 86 participants aged 5 to 6 years (53 experimental and 33 control participants). Before and after administering the program, two evaluation instruments were applied: The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 1990) and Behaviors and Traits of Creative Personality Scale (Garaigordobil & Berrueco, 2007). The program consisted of a weekly 75-minute play session throughout the school year. ANOVA results showed that the program significantly increased the verbal creativity (fluency, flexibility, originality), graphic creativity (elaboration, fluency, originality), and behaviors and traits of creative personality. In the pretest phase, there were no differences in the creativity of boys and girls, and the program stimulated a similar level of change in both sexes. The discussion focuses on the importance of implementing creative programs with preschool children (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa de juego en la creatividad infantil. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de medidas repetidas pretest-postest con grupos de control. La muestra se configuró con 86 participantes de 5 a 6 años (53 experimentales y 33 control). Antes y después de la intervención se aplicaron 2 instrumentos de evaluación: El Test de Pensamiento Creativo de Torrance (Torrance, 1990) y La Escala de Conductas y Rasgos de Personalidad Creadora (Garaigordobil & Berrueco, 2007). El programa consistió en una sesión de juego semanal de 75 minutos de duración durante un curso escolar. Los resultados del ANOVA mostraron que el programa incrementó significativamente la creatividad verbal (fluidez, flexibilidad, originalidad), la creatividad gráfica (elaboración, fluidez, originalidad), así como las conductas y rasgos de personalidad creadora. En la fase pretest no había diferencias en la creatividad de niños y niñas, y el programa estimuló un nivel de cambio similar en ambos sexos. La discusión se centra en la importancia de implementar programas de creatividad con niños de edad preescolar (AU)

Los grupos sociales y el prejuicio intergrupal de los niños. ¿Cómo influyen las normas grupales? / Social groups and childre's intergroup prejudice: Just how influential are social group norms?

Teniendo como referencia la Teoría Evolutiva de la Identidad Social (SIDT, Nesdale, 2007), en este trabajo se presenta una serie de estudios en los que se examina la influencia de las normas grupales sobre el prejuicio intergrupal de los miembros del grupo. Los estudios 1 al 3, realizados en niños desde Educación Infantil hasta 9 años, mostraron que una norma interna de exclusión promueve la antipatía hacia el exogrupo mientras que una norma de inclusión promueve la simpatía por el exogrupo. Los estudios 4 y 5 indicaron que a medida que los niños se hacen mayores, muestran cada vez menos simpatía por aquellos miembros de su grupo que presentan rasgos y conductas inconsistentes con lo que los miembros del grupo espera. En los estudios 6 y 7 se examinaron varios factores que deberían eliminar o, al menos, moderar las actitudes negativas hacia el exogrupo en los niños pequeños. Se encontró que la norma de exclusión en el endogrupo no está moderada por la empatía de los niños sino por la presencia de una norma de inclusión en la escuela. Los resultados se discuten en relación con la SIDT y se ofrecen posibles estrategias para moderar los efectos de las normas grupales (AU)

Drawing upon social identity development theory (SIDT, Nesdale, 2007), a series of research studies examined the impact of social group norms on group members‟ intergroup prejudice. Studies 1-3 on preschoolers to 9-year olds showed that an ingroup norm of exclusion instigated outgroup dislike in ingroup members whereas an inclusion norm prompted outgroup liking. Studies 4 and 5 showed that as children increase in age during the middle childhood period, they display less and less liking for ingroup members who display traits and behaviours that are inconsistent with those expected from ingroup members. Studies 6 and 7 examined several factors that might be expected to extinguish or, at least, moderate young children‟s negative outgroup attitudes. However, whereas children‟s empathy was found not to moderate an ingroup exclusion norm, the latter was moderated by a school norm of inclusion. The findings are discussed in relation to SIDT, and possible strategies for moderating the effects of group norms (AU)

Avaliação da biodisponibilidade de ferro ingerido por crianças em idade pré-escolar / Evaluation of iron bioavailability in preschool children

The study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of iron ingested by children under six years old. The data were obtained from a population-based crosssectionalstudy aimed to evaluate the effect of flour fortification with ironon anemia in preschool children. The feeding data were obtained from 24-hour recalls. The bioavailability of iron intake was calculated by us ingthe algorithm proposed by Monsen et al. which takes into account the iron stock body, total iron intake, heme iron, nonheme iron, vitamin C and the amount of meat per meal. Among the 4032 of meals studied, 72% had alow iron bioavailability. None of the 774 children studied showed a daily diet with intermediate or high iron bioavailability, which may be partially explained by the deficient consumption of iron and/or by the consumption of food items which facilitate its absorption.

El foco del trabajo fue la evaluación de labio disponibilidad del hierro ingerido por niños menores de seis años de edad. Los datos fueron obtenidos de un estudio transversal de base poblacional que enfocaba valorar el efecto que la fortificación de harinas con hierro ejercía sobrela anemia de niños en edad preescolar. Los datos de la alimentación fueron obtenidos por mediode recordatorios registrados a cada 24 horas con las madres o responsables por los niños. La biodisponibilidad del hierro ingerido fue calculada por medio del algoritmo propuesto por Monsen et al., que considera el estoque corporal de hierro, la ingestión de hierro total; el hierro hemínico (Fe-hem); el hierro no hemínico (Feno-hem), la vitamina C y la cantidad de carne por comida. De las 4032 comidas estudiadas, un 72% presentaron baja disponibilidad de hierro. Ninguno de los 774 niños que fueron estudiados presentó una alimentación diaria con biodisponibilidad de hierro media o alta, lo que puede ser parcialmente explicado por deficiencia en el consumo de hierro y/o de alimentos que son facilitadores de la absorción del mineral.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a biodisponibilidade do ferro ingerido por crianças menores de seis anos de idade. Os dados foram obtidos de estudo transversal de base populacional que avaliou o efeito da fortificação das farinhas com ferro sobre a anemia em pré-escolares. Foram aplicados recordatórios de 24 horas às mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças. A biodisponibilidade do ferro ingerido foi calculada através do algoritmo proposto por Monsen et al. que leva em consideração o estoque corporal de ferro, a ingestão de ferro total; ferro heme; ferro não heme; vitamina C e a quantidade de carne, por refeição. Das 4032 refeições estudadas, 72% apresentaram baixa biodisponibilidade de ferro. Nenhuma das 774 crianças estudadas apresentou alimentação diária com média ou alta biodisponibilidade de ferro, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo consumo deficitáriode ferro e/ou de alimentos facilitadores de sua absorção.